Frozen shoulder(FS),also known as adhesive capsulitis,is a condition that causes contraction and stiffness of the shoulder joint capsule.The main symptoms are per-sistent shoulder pain and a limited range of motion in...Frozen shoulder(FS),also known as adhesive capsulitis,is a condition that causes contraction and stiffness of the shoulder joint capsule.The main symptoms are per-sistent shoulder pain and a limited range of motion in all directions.These symp-toms and poor prognosis affect people's physical health and quality of life.Currently,the specific mechanisms of FS remain unclear,and there is variability in treatment methods and their efficacy.Additionally,the early symptoms of FS are difficult to distinguish from those of other shoulder diseases,complicating early diagnosis and treatment.Therefore,it is necessary to develop and utilize animal models to under-stand the pathogenesis of FS and to explore treatment strategies,providing insights into the prevention and treatment of human FS.This paper reviews the rat models available for FS research,including external immobilization models,surgical internal immobilization models,injection modeling models,and endocrine modeling models.It introduces the basic procedures for these models and compares and analyzes the advantages,disadvantages,and applicability of each modeling method.Finally,our paper summarizes the common methods for evaluating FS rat models.展开更多
This review focuses on rat models for studying the short-term and long-term effects of mild and severe hypoglycemia.We explored the physiological mechanisms to understand the consequences of hypoglycemia in rat experi...This review focuses on rat models for studying the short-term and long-term effects of mild and severe hypoglycemia.We explored the physiological mechanisms to understand the consequences of hypoglycemia in rat experimental models.This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of phytotherapeutic agents and their efficacy in mitigating the adverse effects of hypoglycemia.Insights from our planned research will be beneficial in improving quality of life for individuals at risk of episodes of low blood sugar.Optimizing hypoglycemic rat models for research requires selecting a suitable experimental model that will be susceptible to hypoglycemia induction,effective monitoring of blood glucose levels,and maintaining a high survival rate throughout the required experimental duration.展开更多
Melanins are widely used in medicine, pharmacology and cosmetics. Different technologies have been used to obtain melanin including： chemical synthesis based on oxidation of tyrosine and its derivatives; extraction f...Melanins are widely used in medicine, pharmacology and cosmetics. Different technologies have been used to obtain melanin including： chemical synthesis based on oxidation of tyrosine and its derivatives; extraction from animal materials; alkaline extraction from plant material; and microbiological synthesis. A few number of works have been published that were focused on purification of water insoluble 3,4-dihy- droxy-phenylalanine-melanins （Kukulianskaia et al., 2002）. The majority of synthetic and natural melanins are insoluble in wa- ter that significantly complicates preparation of pharmacolog- ical and cosmetic preparations. Obtaining of low-cost soluble biotechnological melanin can speed up application of melanin in medicine and other fields. For the first time, melanin-syn-thesizing strain with high level of pigment synthesis - Bacillus thuringiensis was obtained. The ecologically safe technology of biosynthesis, isolation and purification of the bacterial melanin has been elaborated.展开更多
Objective:To review treatment methods using natural extracts applied in rat models of periodontitis to establish a direction for the design of future experiments.Methods:An electronic search of PubMed was carried out ...Objective:To review treatment methods using natural extracts applied in rat models of periodontitis to establish a direction for the design of future experiments.Methods:An electronic search of PubMed was carried out using the keywords“periodontitis,”“natural”,“extracts”,“herb*”,“plants”and“rats.”Articles were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent researchers.Data describing the characteristics of rats,method of periodontitis inducement,extract administration,and outcome measures were extracted and analyzed by more than two authors manually.Results:Of the 864 articles identified,33 studies were included.The use of SpragueeDawley rats(51.2%)and male rats(90.9%)was preferred.The most common experimental methods were ligature placement(72.7%)and oral administration(66.7%).Alveolar bone loss was evaluated mainly by photography(51.5%)and micro-computed tomography(39.4%).Factors related to bone remodeling and inflammatory processes,such as interleukin-1b,tumor necrosis factor-a,receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB,and osteoprotegerin,were also measured.Conclusion:Many diverse experimental periodontitis models have been used.However,few articles observed bone formation,immune responses,antibacterial effects,and toxicity.Future studies to assess natural extracts for the treatment of periodontitis should be robust and well-designed.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Central adrenergic nerve and 5-serotonergic nerve can influence central cholinergic nerve on learning and memory and make easy for study; however, ginsenoside of stem and leaf （GSL） can improve function...BACKGROUND： Central adrenergic nerve and 5-serotonergic nerve can influence central cholinergic nerve on learning and memory and make easy for study; however, ginsenoside of stem and leaf （GSL） can improve functions of central adrenergic nerve; moreover, 5-serotonergic nerve and the combination with choline can produce synergistic effect and enhance learning and memory ability so as to improve learning and memory disorder of patients with Alzheimer disease （AD）. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of GSL combining with choline on learning and memory of AD model rats DESIGN ： Randomized grouping design and controlled animal study SETIING ： Department of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College MATERIALS ： The experiment was carried out in the Pharmacological Department of Medical College of Jilin University from October 1996 to January 1997. Forty healthy male Wistar rats of clean grade were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sham-injury group, model group, GSL group, choline group and combination group, with 8 rats in each group. Main medications： GSL with the volume more than 92.8% was provided by Department of Chemistry, Norman Bethune Medical College of Jilin University. Panaxatriol, the main component, was detected with thin layer scanning technique and regarded as the index of GSL quality [（55±1）%, CV= 2%, n = 5]. Choline was provided by the Third Shanghai Laboratory Factory. METHODS ： 150 nmol quinolinic acid was used to damage bilateral Meynert basal nuclei of adult rats so as to establish AD models. Rats in GSL, choline and combination groups were intragastric administrated with 400 mg/kg GSL, 200 mg/kg choline （20 mL/kg）, and both respectively last for 17 days starting from two days before operation. Rats in sham-injury group and model group were perfused with the same volume of distilled water once in each morning for the same days. （1） Passive avoidance step-down test： Five minutes later, rats jumped up safe platform when they were shocked with 36 V alternating current. If rats jumped down from the platform and the feet touched railings, the response was wrong. Numbers of wrong response were recorded within 3 minutes, and then the test was redone after 24 hours. （2） Morris water-maze spatial localization task： Swimming from jumping-off to platform directly was regarded as right response. Additionally, 4 successively right responses were regarded as the standard. Each rat was trained 10 times a day with 120 s per time for 3 successive days. The interval was 30 s. Three days later, numbers of right response were recorded. The training times were increased to 30 for unlearned rats. （3） Measurement of activity of choline acetylase in cerebral cortex： Rats were sacrificed at 17 days after operation to obtain cerebral cortex to measure activity of choline acetylase with radiochemistry technique. （4） Synergistic effect： It was expressed as Q value： Q value = factual incorporative effect/anticipant incorporative effect; Q ≥ 1 was regarded as synergistic effect. Anticipant incorporative effect = （EA＋EB-EA·EB）, EA and EB were single timing effect, respectively in GSL group and choline group. E（step-down test and Morris water maze test） = （x in model group - factual value in medicine groups）/x in model group; E （activity of choline acetylase） = （factual value in medicine groups -xin model group）/xin model group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： （1） Passive avoidance step-down test and Morris water-maze spatial localization task in the study of learning and memory; （2） activity of choline acetylase. RESULTS ： All 40 rats were involved in the final analysis. （1） Passive avoidance response： At learning phase on first day and retesting phase on the next day, numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（5.88±1.46）, （2.25±0.87） times; （2.63±1.06）, （0.50±0.53） times; P 〈 0.01]; numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [learning phase： （1.12±0.83）, （5.88±1.46） times; retesting phase： （0.38±0.74）, （2.63±1.06）times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and 1.59, respectively and it showed synergistic effect. Spatial localization task： Training times were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（2.9±2.5）, （12.6±3.5） times; P 〈 0.01]. Training times were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [（11.8±2.4）, （27.9±2.5） times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and it showed synergistic effect. （3） Activity of choline acetylase： Activity was lower in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（30.56±8.33）, （61.11 ±8.33） nkat/g; P 〈 0.01]. Activity was higher in combination group than model group and there was significant difference [（50.00±8.33）, （30.56±8.33） nkat/g, P 〈 0.01];moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.5 and it showed synergistic effect. CONCLUSZON： GSL in combination with choline can synergically improve the disorder of learning and memory of AD model rats. Its mechanism may be involved in enhancing the function of central cholinergic system.展开更多
