To begin with, rating systems are a beneficial tool in determining the efficiency of a building’s ability to utilise its resources effectively. In this study, the two elements under comparison are the Building Rating...To begin with, rating systems are a beneficial tool in determining the efficiency of a building’s ability to utilise its resources effectively. In this study, the two elements under comparison are the Building Rating Systems (BRSs) and Occupant Rating Systems (ORSs). The main objective of this paper is to be able to examine the most commonly applied international and national BRS and ORS and, based on that, discover the possibility of developing an integration of both the BRS and ORS into one rating system. Quite simply, a BRS is a method by which buildings are assessed and given a score based on numerous features such as the efficiency of each of the services, total energy consumption, and alternate options of consumption. There are various BRSs that are implemented globally, each with its own set of criteria and specifications. Thus, based on the analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of both types of rating systems, it could be deduced that a well-rounded rating system with all technical and non-technical aspects combined would be beneficial to both the efficiency of the building as well as the building occupants’ health and well-being.展开更多
Overpopulation globally is an addressed issue impacting human lives, marine lives, and the surrounding ecosystem;it is adding pressure on the available resources that should be optimized to suit the needs. Yet with im...Overpopulation globally is an addressed issue impacting human lives, marine lives, and the surrounding ecosystem;it is adding pressure on the available resources that should be optimized to suit the needs. Yet with improper management of resources and monitoring of daily activities, the environment will be further negatively impacted. With overpopulation higher urbanization rates are noticed with the demand of seeking better health facilities, better education, better jobs and better well-being;this progression is driving more demand into the infrastructure sector to be able to accommodate the growth rates. Hence, the need to having sustainable communities aiming at optimizing the resources used, working towards more feasible, environmentally friendly and cost-effective communities with a better occupant’s experience is in action. Sustainable development goals (SDG) are vital goals developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2015 to address and guide through 17 interconnected global goals serving the previously mentioned trend. Out of the 17 goals, Sustainable Cities and Communities (goal #11) and Good Health and Well-Being (goal #3) are the focus of this paper directed towards holding a comparative analysis between the community scale commonly known and mostly used rating system Leadership of Energy and Environmental Design (LEED-Cities and Communities) (USA) versus similar rating systems like Tarsheed-Communities (Egypt) and Estidama-Pearl (UAE) rating systems meeting sustainable development goal #11. Conjointly, another complimenting comparative review of the occupant’s health and wellbeing rating systems, such as Fitwel (USA) and Well (USA) are studied under sustainable development goal #3;however, they are focused on a building scale assessment. Living Community Challenge (LCC, USA) rating system linking community rating system with health & wellbeing credits was first issued in 2006, yet is it not cost effective neither easy to apply acting as a primary step while being affordable, accessible, and easy to implement. The objective of this paper is to highlight the pros and gaps under both categories of studies of community rating system and occupants’ health & wellbeing rating systems based on scientific content and commercial acceptance and do-ability. This comparison is done via comparing credits and sections within each rating system type;this will support in addressing the focal points needed for an integrated rating system between both categories that will serve in meeting SDG Sustainable Cities and Communities (goal #11) and Good Health and Well-Being (goal #3).展开更多
The ratings in many user-object online rating systems can reflect whether users like or dislike the objects,and in some online rating systems,users can directly choose whether to like an object.So these systems can be...The ratings in many user-object online rating systems can reflect whether users like or dislike the objects,and in some online rating systems,users can directly choose whether to like an object.So these systems can be represented by signed bipartite networks,but the original unsigned node evaluation algorithm cannot be directly used on the signed networks.This paper proposes the Signed Page Rank algorithm for signed bipartite networks to evaluate the object and user nodes at the same time.Based on the global information,the nodes can be sorted by the Signed Page Rank values in descending order,and the result is SR Ranking.The authors analyze the characteristics of top and bottom nodes of the real networks and find out that for objects,the SR Ranking can provide a more reasonable ranking which combines the degree and rating of node,and the algorithm also can help us to identify users with specific rating patterns.By discussing the location of negative edges and the sensitivity of object SR Ranking to negative edges,the authors also explore that the negative edges play an important role in the algorithm and explain that why the bad reviews are more important in real networks.展开更多
