Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges,...Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges, leading to communication disruptions, food spoilage, water supply interruptions, and financial losses. This study proposes a novel solution: a three-input automatic transfer switch integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) and data logging capabilities. The system automatically switches between three independent power sources based on priority and availability, employing electromechanical contactors, relays, and timers for seamless switching. It incorporates ATMEGA328P microcontrollers, a GSM module for communication, and an SD card module for efficient data logging. Safety measures, such as miniature circuit breakers, voltage monitoring relays, and proper grounding, ensure user protection and system integrity. A user-friendly mobile application enables remote manual switching and real-time system information requests, while SMS notifications inform consumers about power source changes. The system has a power rating of 4.752 kW, accommodating a maximum continuous load of the same value. Voltage dividers provide a reliable 3.37 VDC output from a 12 VDC input, and data logging operates effectively by storing system data onto an SD card every 1.5 seconds. Comprehensive testing validates the system’s performance, with an average percentage error of 2.31% compared to actual values, falling within an acceptable range. This solution distinguishes itself by incorporating modern technologies like data logging and IoT, addressing the limitations of existing alternatives.展开更多
Recent developments in agent-based systems provide an effective solution to many operational prob-lems of power systems.This paper proposes a protection scheme that uses agent-based relays in a cooperative multiagent ...Recent developments in agent-based systems provide an effective solution to many operational prob-lems of power systems.This paper proposes a protection scheme that uses agent-based relays in a cooperative multiagent structure.The relay primarily starts as an overcurrent relay to detect the fault.Then,it starts data exchange with one peer relay in case of line faults or few neighboring relays in case of busbar faults to confirm the fault location.At this later step,it acts as a differential relay that compares the current phasors at both line ends in the case of line faults and computes the net outgoing current in the case of busbar faults.The scheme design is presented,and the agent cooperation protocol is described.To enforce the scheme against false data injected by hackers via intruding communication facilities,an anom-aly detection device is prepared and integrated into each agent.The proposed tool is based on a one-class support vector machine and can firmly discriminate real fault data from injected false data.The tool also enables the relay to recognize the challenging high impedance fault.The proposed method is tested by dynamic simulation on the IEEE 9-and 39-bus systems under various conditions.The performance is evaluated by comparing it with that of other recent techniques.展开更多
文摘Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges, leading to communication disruptions, food spoilage, water supply interruptions, and financial losses. This study proposes a novel solution: a three-input automatic transfer switch integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) and data logging capabilities. The system automatically switches between three independent power sources based on priority and availability, employing electromechanical contactors, relays, and timers for seamless switching. It incorporates ATMEGA328P microcontrollers, a GSM module for communication, and an SD card module for efficient data logging. Safety measures, such as miniature circuit breakers, voltage monitoring relays, and proper grounding, ensure user protection and system integrity. A user-friendly mobile application enables remote manual switching and real-time system information requests, while SMS notifications inform consumers about power source changes. The system has a power rating of 4.752 kW, accommodating a maximum continuous load of the same value. Voltage dividers provide a reliable 3.37 VDC output from a 12 VDC input, and data logging operates effectively by storing system data onto an SD card every 1.5 seconds. Comprehensive testing validates the system’s performance, with an average percentage error of 2.31% compared to actual values, falling within an acceptable range. This solution distinguishes itself by incorporating modern technologies like data logging and IoT, addressing the limitations of existing alternatives.
文摘Recent developments in agent-based systems provide an effective solution to many operational prob-lems of power systems.This paper proposes a protection scheme that uses agent-based relays in a cooperative multiagent structure.The relay primarily starts as an overcurrent relay to detect the fault.Then,it starts data exchange with one peer relay in case of line faults or few neighboring relays in case of busbar faults to confirm the fault location.At this later step,it acts as a differential relay that compares the current phasors at both line ends in the case of line faults and computes the net outgoing current in the case of busbar faults.The scheme design is presented,and the agent cooperation protocol is described.To enforce the scheme against false data injected by hackers via intruding communication facilities,an anom-aly detection device is prepared and integrated into each agent.The proposed tool is based on a one-class support vector machine and can firmly discriminate real fault data from injected false data.The tool also enables the relay to recognize the challenging high impedance fault.The proposed method is tested by dynamic simulation on the IEEE 9-and 39-bus systems under various conditions.The performance is evaluated by comparing it with that of other recent techniques.