Dopamine （DA） is one of the brain＇s fundamental neurotransmitters. Despite the fact that the dopaminergic synapses constitute less than 1% of all brain synapses, DA is implicated in a number of critical physiologic...Dopamine （DA） is one of the brain＇s fundamental neurotransmitters. Despite the fact that the dopaminergic synapses constitute less than 1% of all brain synapses, DA is implicated in a number of critical physiological functions and in the pathogenesis of important psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder （ADHD）, Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and others.展开更多
It is recognized that developing valid animal models is essential for the research on the neurobiological mechanisms of (and treatments for) psychiatric disorders, even when these are as complex as schizophrenia. To b...It is recognized that developing valid animal models is essential for the research on the neurobiological mechanisms of (and treatments for) psychiatric disorders, even when these are as complex as schizophrenia. To be considered a valid analogue of the disorder, a given model should present good face validity (i.e. similarity of symptoms), good predictive validity (i.e. similarity of treatment effects and potential for discovering novel treatments) and enough construct validity (i.e. the model should help discover neurobiological mechanisms underlying the disorder or some relevant symptoms). The complexity of symptoms (positive, negative and cognitive) of schizophrenia makes it a very difficult task for a model to mimic all the main features of the disorder, but some rodent (mouse and rat) models have behavioural and even neurobiological phenotype characteristics resembling positive-like symptoms, cognitive symptoms and some neurochemical features of schizophrenia. As several recent works have already reviewed the main behavioural and developmental models, as well as the most used drug-induced, lesion-induced and genetic mouse models, the present review focuses on describing the most relevant genetically-based rat models of schizophrenia-relevant symptoms. Thus, we discuss several selective breeding programs leading to rat lines/strains which present impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response and (in some cases) latent inhibition deficits (both of which may be considered as endophenotypes of schizophrenia related with pre-attentive processes and attention, respectively), as well as other schizophrenia-relevant symptoms (e.g. learning deficits). Evidence is presented for the effects of genetic background on PPI (and other symptoms/phenotypes), as well as for environmental influences on genetic predisposition to enhanced apomorphine (mixed dopamine receptor agonist) effects. Some of the described rat models appear to present face validity and, to a certain extent, construct validity. While efforts should be made to evaluate the predictive validity of these genetic rat models, we propose that they have the advantage (over mouse knockouts, for example) of better representing “normal” genetic, neurobiological and phenotype variation, thus allowing the study of associations among them by means of genetic mapping or gene expression studies.展开更多
Objective To investigate the influence of different diets on serum protein expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal(4-HNE),thioredoxin(Trx),thioredoxin reductase(TrxR)and the sctivities of Trx and TrxR,and to explore the...Objective To investigate the influence of different diets on serum protein expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal(4-HNE),thioredoxin(Trx),thioredoxin reductase(TrxR)and the sctivities of Trx and TrxR,and to explore the effect of damage to the lung tissue and the underlying mechanisms of different body mass index caused by different diets in the rat models.Methods展开更多
AIM： To evaluate serum TIMP-1 level and the correlation between TIMP-1 expression and liver fibrosis in immuneinduced and CCL4-induced liver fibrosis models in rats. METHODS： Immune-induced and CCL4-induced liver fi...AIM： To evaluate serum TIMP-1 level and the correlation between TIMP-1 expression and liver fibrosis in immuneinduced and CCL4-induced liver fibrosis models in rats. METHODS： Immune-induced and CCL4-induced liver fibrosis models were established by dexamethasone （0.01 mg） and CCL4 respectively. Serum TIMP-1 level was detected with ELISA, while histopathological grade of liver biopsy was evaluated. Spearman rankcorrelation test was used to analyse the difference of the correlation between the TIMP-1 expression and hepatic fibrosis in the two fibrosis models. Furthermore,in situ hybridization was used to determine the expression difference of TIMP-1 mRNA in the two models. RESULTS： Positive correlation existed between serum TIMP-1 level of immune induced group and the histopathological stages of fibrosis liver of corresponding rats （Spearman rank-correlation test, rs = 0.812, P 0.05）, and the positive in situ hybridization signal of TIMP-1 mRNA was strong. In CCL4-induced liver fibrosis model, the correlation between the serum TIMP-1 level and the severity of hepatic fibrosis was not statistically significant（Spearman rank-correlation test, rs = 0.229, P 〉 0.05）. And compared with immune-induced model, the positivein situ hybridization signal of TIMP-1 mRNA was weaker, while the expression variation was higher in hepatic fibrosis of the same severity. CONCLUSION： The correlations between TIMP-1 expression and liver fibrosis in two rat liver fibrosis models are different. In immune-induced model, serum TIMP-1 level could reflect the severity of liver fibrosis, while in CCL4-induced model, the correlation between the serum TIMP-1 level and the severity of hepatic fibrosis was not statistically significant.展开更多
In order to compare the effects of several experimental renal calcium oxalate stones formation models in rats and to find a simple and convenient model with significant effect of calcium oxalate crystals deposition in...In order to compare the effects of several experimental renal calcium oxalate stones formation models in rats and to find a simple and convenient model with significant effect of calcium oxalate crystals deposition in the kidney, several rat models of renal calcium oxalate stones formation were induced by some crystal-inducing drugs （CID） including ethylene glycol （EG）, ammonium chloride （AC）, vitamin D3 [ 1 α（OH）VitD3, alfacalcidol], calcium gluconate, ammonium oxalate, gentamicin sulfate, L-hydroxyproline. The rats were fed with drugs given singly or unitedly. At the end of experiment, 24-h urines were collected and the serum creatinine （Cr）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）, the extents of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tissue, urinary calcium and oxalate excretion were measured. The serum Cr levels in the stone-forming groups were significantly higher than those in the control group except for the group EG＋L-hydroxyproline, group calcium gluconate and group oxalate. Blood BUN concentration was significantly higher in rats fed with CID than that in control group except for group EG＋L-hydroxyproline and group ammonium oxalate plus calcium gluconate. In the group of rats administered with EG plus Vitamin D3, the deposition of calcium oxalate crystal in the renal tissue and urinary calcium excretion were significantly greater than other model groups. The effect of the model induced by EG plus AC was similar to that in the group induced by EG plus Vitamin D3. EG plus Vitamin D3 or EG plus AC could stably and significantly induced the rat model of renal calcium oxalate stones formation .展开更多