There are five different publications that establish guidelines for sustainable building development that are examined in this report:(1)Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(“LEED”);(2)CalGreen;(3)the Inter...There are five different publications that establish guidelines for sustainable building development that are examined in this report:(1)Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(“LEED”);(2)CalGreen;(3)the International Green Construction Code(“IGCC”);(4)ASHRAE Standard 189.1(“Standard 189.1”);and(5)The San Francisco’s Green Building Ordinance(“SFGBO”).Having multiple publications can cause confusion among building developers,architects,engineers,building consultants,or various jurisdictions on what publication to follow,use,or reference in building development projects.This article will provide various parties involved in building development a thorough understanding of each publication and the similarities or differences between them,which will ultimately assist in identifying areas for all publications to improve.Specifically,this article demonstrates that the Material and Energy sections for all the publications must advance beyond the current requirements.Also,the comparison validates that CalGreen’s Tier 2 is similar to LEED’s local ordinances,like the SFGBO.This may mean two things:(1)LEED will need to advance its gold or platinum certification requirements,or potentially become less relevant;or(2)local ordinances should reference or adopt CalGreen Tier 2 so that there is common language between local and state regulations.This article identifies that LEED has the most stringent guidelines under the Building Site section out of all the publications.Likewise,the IGCC and Standard 189.1 have provisions under the Water Use section,that goes beyond other publications.Additionally,similar language between LEED and Standard 189.1 was found,which was unsurprising as both publications are authored by the USGBC.展开更多
When attempting to achieve sustainability goals for integrated facilities,many green rating systems are available to guide the design,construction,operations and maintenance of a project.Due to the large number of sus...When attempting to achieve sustainability goals for integrated facilities,many green rating systems are available to guide the design,construction,operations and maintenance of a project.Due to the large number of sustainability tools that are available or mandated,it can be confusing to determine which set of guidelines to follow.For the Washington State Ferries(WSF),there is no green rating system which correlates perfectly with the unique intermodal challenges presented by ferry terminals.This paper focuses on five rating systems applicable to WSF:GreenLITES,LEED,Sustainable Sites Initiative,The Port Authority of NY/NJ Sustainable Infrastructure Guidelines(draft),and the draft Marine Vessel Environmental Performance Assessment(MVeP).These rating systems are integrated with a developing set of sustainable ferry guidelines in a green rating integration platform(GRIP).The GRIP readily relates credits and guidelines across multiple systems,aiding WSF in making decisions in accordance with sustainability goals.The GRIP format might similarly be applied to other integrated projects to more effectively and economically address sustainability across all aspects of projects and facility operations.展开更多
To scientifically evaluate the equipment system of systems(SoS)contribution rate,a contribution rate calculation method based on a structural equation model(SEM)is proposed in this paper.The connotation and evaluation...To scientifically evaluate the equipment system of systems(SoS)contribution rate,a contribution rate calculation method based on a structural equation model(SEM)is proposed in this paper.The connotation and evaluation process of the equipment SoS contribution rate were redefined and standardized.To solve the existing problems in the application of the original contribution rate formula,a modified contribution rate calculation formula is proposed.Finally,the contribution rate evaluation index was divided into latent and explicit variables.The measurement and structural equations in the SEM were used to calculate and analyze the latent variables.The simulation results show that the number of defense lines of air defense weapon equipment has a greater impact on the linear configuration than the group configuration.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is sufficient,the two-layer linear configuration should be adopted with 20 air defense weapon systems.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is insufficient,the single-layer group configuration should be adopted with 12 air defense weapon systems.展开更多
Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimizatio...Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimization of equipment architecture design,the adequate resources allocation,and the joint combat performance.From the system view,this paper proposes a method of weapons equipment portfolios selection(WEPS)based on the contribution rate of weapon systems,providing a new idea for weapon equipment portfolio selection.Firstly,we analyze the WEPS problem and the concept of the contribution rate under the systems background.Secondly,we propose a combat network modeling method for weapon equipment systems based on the function chain.Thirdly,we propose a WEPS method based on the contribution rate,fully considering the correlation relationships between potential weapons and the old weapon systems by the combat network model,under the limitation of capability demands and budget resources,with the objective to maximally increasing the combat ability of weapon systems.Finally,we make a case study with a specific WEPS problem where the whole calculation processes and results are analyzed and exhibited to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method model.展开更多
