This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel o...This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data show<span>s</span><span> that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C and 100<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, cloud point of 29<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, flash point of 200<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, aniline point of 105<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid val<span>ue of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty <span>acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value o</span></span></span><span><span><span>f 2.10</span><span> mg</span></span></span><span> </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.</span></span></span>展开更多
试验旨在研究以棕榈粕为主要原料,以酿酒酵母菌和消化酶为发酵剂的发酵原料对肉牛生长性能、表观消化率及经济效益的影响。试验选用条件相近的育肥牛18头,随机等分成2组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用棕榈粕发酵原料替代50%基础精料补充...试验旨在研究以棕榈粕为主要原料,以酿酒酵母菌和消化酶为发酵剂的发酵原料对肉牛生长性能、表观消化率及经济效益的影响。试验选用条件相近的育肥牛18头,随机等分成2组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用棕榈粕发酵原料替代50%基础精料补充料,试验期共95 d。结果显示:①与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重(ADG)提高11.51%(P<0.01),平均料重比(F/G)降低9.48%(P<0.01);②试验组酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、淀粉的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);粪便分析筛测试结果表明,试验组筛上层残留物质比例极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),下层残留物质比例显著低于对照组(P<0.05),中间层残留物质比例极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);③试验组与对照组相比,每千克增重的饲料成本降低13.66%(15.74元/kg vs 13.59元/kg),毛利润提高29.44%。研究结果表明,棕榈粕发酵原料对肉牛生长性能、消化代谢、经济效益等方面有较好的改善和提升作用。展开更多
文摘This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data show<span>s</span><span> that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C and 100<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, cloud point of 29<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, flash point of 200<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, aniline point of 105<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid val<span>ue of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty <span>acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value o</span></span></span><span><span><span>f 2.10</span><span> mg</span></span></span><span> </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.</span></span></span>
文摘试验旨在研究以棕榈粕为主要原料,以酿酒酵母菌和消化酶为发酵剂的发酵原料对肉牛生长性能、表观消化率及经济效益的影响。试验选用条件相近的育肥牛18头,随机等分成2组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用棕榈粕发酵原料替代50%基础精料补充料,试验期共95 d。结果显示:①与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重(ADG)提高11.51%(P<0.01),平均料重比(F/G)降低9.48%(P<0.01);②试验组酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、淀粉的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);粪便分析筛测试结果表明,试验组筛上层残留物质比例极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),下层残留物质比例显著低于对照组(P<0.05),中间层残留物质比例极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);③试验组与对照组相比,每千克增重的饲料成本降低13.66%(15.74元/kg vs 13.59元/kg),毛利润提高29.44%。研究结果表明,棕榈粕发酵原料对肉牛生长性能、消化代谢、经济效益等方面有较好的改善和提升作用。