Background:Adenoid hypertrophy(AH)is a common pediatric disease that signifi-cantly impacts the growth and quality of life of children.However,there is no replica-ble and valid model for AH.Methods:An AH rat model was...Background:Adenoid hypertrophy(AH)is a common pediatric disease that signifi-cantly impacts the growth and quality of life of children.However,there is no replica-ble and valid model for AH.Methods:An AH rat model was developed via comprehensive allergic sensitization,chronic inflammation induction,and chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH).The modeling process involved three steps:female Sprague-Dawley rats(aged 4-5 weeks)were used for modeling.Allergen sensitization was induced via intraperitoneal administra-tion and intranasal provocation using ovalbumin(OVA);chronic nasal inflammation was induced through intranasal lipopolysaccharide(LPS)administration for sustained nasal irritation;CIH akin to obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome was induced using an animal hypoxia chamber.Postmodel establishment,behaviors,and histologi-cal changes in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue(NALT)and nasal mucosa were assessed.Arterial blood gas analysis and quantification of serum and tissue levels of(interleukin)IL-4 and IL-13,OVA-specific immunoglobulin E(sIgE),eosinophil cationic protein(ECP),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),IL-17,and transforming growth factor(TGF)-βwere conducted for assessment.The treatment group received a combination of mometasone furoate and montelukast sodium for a week and then was evaluated.Results:Rats exhibited notable nasal symptoms and hypoxia after modeling.Histopathological analysis revealed NALT follicle hypertrophy and nasal mucosa in-flammatory cell infiltration.Elevated IL-4,IL-13,IL-17,OVA-sIgE,ECP,and TNF-αlev-els and reduced TGF-βlevels were observed in the serum and tissue of model-group rats.After a week of treatment,the treatment group exhibited symptom and inflam-matory factor improvement.Conclusion:The model effectively simulates AH symptoms and pathological changes.But it should be further validated for genetic,immunological,and hormonal back-grounds in the currently used and other strains and species.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for clinical management of a new lung disease that was characterized by inflammation,endothelial cell dysfunction,and thrombosis,which occur after the replication phase of infec...The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for clinical management of a new lung disease that was characterized by inflammation,endothelial cell dysfunction,and thrombosis,which occur after the replication phase of infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).There are many laboratory models of active SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice,reflecting an acute lung injury in an otherwise healthy animal,but there is a lack of accurate animal models of the postviral inflammatory phase of the COVID-19 lung reflecting severe disease.The monocrotaline(MCT)-treated rat is a widely used laboratory model of pulmonary hypertension(PH).Not often discussed,however,are the observed changes in inflammation,edema,fibrosis,and microthrombosis in the lung prior to PH.At the cellular level,there is loss of pneumocytes and endotheliopathy,and at the molecular level the MCT rat lung is characterized by a proinflammatory cytokine profile,namely elevated interleukin 6,transforming growth factorβand tumor necrosis factor,M1 macrophage phenotype,and dysregulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)/ACE2 balance.The systems-level pathophysiology of the MCT-treated rat includes progressive cardiopulmonary dysfunction.The MCT-treated rat clearly differs from the COVID-19 lung in terms of the triggers for pathology,but there are many parallels apparent in both the MCT-treated rat and the COVID-19 lung.The MCT-treated rat lung as a model of the COVID-19 lung may provide an in-depth understanding of the factors that drive the lung to more severe pathology,treatments that benefit lung recovery,or the factors that prove a useful research platform for future emerging respiratory threats of similar pathology.展开更多
Peyronie’s disease(PD)is a disorder characterized by fibrous plaque formation in the penile tissue that leads to curvature and complications in advanced stages.In this study,we aimed to compare four injectable induct...Peyronie’s disease(PD)is a disorder characterized by fibrous plaque formation in the penile tissue that leads to curvature and complications in advanced stages.In this study,we aimed to compare four injectable induction agents for the establishment of a robust rat model of PD:transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),fibrin,sodium tetradecyl sulfate(STS)combined with TGF-β1,and polidocanol(POL)combined with TGF-β1.The results showed that injection of TGF-β1 or fibrin into the tunica albuginea induced pathological endpoints without causing penile curvature.The STS+TGF-β1 combination resulted in both histological and morphological alterations,but with a high incidence of localized necrosis that led to animal death.The POL+TGF-β1 combination produced pathological changes and curvature comparable to STS+TGF-β1 and led to fewer complications.In conclusion,fibrin,STS+TGF-β1,and POL+TGF-β1 all induced PD with a certain degree of penile curvature and histological fibrosis in rats.The POL+TGF-β1 combination offered comparatively greater safety and clinical relevance and may have the greatest potential for PD research using model rats.展开更多
Chronic pain after spine surgery(CPSS)is a complex disorder characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis that occurs in 8%–40%of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.We aimed to develop a rat model that mimics cl...Chronic pain after spine surgery(CPSS)is a complex disorder characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis that occurs in 8%–40%of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.We aimed to develop a rat model that mimics clinical CPSS conditions by taking two sequential surgical procedures.Step 1:A plastic rod was inserted into the left L5 intervertebral foramen to produce a steady compression on the dorsal root ganglion(DRG)and the spinal nerve,a common cause of low back pain(LBP).Step 2:The rod was removed after 7 days when rats exhibited mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in the ipsilateral hindpaw,followed by a full L5 laminectomy to mimic spine decompression surgery in LBP patients.The retention of the rod induced a prolonged LBP-like behavior but was quickly resolved after rod removal without laminectomy.However,rats that received laminectomy after rod removal developed heightened mechanical and heat sensitivity in the hindpaw,impaired gait,and reduced spontaneous exploration activity,indicating CPSS.Patch clamp recording revealed a significant augmentation in the intrinsic excitability of smalldiameter DRG neurons in CPSS rats.Administration of Dermorphin[D-Arg2,Lys4](1–4)amide(DALDA,5mg/kg,i.p.),a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor(MOR)-preferred agonist,attenuated pain hypersensitivity,capsaicin-induced[Ca^(2+)]i rising and the increased intrinsic excitability of DRG neurons from CPSS rats.Our findings suggest that this new model,which mirrors the nature of CPSS developed in patients,may be useful for future studies of the underlying mechanisms.展开更多
Head injuries from vehicle collisions,falls,and sports are often the result of complex mechanisms involving both linear and angular forces.This study aims to quantitatively assess the effects of linear and angular for...Head injuries from vehicle collisions,falls,and sports are often the result of complex mechanisms involving both linear and angular forces.This study aims to quantitatively assess the effects of linear and angular force on the severity of traumatic brain injury in rats during collisions.An orthogonal experimental design was employed,facilitating the manipulation of linear velocity,rotational acceleration,and angle(light,medium,and heavy)across 54 rats.24 hours post-injury,magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted imaging,and diffusion tensor imaging were utilized to detect abnormal brain signals,with the fractional anisotropy value of the corpus callosum serv-ing as the primary injury indicator.Anatomical analyses and immunohistological staining were conducted to measure the amyloid precursor protein(β-APP)accumulation,using integrated optical density as a secondary indicator.Entropy weighting was applied to derive index weights for the injury scoring system.Through analysis guided by analysis of variance and linear regression,it was determined that both linear and angular loadings significantly impacted brain injury severity.Increased rotational acceleration at constant linear velocities correlated with more severe injuries,whereas the rotation angle exhibited minimal effect.Linear velocity emerged as the primary determinant of injury severity,accounting for 91.5%of the variance,while rotational acceleration and rotation angle contributed 6.5%and 0.9%,respectively.These findings offer critical insights for developing protective measures against brain injuries in traffic accidents.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the effect of extract A from Blumea megacephala(Randeria)Chang et Tseng on the hemostasis of postpartum uterine hemorrhage in early pregnancy rats.[Methods]12 mg/kg of mifepristone and 120μ...[Objectives]To investigate the effect of extract A from Blumea megacephala(Randeria)Chang et Tseng on the hemostasis of postpartum uterine hemorrhage in early pregnancy rats.[Methods]12 mg/kg of mifepristone and 120μg/kg of misoprostol were used to establish the uterine bleeding model of early pregnancy rats,and the effects of the drugs on the amount of uterine bleeding,the contents of angiotensin II(Ang-II)and prostaglandin E 2(PGE 2)in serum,the four factors of coagulation,platelet adhesion,platelet aggregation and platelet number were investigated.[Results]Extract A can shorten prothrombin time(PT)and activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)in rats.It can reduce the amount of uterine bleeding in the model,reduce the contents of PGE 2 and Ang-II,reduce APTT and PT,increase the content of fibrinogen FIB,enhance platelet adhesion,enhance platelet aggregation and increase the number of platelets.[Conclusions]Extract A has obvious hemostatic effect on uterine bleeding model of early pregnancy rats.It may play a hemostatic role by affecting vasoconstriction-dilation,coagulation factors in the blood s internal and external coagulation system,platelet adhesion and aggregation,increasing FIB content,increasing platelet number,affecting uterine bleeding,etc.,showing the characteristics of multiple pathways and multiple targets.展开更多