A reliability-based stochastic system optimum congestion pricing(SSOCP) model with endogenous market penetration and compliance rate in an advanced traveler information systems(ATIS) environment was proposed. All trav...A reliability-based stochastic system optimum congestion pricing(SSOCP) model with endogenous market penetration and compliance rate in an advanced traveler information systems(ATIS) environment was proposed. All travelers were divided into two classes. The first guided travelers were referred to as the equipped travelers who follow ATIS advice, while the second unguided travelers were referred to as the unequipped travelers and the equipped travelers who do not follow the ATIS advice(also referred to as non-complied travelers). Travelers were assumed to take travel time, congestion pricing, and travel time reliability into account when making travel route choice decisions. In order to arrive at on time, travelers needed to allow for a safety margin to their trip.The market penetration of ATIS was determined by a continuous increasing function of the information benefit, and the ATIS compliance rate of equipped travelers was given as the probability of the actually experienced travel costs of guided travelers less than or equal to those of unguided travelers. The analysis results could enhance our understanding of the effect of travel demand level and travel time reliability confidence level on the ATIS market penetration and compliance rate; and the effect of travel time perception variation of guided and unguided travelers on the mean travel cost savings(MTCS) of the equipped travelers, the ATIS market penetration, compliance rate, and the total network effective travel time(TNETT).展开更多
There are multitudes of sustainability rating systems and guidelines,and it is difficult to decide which ones to use and how to use them.In addition,multi-modal projects have different focal areas and associated ratin...There are multitudes of sustainability rating systems and guidelines,and it is difficult to decide which ones to use and how to use them.In addition,multi-modal projects have different focal areas and associated rating systems related to each mode or other aspect of the project.Five green ratings systems representative of aspects of a multi-modal ferry facility had previously been selected and were used in a four step methodology to synthesize into a strategic decision making platform.This current research focuses on how to make more detailed decision making harmonization amongst the credits in the rating systems.Using an analytical hierarchy process(AHP)of the credits in the rating systems,it was determined that the two main groups of information that could be used for harmonization were key intents or goals(KI)and key strategies or practices(KS).A short cursory case study example of how these KIs and KSs might be further cross-coded in an open database with the credit subcategories and corresponding rating systems is also presented.The database can filter the credit subcategories across the rating system for a specific key intent or key strategy.The harmonized lists and database may facilitate decision makers and construction managers in correlating intents and methodologies for a project across multiple rating systems.展开更多
INTRODUCTION The Minnesota Sustainable Building Guidelines is a progressive sustainability program for state funded buildings which serves as a model for sustainability in Minnesota buildings.The program was created b...INTRODUCTION The Minnesota Sustainable Building Guidelines is a progressive sustainability program for state funded buildings which serves as a model for sustainability in Minnesota buildings.The program was created by the State of Minnesota in 2001 and developed by a team led by the Center for Sustainable Building Research(CSBR)at the University of Minnesota.Unlike other green building programs,it focuses on measured performance improvements,using a list of required metrics instead of a menu of potential options.The program is structured to provide a feedback loop to the building design,construction and operations industry in the state.Elements of the program are used through all phases of the development of state-funded buildings in Minnesota from pre-design through design,and construction and for ten years of operations.It is continually updated and improved in collaboration with state agencies and industry stakeholders and could serve as a model for localized green building programs.展开更多
Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance o...Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance of buildings and communities.With the current pace of climate change and the increasing threat of stronger,more frequent natural hazards,however,there are doubts that sustainability alone is an effective response.Sustainability assessment frameworks in recent years have been criticized for not incorporating hazard resilience.To better understand the current level of emphasis put on resilience to natural hazards in green building rating systems,this study aims to assess the level of resilience integration in existing sustainability assessment frameworks.The results demonstrate an overall lack of resilience coverage in the frameworks with only four frameworks,CASBEE,LEED,Green Globes,and DGNB having resilience coverage of 27.5%,15%,2.6%,and 1.1%respectively.This confirms a need for more systematic integration of resilience indicators into sustain-ability rating systems to create combined frameworks for sustainability and resilience.展开更多
To accommodate its increasing population,the Myanmar government has planned to implement smart city projects in Yangon and Mandalay by 2021 and to build 1 million homes by 2030.However,such projected growth does not c...To accommodate its increasing population,the Myanmar government has planned to implement smart city projects in Yangon and Mandalay by 2021 and to build 1 million homes by 2030.However,such projected growth does not coincide with Myanmar’s current level of preparedness for sustainable development.Myanmar presently has no standards and specifications for green buildings;it solely relies on the adoption of those from overseas,which may not always be compatible with the unique context of Myanmar.Hence,this study was aimed to identify appropriate green building assessment indicators for Myanmar as an important first step for future rating system development.Nine categories and forty-eight criteria were initially identified by reviewing the widely adopted seven rating systems and investigating existing certified green buildings.The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(Fuzzy AHP)was used to determine and rank the importance levels of the identified assessment indicators.Results showed that“energy efficiency”and“water efficiency”are the most crucial categories with weights of 17.48%and 13.95%,respectively.Compared to other rating system standards,“waste and pollution”was distinctively found as an important category for Myanmar.Energy-efficient architectural design was ranked as the highest priority among all criteria.These findings serve as a building block for the future development of a Myanmar green building rating system by revealing assess-ment categories and criteria that are most relevant to Myanmar’s built environment.展开更多
To better meet global sustainable development goals will require more focus on Arab countries like Kuwait,which contribute one and a half times more global greenhouse gas emissions per capita than the United States.Bu...To better meet global sustainable development goals will require more focus on Arab countries like Kuwait,which contribute one and a half times more global greenhouse gas emissions per capita than the United States.Buildings contribute more than half of these emissions.Rating systems like LEED and BREEAM can help reduce energy emissions from buildings globally when used during construction,but these rating systems are not entirely applicable to Kuwait as they are not tailored for its geographic climate and social context,and there is currently no rating system tailored for energy efficient and environmentally sustainable buildings.The research presented in this paper measures the industry’s perceptions about sustainable design and construc-tion practices in Kuwait.A synthesized list of sustainable design and construction principles were developed from the six most common rating systems globally that are currently being used in the Arab region.Construction professionals(n=131)from Kuwait were asked in a qualitative survey which sustainable design principles and construction practices are the most applicable but are not being implemented.The majority of professionals responded that sustainable practices related to water use reduction and renewable energy sources are most applicable but are not currently being implemented.They also responded that sustainable practices related to bicycle facilities,green roofs,and rainwater harvesting are not applicable but are currently being implemented.The lack of training and limited awareness of the benefits of sustainable design and construction may be contributing to the lack of sustain-able practices.As a whole,professionals in Kuwait appear to undervalue sustainable design and construction practices that promote environmental sustainability.This study provides a benchmark,indicating a lack of shared viewpoints and illustrates the need for more common objectives and the need for training among design and construction professionals in the region.展开更多
The applicability of building rating systems has gained attention for achieving indoor environmental quality.Considering the wider internationalized recognition of LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)an...The applicability of building rating systems has gained attention for achieving indoor environmental quality.Considering the wider internationalized recognition of LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)and other rating systems,the case of Jordan provides a sense of particularity in consideration to its rather recent history in acknowledging these progressive standards.Utilizing a mixed approach based on paired comparisons between local LEED and non-LEED certified buildings,this research paper explores the level of satisfaction pertaining to Indoor Environmental Quality of building occupants.While it touches on the generality of such satisfaction,it proceeds to unpack and investigate how it resonates with the sustainability of the building measured through various means.The research outcomes reflected an overall appeal of LEED certified buildings and a decent level of comfort of their dwellers.Yet,it conveyed a vague,rather sporadic relation when comparing the subjective percep-tion to the objective measures due to multiple potential reasons.The paper concludes by stressing the need for further appropriation of international environmental codes to better suit the local context.It lays a reliable foundation for further research,uti-lizing more case studies and exploring the applicability of rating systems in Jordan.展开更多