The postpartum period is when a host of changes occur at molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioral levels to prepare female humans for the challenge of maternity. Alteration or prevention of these normal adapt...The postpartum period is when a host of changes occur at molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioral levels to prepare female humans for the challenge of maternity. Alteration or prevention of these normal adaptions is thought to contribute to disruptions of emotion regulation, motivation and cognitive abilities that underlie postpartum mental disorders, such as postpartum depression. Despite the high incidence of this disorder, and the detrimental consequences for both mother and child, its etiology and related neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood, partially due to the lack of appropriate animal models. In recent decades, there have been a number of attempts to model postpartum depression disorder in rats. In the present review, we first describe clinical symptoms of postpartum depression and discuss known risk factors, including both genetic and environmental factors. Thereafter, we discuss various rat models that have been developed to capture various aspects of this disorder and knowledge gained from such attempts. In doing so, we focus on the theories behind each attempt and the methods used to achieve their goals. Finally, we point out several understudied areas in this field and make suggestions for future directions.展开更多
Objective To comparatively observe the effect of electroacupuncture at digestive system-related lower he-sea points on the expressions of serum interleukin-1β（IL-1 β）, tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） of colon t...Objective To comparatively observe the effect of electroacupuncture at digestive system-related lower he-sea points on the expressions of serum interleukin-1β（IL-1 β）, tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） of colon tissues and high mobility group box 1 protein（HMGB 1） of ulcerative colitis（UC） model rats, and to explore whether there is relative specificity of electroacupuncture at Shàngjùxū（上巨虚 ST 37）, one of lower he-sea points of large intestine, in treatment of bowel diseases. Method A total of 60 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, ST 37 group, Zúsānl？（足三里 ST 36） group, Xiàjùxū（下巨虚 ST 39） group and Yánglíngquán（阳陵泉 GB 34） group. There were ten rats in each group; five were males, and five were females. UC models were established by clysis with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid/alcohol solution. After modeling, treatment was conducted for ten days, specimens were collected, colonic ulcers and inflammation were inspected visually and scored. The content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α and HMGB 1 in colon were detected through ELISA. Results 1 Compared with control group, the scores of colonic ulcers and inflammation, the content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α（except ST 37 group） and HMGB 1 were all higher（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; 2 compared with model group, the scores of colonic ulcers in ST 36 group and ST 37 group were lower obviously（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB 1 in the four treatment groups were lower obviously（P〈0.01）; 3 compared with ST 37 group, the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB 1 in other three treatment groups were higher obviously（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; and the scores of colonic ulcers in ST 39 group and GB 34 group were higher obviously（P〈0.05）. Conclusion 1 The score of colonic ulcers can be reduced through electroacupuncture at ST 37, ST 36, ST 39 and GB 34, which can also reduce the content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α and HMGB 1, and effectively inhibit inflammatory response of colon caused by UC; 2 the effect trend of the four acupoints in treatment of UC is： ST 37ST 36ST 39GB 34, and electroacupuncture at ST 37 has the best effect with relative specificity.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:Ningdong granule is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome.METHODS:Sixty-four rats were randomly assigned to a control group and three experimental groups,res...OBJECTIVE:Ningdong granule is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome.METHODS:Sixty-four rats were randomly assigned to a control group and three experimental groups,respectively.Rat models of Tourette's syndrome were established via intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine(Apo).The rats in the experimental groups were subsequently intragastrically injected with haloperidol at 10 mg/kg(haloperidol group),Ningdong granule at 370 mg/kg(NDG group),and normal saline(0.9%) at 10 mL/kg(Apo group),respectively.Rat behaviors were observed and recorded on a daily basis.After 12 w,all rats were sacrificed,and sera and striatal tissues were harvested.Homovanillic acid levels in sera,as well as dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA expression in the striatum,were measured to determine possible mechanisms of Ningdong granule on the dopamine system in a rat model of Tourette's syndrome.RESULTS:Following intervention,stereotype actions of the Tourette's syndrome rats were significantly inhibited in the haloperidol and NDG groups,respectively(P<0.01).Homovanillic levels were significantly greater in the haloperidol and NDG groups,respectively(P<0.05).In addition,dopamine levels were significantly less in the NDG group(P<0.01),and DRD2 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the haloperidol and NDG groups,respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Results demonstrated that Ningdong granule effectively inhibited stereotype actions and Tourette's syndrome symptoms by promoting dopamine metabolism,reducing dopamine levels in the striatum,increasing homovanillic acid content in sera,and reducing mRNA expression of DRD2 in the striatum.展开更多
In treating patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy,we noticed that denervated intrinsic muscles of the hand become irreversibly atrophic at a faster than denervated biceps.In a rat model of obstetric brachial p...In treating patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy,we noticed that denervated intrinsic muscles of the hand become irreversibly atrophic at a faster than denervated biceps.In a rat model of obstetric brachial plexus palsy,denervated intrinsic musculature of the forepaw entered the irreversible atrophy far earlier than denervated biceps.In this study,isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were examined in the intrinsic musculature of forepaw and biceps on denervated and normal sides at 3 and 5 weeks to identify dysregulated proteins.Enrichment of pathways mapped by those proteins was analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis.At 3 weeks,119 dysregulated proteins in denervated intrinsic musculature of the forepaw were mapped to nine pathways for muscle regulation,while 67 dysregulated proteins were mapped to three such pathways at 5 weeks.At 3 weeks,27 upregulated proteins were mapped to five pathways involving inflammation and apoptosis,while two upregulated proteins were mapped to one such pathway at 5 weeks.At 3 and 5 weeks,53 proteins from pathways involving regrowth and differentiation were downregulated.At 3 weeks,64 dysregulated proteins in denervated biceps were mapped to five pathways involving muscle regulation,while,five dysregulated proteins were mapped to three such pathways at 5 weeks.One protein mapped to inflammation and apoptotic pathways was upregulated from one pathway at 3 weeks,while three proteins were downregulated from two other pathways at 5 weeks.Four proteins mapped to regrowth and differentiation pathways were upregulated from three pathways at 3 weeks,while two proteins were downregulated in another pathway at 5 weeks.These results implicated inflammation and apoptosis as critical factors aggravating atrophy of denervated intrinsic muscles of the hand during obstetric brachial plexus palsy.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fudan University,China(approval No.DF-325)in January 2015.展开更多
基金National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFC2502100,2023YFC3603404 and 2019YFA0111900The National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82072506,82272611 and 92268115+7 种基金The Hunan Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars,Grant/Award Number:2024JJ2089The Hunan Young Talents of Science and Technology,Grant/Award Number:2021RC3025The Provincial Clinical Medical Technology Innovation Project of Hunan,Grant/Award Number:2023SK2024 and 2020SK53709The Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan,Grant/Award Number:2020JJ3060The National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,Grant/Award Number:2023JJ30949The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital,Grant/Award Number:2021KFJJ02 and 2021LNJJ05The Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate,Grant/Award Number:CX20230308 and CX20230312The Independent Exploration and Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students of Central South University,Grant/Award Number:2024ZZTS0163。