文摘To begin with, rating systems are a beneficial tool in determining the efficiency of a building’s ability to utilise its resources effectively. In this study, the two elements under comparison are the Building Rating Systems (BRSs) and Occupant Rating Systems (ORSs). The main objective of this paper is to be able to examine the most commonly applied international and national BRS and ORS and, based on that, discover the possibility of developing an integration of both the BRS and ORS into one rating system. Quite simply, a BRS is a method by which buildings are assessed and given a score based on numerous features such as the efficiency of each of the services, total energy consumption, and alternate options of consumption. There are various BRSs that are implemented globally, each with its own set of criteria and specifications. Thus, based on the analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of both types of rating systems, it could be deduced that a well-rounded rating system with all technical and non-technical aspects combined would be beneficial to both the efficiency of the building as well as the building occupants’ health and well-being.
文摘Overpopulation globally is an addressed issue impacting human lives, marine lives, and the surrounding ecosystem;it is adding pressure on the available resources that should be optimized to suit the needs. Yet with improper management of resources and monitoring of daily activities, the environment will be further negatively impacted. With overpopulation higher urbanization rates are noticed with the demand of seeking better health facilities, better education, better jobs and better well-being;this progression is driving more demand into the infrastructure sector to be able to accommodate the growth rates. Hence, the need to having sustainable communities aiming at optimizing the resources used, working towards more feasible, environmentally friendly and cost-effective communities with a better occupant’s experience is in action. Sustainable development goals (SDG) are vital goals developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2015 to address and guide through 17 interconnected global goals serving the previously mentioned trend. Out of the 17 goals, Sustainable Cities and Communities (goal #11) and Good Health and Well-Being (goal #3) are the focus of this paper directed towards holding a comparative analysis between the community scale commonly known and mostly used rating system Leadership of Energy and Environmental Design (LEED-Cities and Communities) (USA) versus similar rating systems like Tarsheed-Communities (Egypt) and Estidama-Pearl (UAE) rating systems meeting sustainable development goal #11. Conjointly, another complimenting comparative review of the occupant’s health and wellbeing rating systems, such as Fitwel (USA) and Well (USA) are studied under sustainable development goal #3;however, they are focused on a building scale assessment. Living Community Challenge (LCC, USA) rating system linking community rating system with health & wellbeing credits was first issued in 2006, yet is it not cost effective neither easy to apply acting as a primary step while being affordable, accessible, and easy to implement. The objective of this paper is to highlight the pros and gaps under both categories of studies of community rating system and occupants’ health & wellbeing rating systems based on scientific content and commercial acceptance and do-ability. This comparison is done via comparing credits and sections within each rating system type;this will support in addressing the focal points needed for an integrated rating system between both categories that will serve in meeting SDG Sustainable Cities and Communities (goal #11) and Good Health and Well-Being (goal #3).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61573065and 71731002。
文摘The ratings in many user-object online rating systems can reflect whether users like or dislike the objects,and in some online rating systems,users can directly choose whether to like an object.So these systems can be represented by signed bipartite networks,but the original unsigned node evaluation algorithm cannot be directly used on the signed networks.This paper proposes the Signed Page Rank algorithm for signed bipartite networks to evaluate the object and user nodes at the same time.Based on the global information,the nodes can be sorted by the Signed Page Rank values in descending order,and the result is SR Ranking.The authors analyze the characteristics of top and bottom nodes of the real networks and find out that for objects,the SR Ranking can provide a more reasonable ranking which combines the degree and rating of node,and the algorithm also can help us to identify users with specific rating patterns.By discussing the location of negative edges and the sensitivity of object SR Ranking to negative edges,the authors also explore that the negative edges play an important role in the algorithm and explain that why the bad reviews are more important in real networks.