文摘Frozen shoulder(FS),also known as adhesive capsulitis,is a condition that causes contraction and stiffness of the shoulder joint capsule.The main symptoms are per-sistent shoulder pain and a limited range of motion in all directions.These symp-toms and poor prognosis affect people's physical health and quality of life.Currently,the specific mechanisms of FS remain unclear,and there is variability in treatment methods and their efficacy.Additionally,the early symptoms of FS are difficult to distinguish from those of other shoulder diseases,complicating early diagnosis and treatment.Therefore,it is necessary to develop and utilize animal models to under-stand the pathogenesis of FS and to explore treatment strategies,providing insights into the prevention and treatment of human FS.This paper reviews the rat models available for FS research,including external immobilization models,surgical internal immobilization models,injection modeling models,and endocrine modeling models.It introduces the basic procedures for these models and compares and analyzes the advantages,disadvantages,and applicability of each modeling method.Finally,our paper summarizes the common methods for evaluating FS rat models.
基金Correspondence:Christina Gertrude Yap,Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences,Monash University,Jalan Lagoon Selatan,Bandar Sunway,Subang Jaya 47500,Selangor,Malaysia.Email:christina.yap@monash.edu。
文摘This review focuses on rat models for studying the short-term and long-term effects of mild and severe hypoglycemia.We explored the physiological mechanisms to understand the consequences of hypoglycemia in rat experimental models.This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of phytotherapeutic agents and their efficacy in mitigating the adverse effects of hypoglycemia.Insights from our planned research will be beneficial in improving quality of life for individuals at risk of episodes of low blood sugar.Optimizing hypoglycemic rat models for research requires selecting a suitable experimental model that will be susceptible to hypoglycemia induction,effective monitoring of blood glucose levels,and maintaining a high survival rate throughout the required experimental duration.
文摘Melanins are widely used in medicine, pharmacology and cosmetics. Different technologies have been used to obtain melanin including： chemical synthesis based on oxidation of tyrosine and its derivatives; extraction from animal materials; alkaline extraction from plant material; and microbiological synthesis. A few number of works have been published that were focused on purification of water insoluble 3,4-dihy- droxy-phenylalanine-melanins （Kukulianskaia et al., 2002）. The majority of synthetic and natural melanins are insoluble in wa- ter that significantly complicates preparation of pharmacolog- ical and cosmetic preparations. Obtaining of low-cost soluble biotechnological melanin can speed up application of melanin in medicine and other fields. For the first time, melanin-syn-thesizing strain with high level of pigment synthesis - Bacillus thuringiensis was obtained. The ecologically safe technology of biosynthesis, isolation and purification of the bacterial melanin has been elaborated.
基金supported by Kyung Hee University(Seoul,Republic of Korea)in 2018(KHU-20180922).
文摘Objective:To review treatment methods using natural extracts applied in rat models of periodontitis to establish a direction for the design of future experiments.Methods:An electronic search of PubMed was carried out using the keywords“periodontitis,”“natural”,“extracts”,“herb*”,“plants”and“rats.”Articles were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent researchers.Data describing the characteristics of rats,method of periodontitis inducement,extract administration,and outcome measures were extracted and analyzed by more than two authors manually.Results:Of the 864 articles identified,33 studies were included.The use of SpragueeDawley rats(51.2%)and male rats(90.9%)was preferred.The most common experimental methods were ligature placement(72.7%)and oral administration(66.7%).Alveolar bone loss was evaluated mainly by photography(51.5%)and micro-computed tomography(39.4%).Factors related to bone remodeling and inflammatory processes,such as interleukin-1b,tumor necrosis factor-a,receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB,and osteoprotegerin,were also measured.Conclusion:Many diverse experimental periodontitis models have been used.However,few articles observed bone formation,immune responses,antibacterial effects,and toxicity.Future studies to assess natural extracts for the treatment of periodontitis should be robust and well-designed.
文摘BACKGROUND： Central adrenergic nerve and 5-serotonergic nerve can influence central cholinergic nerve on learning and memory and make easy for study; however, ginsenoside of stem and leaf （GSL） can improve functions of central adrenergic nerve; moreover, 5-serotonergic nerve and the combination with choline can produce synergistic effect and enhance learning and memory ability so as to improve learning and memory disorder of patients with Alzheimer disease （AD）. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of GSL combining with choline on learning and memory of AD model rats DESIGN ： Randomized grouping design and controlled animal study SETIING ： Department of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College MATERIALS ： The experiment was carried out in the Pharmacological Department of Medical College of Jilin University from October 1996 to January 1997. Forty healthy male Wistar rats of clean grade were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sham-injury group, model group, GSL group, choline group and combination group, with 8 rats in each group. Main medications： GSL with the volume more than 92.8% was provided by Department of Chemistry, Norman Bethune Medical College of Jilin University. Panaxatriol, the main component, was detected with thin layer scanning technique and regarded as the index of GSL quality [（55±1）%, CV= 2%, n = 5]. Choline was provided by the Third Shanghai Laboratory Factory. METHODS ： 150 nmol quinolinic acid was used to damage bilateral Meynert basal nuclei of adult rats so as to establish AD models. Rats in GSL, choline and combination groups were intragastric administrated with 400 mg/kg GSL, 200 mg/kg choline （20 mL/kg）, and both respectively last for 17 days starting from two days before operation. Rats in sham-injury group and model group were perfused with the same volume of distilled water once in each morning for the same days. （1） Passive avoidance step-down test： Five minutes later, rats jumped up safe platform when they were shocked with 36 V alternating current. If rats jumped down from the platform and the feet touched railings, the response was wrong. Numbers of wrong response were recorded within 3 minutes, and then the test was redone after 24 hours. （2） Morris water-maze spatial localization task： Swimming from jumping-off to platform directly was regarded as right response. Additionally, 4 successively right responses were regarded as the standard. Each rat was trained 10 times a day with 120 s per time for 3 successive days. The interval was 30 s. Three days later, numbers of right response were recorded. The training times were increased to 30 for unlearned rats. （3） Measurement of activity of choline acetylase in cerebral cortex： Rats were sacrificed at 17 days after operation to obtain cerebral cortex to measure activity of choline acetylase with radiochemistry technique. （4） Synergistic effect： It was expressed as Q value： Q value = factual incorporative effect/anticipant incorporative effect; Q ≥ 1 was regarded as synergistic effect. Anticipant incorporative effect = （EA＋EB-EA·EB）, EA and EB were single timing effect, respectively in GSL group and choline group. E（step-down test and Morris water maze test） = （x in model group - factual value in medicine groups）/x in model group; E （activity of choline acetylase） = （factual value in medicine groups -xin model group）/xin model group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： （1） Passive avoidance step-down test and Morris water-maze spatial localization task in the study of learning and memory; （2） activity of choline acetylase. RESULTS ： All 40 rats were involved in the final analysis. （1） Passive avoidance response： At learning phase on first day and retesting phase on the next day, numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（5.88±1.46）, （2.25±0.87） times; （2.63±1.06）, （0.50±0.53） times; P 〈 0.01]; numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [learning phase： （1.12±0.83）, （5.88±1.46） times; retesting phase： （0.38±0.74）, （2.63±1.06）times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and 1.59, respectively and it showed synergistic effect. Spatial localization task： Training times were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（2.9±2.5）, （12.6±3.5） times; P 〈 0.01]. Training times were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [（11.8±2.4）, （27.9±2.5） times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and it showed synergistic effect. （3） Activity of choline acetylase： Activity was lower in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（30.56±8.33）, （61.11 ±8.33） nkat/g; P 〈 0.01]. Activity was higher in combination group than model group and there was significant difference [（50.00±8.33）, （30.56±8.33） nkat/g, P 〈 0.01];moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.5 and it showed synergistic effect. CONCLUSZON： GSL in combination with choline can synergically improve the disorder of learning and memory of AD model rats. Its mechanism may be involved in enhancing the function of central cholinergic system.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation,No.17-75-20177(to IS) and No.14-50-00069(to RRG)
文摘Dopamine （DA） is one of the brain＇s fundamental neurotransmitters. Despite the fact that the dopaminergic synapses constitute less than 1% of all brain synapses, DA is implicated in a number of critical physiological functions and in the pathogenesis of important psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder （ADHD）, Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and others.