文摘There are five different publications that establish guidelines for sustainable building development that are examined in this report:(1)Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(“LEED”);(2)CalGreen;(3)the International Green Construction Code(“IGCC”);(4)ASHRAE Standard 189.1(“Standard 189.1”);and(5)The San Francisco’s Green Building Ordinance(“SFGBO”).Having multiple publications can cause confusion among building developers,architects,engineers,building consultants,or various jurisdictions on what publication to follow,use,or reference in building development projects.This article will provide various parties involved in building development a thorough understanding of each publication and the similarities or differences between them,which will ultimately assist in identifying areas for all publications to improve.Specifically,this article demonstrates that the Material and Energy sections for all the publications must advance beyond the current requirements.Also,the comparison validates that CalGreen’s Tier 2 is similar to LEED’s local ordinances,like the SFGBO.This may mean two things:(1)LEED will need to advance its gold or platinum certification requirements,or potentially become less relevant;or(2)local ordinances should reference or adopt CalGreen Tier 2 so that there is common language between local and state regulations.This article identifies that LEED has the most stringent guidelines under the Building Site section out of all the publications.Likewise,the IGCC and Standard 189.1 have provisions under the Water Use section,that goes beyond other publications.Additionally,similar language between LEED and Standard 189.1 was found,which was unsurprising as both publications are authored by the USGBC.
文摘When attempting to achieve sustainability goals for integrated facilities,many green rating systems are available to guide the design,construction,operations and maintenance of a project.Due to the large number of sustainability tools that are available or mandated,it can be confusing to determine which set of guidelines to follow.For the Washington State Ferries(WSF),there is no green rating system which correlates perfectly with the unique intermodal challenges presented by ferry terminals.This paper focuses on five rating systems applicable to WSF:GreenLITES,LEED,Sustainable Sites Initiative,The Port Authority of NY/NJ Sustainable Infrastructure Guidelines(draft),and the draft Marine Vessel Environmental Performance Assessment(MVeP).These rating systems are integrated with a developing set of sustainable ferry guidelines in a green rating integration platform(GRIP).The GRIP readily relates credits and guidelines across multiple systems,aiding WSF in making decisions in accordance with sustainability goals.The GRIP format might similarly be applied to other integrated projects to more effectively and economically address sustainability across all aspects of projects and facility operations.
基金The National Social Science Foundation Military Science Project(No.16GJ003-068).
文摘To scientifically evaluate the equipment system of systems(SoS)contribution rate,a contribution rate calculation method based on a structural equation model(SEM)is proposed in this paper.The connotation and evaluation process of the equipment SoS contribution rate were redefined and standardized.To solve the existing problems in the application of the original contribution rate formula,a modified contribution rate calculation formula is proposed.Finally,the contribution rate evaluation index was divided into latent and explicit variables.The measurement and structural equations in the SEM were used to calculate and analyze the latent variables.The simulation results show that the number of defense lines of air defense weapon equipment has a greater impact on the linear configuration than the group configuration.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is sufficient,the two-layer linear configuration should be adopted with 20 air defense weapon systems.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is insufficient,the single-layer group configuration should be adopted with 12 air defense weapon systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233)the Scientific Research Foundation of National University of Defense Technology(ZK19-16)the PLA military graduate student funding project.