基金Supported by grants for the MICINN(PSI2009-10532)“Fundacio La Marato TV3”(ref.092630/31)and 2009SGR-0051.I.O.is recipient of a PhD FI fellowship(DGR 2014).
文摘It is recognized that developing valid animal models is essential for the research on the neurobiological mechanisms of (and treatments for) psychiatric disorders, even when these are as complex as schizophrenia. To be considered a valid analogue of the disorder, a given model should present good face validity (i.e. similarity of symptoms), good predictive validity (i.e. similarity of treatment effects and potential for discovering novel treatments) and enough construct validity (i.e. the model should help discover neurobiological mechanisms underlying the disorder or some relevant symptoms). The complexity of symptoms (positive, negative and cognitive) of schizophrenia makes it a very difficult task for a model to mimic all the main features of the disorder, but some rodent (mouse and rat) models have behavioural and even neurobiological phenotype characteristics resembling positive-like symptoms, cognitive symptoms and some neurochemical features of schizophrenia. As several recent works have already reviewed the main behavioural and developmental models, as well as the most used drug-induced, lesion-induced and genetic mouse models, the present review focuses on describing the most relevant genetically-based rat models of schizophrenia-relevant symptoms. Thus, we discuss several selective breeding programs leading to rat lines/strains which present impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response and (in some cases) latent inhibition deficits (both of which may be considered as endophenotypes of schizophrenia related with pre-attentive processes and attention, respectively), as well as other schizophrenia-relevant symptoms (e.g. learning deficits). Evidence is presented for the effects of genetic background on PPI (and other symptoms/phenotypes), as well as for environmental influences on genetic predisposition to enhanced apomorphine (mixed dopamine receptor agonist) effects. Some of the described rat models appear to present face validity and, to a certain extent, construct validity. While efforts should be made to evaluate the predictive validity of these genetic rat models, we propose that they have the advantage (over mouse knockouts, for example) of better representing “normal” genetic, neurobiological and phenotype variation, thus allowing the study of associations among them by means of genetic mapping or gene expression studies.
文摘Objective To investigate the influence of different diets on serum protein expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal(4-HNE),thioredoxin(Trx),thioredoxin reductase(TrxR)and the sctivities of Trx and TrxR,and to explore the effect of damage to the lung tissue and the underlying mechanisms of different body mass index caused by different diets in the rat models.Methods
基金Supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China, No.1999-10the Science and Technology Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China, No. 2003K10G63
文摘AIM： To evaluate serum TIMP-1 level and the correlation between TIMP-1 expression and liver fibrosis in immuneinduced and CCL4-induced liver fibrosis models in rats. METHODS： Immune-induced and CCL4-induced liver fibrosis models were established by dexamethasone （0.01 mg） and CCL4 respectively. Serum TIMP-1 level was detected with ELISA, while histopathological grade of liver biopsy was evaluated. Spearman rankcorrelation test was used to analyse the difference of the correlation between the TIMP-1 expression and hepatic fibrosis in the two fibrosis models. Furthermore,in situ hybridization was used to determine the expression difference of TIMP-1 mRNA in the two models. RESULTS： Positive correlation existed between serum TIMP-1 level of immune induced group and the histopathological stages of fibrosis liver of corresponding rats （Spearman rank-correlation test, rs = 0.812, P 0.05）, and the positive in situ hybridization signal of TIMP-1 mRNA was strong. In CCL4-induced liver fibrosis model, the correlation between the serum TIMP-1 level and the severity of hepatic fibrosis was not statistically significant（Spearman rank-correlation test, rs = 0.229, P 〉 0.05）. And compared with immune-induced model, the positivein situ hybridization signal of TIMP-1 mRNA was weaker, while the expression variation was higher in hepatic fibrosis of the same severity. CONCLUSION： The correlations between TIMP-1 expression and liver fibrosis in two rat liver fibrosis models are different. In immune-induced model, serum TIMP-1 level could reflect the severity of liver fibrosis, while in CCL4-induced model, the correlation between the serum TIMP-1 level and the severity of hepatic fibrosis was not statistically significant.
文摘In order to compare the effects of several experimental renal calcium oxalate stones formation models in rats and to find a simple and convenient model with significant effect of calcium oxalate crystals deposition in the kidney, several rat models of renal calcium oxalate stones formation were induced by some crystal-inducing drugs （CID） including ethylene glycol （EG）, ammonium chloride （AC）, vitamin D3 [ 1 α（OH）VitD3, alfacalcidol], calcium gluconate, ammonium oxalate, gentamicin sulfate, L-hydroxyproline. The rats were fed with drugs given singly or unitedly. At the end of experiment, 24-h urines were collected and the serum creatinine （Cr）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）, the extents of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tissue, urinary calcium and oxalate excretion were measured. The serum Cr levels in the stone-forming groups were significantly higher than those in the control group except for the group EG＋L-hydroxyproline, group calcium gluconate and group oxalate. Blood BUN concentration was significantly higher in rats fed with CID than that in control group except for group EG＋L-hydroxyproline and group ammonium oxalate plus calcium gluconate. In the group of rats administered with EG plus Vitamin D3, the deposition of calcium oxalate crystal in the renal tissue and urinary calcium excretion were significantly greater than other model groups. The effect of the model induced by EG plus AC was similar to that in the group induced by EG plus Vitamin D3. EG plus Vitamin D3 or EG plus AC could stably and significantly induced the rat model of renal calcium oxalate stones formation .
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:8217150152)the Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center(grant number:SHDC12021102)the Shanghai Three-Year Action Plan to Further Accelerate the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation(grant number:ZY(2021-2023)-0209-05).
文摘Background:Adenoid hypertrophy(AH)is a common pediatric disease that signifi-cantly impacts the growth and quality of life of children.However,there is no replica-ble and valid model for AH.Methods:An AH rat model was developed via comprehensive allergic sensitization,chronic inflammation induction,and chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH).The modeling process involved three steps:female Sprague-Dawley rats(aged 4-5 weeks)were used for modeling.Allergen sensitization was induced via intraperitoneal administra-tion and intranasal provocation using ovalbumin(OVA);chronic nasal inflammation was induced through intranasal lipopolysaccharide(LPS)administration for sustained nasal irritation;CIH akin to obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome was induced using an animal hypoxia chamber.Postmodel establishment,behaviors,and histologi-cal changes in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue(NALT)and nasal mucosa were assessed.Arterial blood gas analysis and quantification of serum and tissue levels of(interleukin)IL-4 and IL-13,OVA-specific immunoglobulin E(sIgE),eosinophil cationic protein(ECP),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),IL-17,and transforming growth factor(TGF)-βwere conducted for assessment.The treatment group received a combination of mometasone furoate and montelukast sodium for a week and then was evaluated.Results:Rats exhibited notable nasal symptoms and hypoxia after modeling.Histopathological analysis revealed NALT follicle hypertrophy and nasal mucosa in-flammatory cell infiltration.Elevated IL-4,IL-13,IL-17,OVA-sIgE,ECP,and TNF-αlev-els and reduced TGF-βlevels were observed in the serum and tissue of model-group rats.After a week of treatment,the treatment group exhibited symptom and inflam-matory factor improvement.Conclusion:The model effectively simulates AH symptoms and pathological changes.But it should be further validated for genetic,immunological,and hormonal back-grounds in the currently used and other strains and species.
基金College of Medicine and Public Health,MD,Advanced Studies ProgramAustralian National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC),Grant/Award Number:GNT2003683。
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for clinical management of a new lung disease that was characterized by inflammation,endothelial cell dysfunction,and thrombosis,which occur after the replication phase of infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).There are many laboratory models of active SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice,reflecting an acute lung injury in an otherwise healthy animal,but there is a lack of accurate animal models of the postviral inflammatory phase of the COVID-19 lung reflecting severe disease.The monocrotaline(MCT)-treated rat is a widely used laboratory model of pulmonary hypertension(PH).Not often discussed,however,are the observed changes in inflammation,edema,fibrosis,and microthrombosis in the lung prior to PH.At the cellular level,there is loss of pneumocytes and endotheliopathy,and at the molecular level the MCT rat lung is characterized by a proinflammatory cytokine profile,namely elevated interleukin 6,transforming growth factorβand tumor necrosis factor,M1 macrophage phenotype,and dysregulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)/ACE2 balance.The systems-level pathophysiology of the MCT-treated rat includes progressive cardiopulmonary dysfunction.The MCT-treated rat clearly differs from the COVID-19 lung in terms of the triggers for pathology,but there are many parallels apparent in both the MCT-treated rat and the COVID-19 lung.The MCT-treated rat lung as a model of the COVID-19 lung may provide an in-depth understanding of the factors that drive the lung to more severe pathology,treatments that benefit lung recovery,or the factors that prove a useful research platform for future emerging respiratory threats of similar pathology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.81971380 and No.82301822).
文摘Peyronie’s disease(PD)is a disorder characterized by fibrous plaque formation in the penile tissue that leads to curvature and complications in advanced stages.In this study,we aimed to compare four injectable induction agents for the establishment of a robust rat model of PD:transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),fibrin,sodium tetradecyl sulfate(STS)combined with TGF-β1,and polidocanol(POL)combined with TGF-β1.The results showed that injection of TGF-β1 or fibrin into the tunica albuginea induced pathological endpoints without causing penile curvature.The STS+TGF-β1 combination resulted in both histological and morphological alterations,but with a high incidence of localized necrosis that led to animal death.The POL+TGF-β1 combination produced pathological changes and curvature comparable to STS+TGF-β1 and led to fewer complications.In conclusion,fibrin,STS+TGF-β1,and POL+TGF-β1 all induced PD with a certain degree of penile curvature and histological fibrosis in rats.The POL+TGF-β1 combination offered comparatively greater safety and clinical relevance and may have the greatest potential for PD research using model rats.
基金supported by the Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute at Johns Hopkins University and by the Lehner Family Foundation.
文摘Chronic pain after spine surgery(CPSS)is a complex disorder characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis that occurs in 8%–40%of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.We aimed to develop a rat model that mimics clinical CPSS conditions by taking two sequential surgical procedures.Step 1:A plastic rod was inserted into the left L5 intervertebral foramen to produce a steady compression on the dorsal root ganglion(DRG)and the spinal nerve,a common cause of low back pain(LBP).Step 2:The rod was removed after 7 days when rats exhibited mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in the ipsilateral hindpaw,followed by a full L5 laminectomy to mimic spine decompression surgery in LBP patients.The retention of the rod induced a prolonged LBP-like behavior but was quickly resolved after rod removal without laminectomy.However,rats that received laminectomy after rod removal developed heightened mechanical and heat sensitivity in the hindpaw,impaired gait,and reduced spontaneous exploration activity,indicating CPSS.Patch clamp recording revealed a significant augmentation in the intrinsic excitability of smalldiameter DRG neurons in CPSS rats.Administration of Dermorphin[D-Arg2,Lys4](1–4)amide(DALDA,5mg/kg,i.p.),a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor(MOR)-preferred agonist,attenuated pain hypersensitivity,capsaicin-induced[Ca^(2+)]i rising and the increased intrinsic excitability of DRG neurons from CPSS rats.Our findings suggest that this new model,which mirrors the nature of CPSS developed in patients,may be useful for future studies of the underlying mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32171305)Chongqing Technology Innova-tion and Application Development Project(Grant No.CSTB2023YSZX-JSX0003)Chongqing Municipal“Doctoral Express”Research Project(Grant No.CSTB2022BSXM-JCX0013).
文摘Head injuries from vehicle collisions,falls,and sports are often the result of complex mechanisms involving both linear and angular forces.This study aims to quantitatively assess the effects of linear and angular force on the severity of traumatic brain injury in rats during collisions.An orthogonal experimental design was employed,facilitating the manipulation of linear velocity,rotational acceleration,and angle(light,medium,and heavy)across 54 rats.24 hours post-injury,magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted imaging,and diffusion tensor imaging were utilized to detect abnormal brain signals,with the fractional anisotropy value of the corpus callosum serv-ing as the primary injury indicator.Anatomical analyses and immunohistological staining were conducted to measure the amyloid precursor protein(β-APP)accumulation,using integrated optical density as a secondary indicator.Entropy weighting was applied to derive index weights for the injury scoring system.Through analysis guided by analysis of variance and linear regression,it was determined that both linear and angular loadings significantly impacted brain injury severity.Increased rotational acceleration at constant linear velocities correlated with more severe injuries,whereas the rotation angle exhibited minimal effect.Linear velocity emerged as the primary determinant of injury severity,accounting for 91.5%of the variance,while rotational acceleration and rotation angle contributed 6.5%and 0.9%,respectively.These findings offer critical insights for developing protective measures against brain injuries in traffic accidents.