文摘Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimization of equipment architecture design,the adequate resources allocation,and the joint combat performance.From the system view,this paper proposes a method of weapons equipment portfolios selection(WEPS)based on the contribution rate of weapon systems,providing a new idea for weapon equipment portfolio selection.Firstly,we analyze the WEPS problem and the concept of the contribution rate under the systems background.Secondly,we propose a combat network modeling method for weapon equipment systems based on the function chain.Thirdly,we propose a WEPS method based on the contribution rate,fully considering the correlation relationships between potential weapons and the old weapon systems by the combat network model,under the limitation of capability demands and budget resources,with the objective to maximally increasing the combat ability of weapon systems.Finally,we make a case study with a specific WEPS problem where the whole calculation processes and results are analyzed and exhibited to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method model.
基金Project(12YJCZH309) supported by Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of ChinaProject(20120041120006) supported by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China
文摘A reliability-based stochastic system optimum congestion pricing(SSOCP) model with endogenous market penetration and compliance rate in an advanced traveler information systems(ATIS) environment was proposed. All travelers were divided into two classes. The first guided travelers were referred to as the equipped travelers who follow ATIS advice, while the second unguided travelers were referred to as the unequipped travelers and the equipped travelers who do not follow the ATIS advice(also referred to as non-complied travelers). Travelers were assumed to take travel time, congestion pricing, and travel time reliability into account when making travel route choice decisions. In order to arrive at on time, travelers needed to allow for a safety margin to their trip.The market penetration of ATIS was determined by a continuous increasing function of the information benefit, and the ATIS compliance rate of equipped travelers was given as the probability of the actually experienced travel costs of guided travelers less than or equal to those of unguided travelers. The analysis results could enhance our understanding of the effect of travel demand level and travel time reliability confidence level on the ATIS market penetration and compliance rate; and the effect of travel time perception variation of guided and unguided travelers on the mean travel cost savings(MTCS) of the equipped travelers, the ATIS market penetration, compliance rate, and the total network effective travel time(TNETT).
文摘There are multitudes of sustainability rating systems and guidelines,and it is difficult to decide which ones to use and how to use them.In addition,multi-modal projects have different focal areas and associated rating systems related to each mode or other aspect of the project.Five green ratings systems representative of aspects of a multi-modal ferry facility had previously been selected and were used in a four step methodology to synthesize into a strategic decision making platform.This current research focuses on how to make more detailed decision making harmonization amongst the credits in the rating systems.Using an analytical hierarchy process(AHP)of the credits in the rating systems,it was determined that the two main groups of information that could be used for harmonization were key intents or goals(KI)and key strategies or practices(KS).A short cursory case study example of how these KIs and KSs might be further cross-coded in an open database with the credit subcategories and corresponding rating systems is also presented.The database can filter the credit subcategories across the rating system for a specific key intent or key strategy.The harmonized lists and database may facilitate decision makers and construction managers in correlating intents and methodologies for a project across multiple rating systems.
文摘INTRODUCTION The Minnesota Sustainable Building Guidelines is a progressive sustainability program for state funded buildings which serves as a model for sustainability in Minnesota buildings.The program was created by the State of Minnesota in 2001 and developed by a team led by the Center for Sustainable Building Research(CSBR)at the University of Minnesota.Unlike other green building programs,it focuses on measured performance improvements,using a list of required metrics instead of a menu of potential options.The program is structured to provide a feedback loop to the building design,construction and operations industry in the state.Elements of the program are used through all phases of the development of state-funded buildings in Minnesota from pre-design through design,and construction and for ten years of operations.It is continually updated and improved in collaboration with state agencies and industry stakeholders and could serve as a model for localized green building programs.
文摘Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance of buildings and communities.With the current pace of climate change and the increasing threat of stronger,more frequent natural hazards,however,there are doubts that sustainability alone is an effective response.Sustainability assessment frameworks in recent years have been criticized for not incorporating hazard resilience.To better understand the current level of emphasis put on resilience to natural hazards in green building rating systems,this study aims to assess the level of resilience integration in existing sustainability assessment frameworks.The results demonstrate an overall lack of resilience coverage in the frameworks with only four frameworks,CASBEE,LEED,Green Globes,and DGNB having resilience coverage of 27.5%,15%,2.6%,and 1.1%respectively.This confirms a need for more systematic integration of resilience indicators into sustain-ability rating systems to create combined frameworks for sustainability and resilience.