基金Supported by the University-level Project of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(2021ZD005).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the effect of extract A from Blumea megacephala(Randeria)Chang et Tseng on the hemostasis of postpartum uterine hemorrhage in early pregnancy rats.[Methods]12 mg/kg of mifepristone and 120μg/kg of misoprostol were used to establish the uterine bleeding model of early pregnancy rats,and the effects of the drugs on the amount of uterine bleeding,the contents of angiotensin II(Ang-II)and prostaglandin E 2(PGE 2)in serum,the four factors of coagulation,platelet adhesion,platelet aggregation and platelet number were investigated.[Results]Extract A can shorten prothrombin time(PT)and activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)in rats.It can reduce the amount of uterine bleeding in the model,reduce the contents of PGE 2 and Ang-II,reduce APTT and PT,increase the content of fibrinogen FIB,enhance platelet adhesion,enhance platelet aggregation and increase the number of platelets.[Conclusions]Extract A has obvious hemostatic effect on uterine bleeding model of early pregnancy rats.It may play a hemostatic role by affecting vasoconstriction-dilation,coagulation factors in the blood s internal and external coagulation system,platelet adhesion and aggregation,increasing FIB content,increasing platelet number,affecting uterine bleeding,etc.,showing the characteristics of multiple pathways and multiple targets.
基金Foundation items： The preparation of this review was partially supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health （5R01 MH097718-02）, U.S.A.
文摘The postpartum period is when a host of changes occur at molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioral levels to prepare female humans for the challenge of maternity. Alteration or prevention of these normal adaptions is thought to contribute to disruptions of emotion regulation, motivation and cognitive abilities that underlie postpartum mental disorders, such as postpartum depression. Despite the high incidence of this disorder, and the detrimental consequences for both mother and child, its etiology and related neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood, partially due to the lack of appropriate animal models. In recent decades, there have been a number of attempts to model postpartum depression disorder in rats. In the present review, we first describe clinical symptoms of postpartum depression and discuss known risk factors, including both genetic and environmental factors. Thereafter, we discuss various rat models that have been developed to capture various aspects of this disorder and knowledge gained from such attempts. In doing so, we focus on the theories behind each attempt and the methods used to achieve their goals. Finally, we point out several understudied areas in this field and make suggestions for future directions.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China:81173327/H2718
文摘Objective To comparatively observe the effect of electroacupuncture at digestive system-related lower he-sea points on the expressions of serum interleukin-1β（IL-1 β）, tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） of colon tissues and high mobility group box 1 protein（HMGB 1） of ulcerative colitis（UC） model rats, and to explore whether there is relative specificity of electroacupuncture at Shàngjùxū（上巨虚 ST 37）, one of lower he-sea points of large intestine, in treatment of bowel diseases. Method A total of 60 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, ST 37 group, Zúsānl？（足三里 ST 36） group, Xiàjùxū（下巨虚 ST 39） group and Yánglíngquán（阳陵泉 GB 34） group. There were ten rats in each group; five were males, and five were females. UC models were established by clysis with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid/alcohol solution. After modeling, treatment was conducted for ten days, specimens were collected, colonic ulcers and inflammation were inspected visually and scored. The content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α and HMGB 1 in colon were detected through ELISA. Results 1 Compared with control group, the scores of colonic ulcers and inflammation, the content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α（except ST 37 group） and HMGB 1 were all higher（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; 2 compared with model group, the scores of colonic ulcers in ST 36 group and ST 37 group were lower obviously（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB 1 in the four treatment groups were lower obviously（P〈0.01）; 3 compared with ST 37 group, the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB 1 in other three treatment groups were higher obviously（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; and the scores of colonic ulcers in ST 39 group and GB 34 group were higher obviously（P〈0.05）. Conclusion 1 The score of colonic ulcers can be reduced through electroacupuncture at ST 37, ST 36, ST 39 and GB 34, which can also reduce the content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α and HMGB 1, and effectively inhibit inflammatory response of colon caused by UC; 2 the effect trend of the four acupoints in treatment of UC is： ST 37ST 36ST 39GB 34, and electroacupuncture at ST 37 has the best effect with relative specificity.
基金supported by a grant from Binzhou Medical University (NO. BY2010KYQD13)
文摘OBJECTIVE:Ningdong granule is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome.METHODS:Sixty-four rats were randomly assigned to a control group and three experimental groups,respectively.Rat models of Tourette's syndrome were established via intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine(Apo).The rats in the experimental groups were subsequently intragastrically injected with haloperidol at 10 mg/kg(haloperidol group),Ningdong granule at 370 mg/kg(NDG group),and normal saline(0.9%) at 10 mL/kg(Apo group),respectively.Rat behaviors were observed and recorded on a daily basis.After 12 w,all rats were sacrificed,and sera and striatal tissues were harvested.Homovanillic acid levels in sera,as well as dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA expression in the striatum,were measured to determine possible mechanisms of Ningdong granule on the dopamine system in a rat model of Tourette's syndrome.RESULTS:Following intervention,stereotype actions of the Tourette's syndrome rats were significantly inhibited in the haloperidol and NDG groups,respectively(P<0.01).Homovanillic levels were significantly greater in the haloperidol and NDG groups,respectively(P<0.05).In addition,dopamine levels were significantly less in the NDG group(P<0.01),and DRD2 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the haloperidol and NDG groups,respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Results demonstrated that Ningdong granule effectively inhibited stereotype actions and Tourette's syndrome symptoms by promoting dopamine metabolism,reducing dopamine levels in the striatum,increasing homovanillic acid content in sera,and reducing mRNA expression of DRD2 in the striatum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.816019591003263(to JXW)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program),No.2014CB542203(to LC)
文摘In treating patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy,we noticed that denervated intrinsic muscles of the hand become irreversibly atrophic at a faster than denervated biceps.In a rat model of obstetric brachial plexus palsy,denervated intrinsic musculature of the forepaw entered the irreversible atrophy far earlier than denervated biceps.In this study,isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were examined in the intrinsic musculature of forepaw and biceps on denervated and normal sides at 3 and 5 weeks to identify dysregulated proteins.Enrichment of pathways mapped by those proteins was analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis.At 3 weeks,119 dysregulated proteins in denervated intrinsic musculature of the forepaw were mapped to nine pathways for muscle regulation,while 67 dysregulated proteins were mapped to three such pathways at 5 weeks.At 3 weeks,27 upregulated proteins were mapped to five pathways involving inflammation and apoptosis,while two upregulated proteins were mapped to one such pathway at 5 weeks.At 3 and 5 weeks,53 proteins from pathways involving regrowth and differentiation were downregulated.At 3 weeks,64 dysregulated proteins in denervated biceps were mapped to five pathways involving muscle regulation,while,five dysregulated proteins were mapped to three such pathways at 5 weeks.One protein mapped to inflammation and apoptotic pathways was upregulated from one pathway at 3 weeks,while three proteins were downregulated from two other pathways at 5 weeks.Four proteins mapped to regrowth and differentiation pathways were upregulated from three pathways at 3 weeks,while two proteins were downregulated in another pathway at 5 weeks.These results implicated inflammation and apoptosis as critical factors aggravating atrophy of denervated intrinsic muscles of the hand during obstetric brachial plexus palsy.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fudan University,China(approval No.DF-325)in January 2015.