基金support of the Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program(ADB-JSP)through Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology,Thammasat University,Thailand.
文摘To accommodate its increasing population,the Myanmar government has planned to implement smart city projects in Yangon and Mandalay by 2021 and to build 1 million homes by 2030.However,such projected growth does not coincide with Myanmar’s current level of preparedness for sustainable development.Myanmar presently has no standards and specifications for green buildings;it solely relies on the adoption of those from overseas,which may not always be compatible with the unique context of Myanmar.Hence,this study was aimed to identify appropriate green building assessment indicators for Myanmar as an important first step for future rating system development.Nine categories and forty-eight criteria were initially identified by reviewing the widely adopted seven rating systems and investigating existing certified green buildings.The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(Fuzzy AHP)was used to determine and rank the importance levels of the identified assessment indicators.Results showed that“energy efficiency”and“water efficiency”are the most crucial categories with weights of 17.48%and 13.95%,respectively.Compared to other rating system standards,“waste and pollution”was distinctively found as an important category for Myanmar.Energy-efficient architectural design was ranked as the highest priority among all criteria.These findings serve as a building block for the future development of a Myanmar green building rating system by revealing assess-ment categories and criteria that are most relevant to Myanmar’s built environment.
文摘To better meet global sustainable development goals will require more focus on Arab countries like Kuwait,which contribute one and a half times more global greenhouse gas emissions per capita than the United States.Buildings contribute more than half of these emissions.Rating systems like LEED and BREEAM can help reduce energy emissions from buildings globally when used during construction,but these rating systems are not entirely applicable to Kuwait as they are not tailored for its geographic climate and social context,and there is currently no rating system tailored for energy efficient and environmentally sustainable buildings.The research presented in this paper measures the industry’s perceptions about sustainable design and construc-tion practices in Kuwait.A synthesized list of sustainable design and construction principles were developed from the six most common rating systems globally that are currently being used in the Arab region.Construction professionals(n=131)from Kuwait were asked in a qualitative survey which sustainable design principles and construction practices are the most applicable but are not being implemented.The majority of professionals responded that sustainable practices related to water use reduction and renewable energy sources are most applicable but are not currently being implemented.They also responded that sustainable practices related to bicycle facilities,green roofs,and rainwater harvesting are not applicable but are currently being implemented.The lack of training and limited awareness of the benefits of sustainable design and construction may be contributing to the lack of sustain-able practices.As a whole,professionals in Kuwait appear to undervalue sustainable design and construction practices that promote environmental sustainability.This study provides a benchmark,indicating a lack of shared viewpoints and illustrates the need for more common objectives and the need for training among design and construction professionals in the region.
文摘The applicability of building rating systems has gained attention for achieving indoor environmental quality.Considering the wider internationalized recognition of LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)and other rating systems,the case of Jordan provides a sense of particularity in consideration to its rather recent history in acknowledging these progressive standards.Utilizing a mixed approach based on paired comparisons between local LEED and non-LEED certified buildings,this research paper explores the level of satisfaction pertaining to Indoor Environmental Quality of building occupants.While it touches on the generality of such satisfaction,it proceeds to unpack and investigate how it resonates with the sustainability of the building measured through various means.The research outcomes reflected an overall appeal of LEED certified buildings and a decent level of comfort of their dwellers.Yet,it conveyed a vague,rather sporadic relation when comparing the subjective percep-tion to the objective measures due to multiple potential reasons.The paper concludes by stressing the need for further appropriation of international environmental codes to better suit the local context.It lays a reliable foundation for further research,uti-lizing more case studies and exploring the applicability of rating systems in Jordan.
