Minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2,and have transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to humans.Oral immunization is one of the most promising strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in minks.Here,we generate...Minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2,and have transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to humans.Oral immunization is one of the most promising strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in minks.Here,we generated 3 recombinant rabies viruses(RABV),rERAG_(333E)/S6P,rERAG_(333E)/DS6P and rERAG_(333E)/BA2S6P,expressing the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of wild-type(S6P),δ(DS6P)or BA.2(BA2S6P)strain based on an oral rabies vaccine candidate(rERAG_(333E)).Oral or inactivated immunization of the 3 RABVs monovalent or trivalent were safe,and induced robust RABV neutralizing antibody and cross-antibody responses against the three SARS-CoV-2 in mice and minks.The challenge tests showed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine completely protected mice against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts,and largely prevented viral replication and lung damage caused by wild-type SARS-CoV-2infection in minks.Notably,we also confirmed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine can largely protect minks against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 transmission via respiratory droplets.Our findings suggest that rERAG_(333E)-based COVID-19 vaccines appear to be suitable oral candidates to protect minks from SARS-CoV-2infection and transmission,and may serve as inactivated vaccines for further investigation in humans.展开更多
Background:This study investigated the relationship between meteorological factors and daily outpatient visits to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis clinics to inform animal injury prevention strategies.Methods:Daily ou...Background:This study investigated the relationship between meteorological factors and daily outpatient visits to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis clinics to inform animal injury prevention strategies.Methods:Daily outpatient visit data from rabies post-exposure prophylaxis clinics in Jinan and corresponding meteorological data were collected from January 1,2020,to December 31,2022.A generalized additive model was used to quantitatively assess the relationship between these factors.A total of 202,010 patients visited these clinics during this period.Results:Daily mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures,and relative humidity were positively associated with outpatient visits.A 1°C increase in mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures corresponded to increases in daily visits of 1.65%(95%Confidence Interval(CI):1.55–1.76),1.59%(95%CI:1.50–1.69),and 1.27%(95%CI:1.17–1.36)respectively.Each 1%increase in relative humidity was associated with a 0.18%(95%CI:0.15–0.20)increase in visits.Mean pressure was negatively associated with outpatient visits,the outpatient visits decreased by 0.91%(95%CI:−1.71 to−0.11)for every 1 kPa increased in mean pressure.Conclusion:The change of meteorological factors will lead to the increase of outpatient visits in rabies exposure treatment clinic.展开更多
It is well known that the A-square term must be considered in both cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics systems,because it arises in the derivation from the minimal coupling Hamiltonian at any finite coupling st...It is well known that the A-square term must be considered in both cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics systems,because it arises in the derivation from the minimal coupling Hamiltonian at any finite coupling strength.In this paper,we study the quantum Rabi model with A-square terms using the Bogoliubov operator approach.After a unitary transformation,the A-square terms can be eliminated,resulting in a modified quantum Rabi model with renormalized parameters.A transcendental function responsible for the exact solution is then derived.The presence of the A-square terms is found to significantly alter the energy spectrum.The dynamics are also studied using the obtained exact wave function,which is sensitive to the strength of the A-square terms at strong coupling.We believe that these results could be observed in future light–matter interaction systems in the ultra-strong and deep strong coupling regimes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease affecting the central nervous system,caused by the rabies virus,with a case-fatality rate of 100%once symptoms appear.AIM To analyze high-risk factors associated with ment...BACKGROUND Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease affecting the central nervous system,caused by the rabies virus,with a case-fatality rate of 100%once symptoms appear.AIM To analyze high-risk factors associated with mental disorders induced by rabies vaccination and to construct a risk prediction model to inform strategies for improving patients’mental health.METHODS Patients who received rabies vaccinations at the Department of Infusion Yiwu Central Hospital between August 2024 and July 2025 were included,totaling 384 cases.Data were collected from medical records and included demographic characteristics(age,gender,occupation),lifestyle habits,and details regarding vaccine type,dosage,and injection site.The incidence of psychiatric disorders following vaccination was assessed using standardized anxiety and depression rating scales.Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of anxiety and depression symptoms:The psychiatric disorder group and the non-psychiatric disorder group.Differences between the two groups were compared,and high-risk factors were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis.A predictive model was then developed based on these factors to evaluate its predictive performance.RESULTS Among the 384 patients who received rabies vaccinations,36 cases(9.38%)were diagnosed with anxiety,52 cases(13.54%)with depression,and 88 cases(22.92%)with either condition.Logistic regression analysis identified the following signi ficant risk factors for psychiatric disorders:Education level of primary school or below,exposure site at the head and neck,exposure classified as grade III,family status of divorced/widowed/unmarried/living alone,number of wounds greater than one,and low awareness of rabies prevention and control(P<0.05).The risk prediction model demonstrated good performance,with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.859,a specificity of 74.42%,and a sensitivity of 93.02%.CONCLUSION In real-world settings,psychiatric disorders following rabies vaccination are relatively common and are associated with factors such as lower education level,higher exposure severity,vulnerable family status,and limited awareness of rabies prevention and control.The developed risk prediction model may aid in early identification of high-risk individuals and support timely clinical intervention.展开更多
As one of the famous effects in the quantum Rabi model(QRM),Rabi oscillation may lead to the occurrence of quantum dynamical behaviors without classical dynamic counterparts,such as quantum collapse and revival effect...As one of the famous effects in the quantum Rabi model(QRM),Rabi oscillation may lead to the occurrence of quantum dynamical behaviors without classical dynamic counterparts,such as quantum collapse and revival effects.In this paper,we focus on studying the long-time quantum signatures of chaos in the large atom-light frequency ratios of the Rabi model.It is shown that the saturated values of the entanglement entropy for initial states located in chaotic sea are higher than that in the regular regions,and the Husimi Q function are more dispersed in phase space.Moreover,we observed that the long-time average entanglement entropy and spin variance correspond well with the semiclassical phase space.Our results imply that the correspondence principle is not invalidated by quantum collapse and revival effects in the large atom-light frequency ratios Rabi model.展开更多
Rationale:Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a high mortality,primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mammals,particularly dogs and cats.Despite being a well-known disease since ancient times,it continues to...Rationale:Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a high mortality,primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mammals,particularly dogs and cats.Despite being a well-known disease since ancient times,it continues to cause a significant number of human deaths worldwide,with approximately 65000 fatalities reported annually.Patient concerns:We present two fatal cases of rabies in a 12-year-old immigrant boy and a 7-year-old boy.The first case was subject to a 24-hour delay in receiving appropriate medical attention and rabies preventive measures due to the lack of awareness among emergency hospital staff,leading to the administration of wound dressing only.The second case received timely rabies immunoglobulin administration;however,there was a 4-day delay in administering the fourth dose of the rabies vaccine,despite presenting evident symptoms of rabies.Diagnosis:Postmortem examination of brain samples from both patients confirmed the presence of rabies virus.Interventions:Post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies.Outcomes:Both patients were admitted to the hospital after the manifestation of rabies-related symptoms,with the 12-year-old child seeking medical care 47 days after the animal bite and the 7-year-old child seeking medical care 58 days after the exposure.Finally,the first patient died after 27 days and the second patient died after 40 days of hospitalization.Lessons:There is an urgent need for heightened awareness and education among both healthcare professionals and the public regarding the urgency of seeking immediate medical attention after potential rabies exposure.Timely recognition and initiation of post-exposure prophylaxis are pivotal in preventing the progression of the disease.Strengthening surveillance and reporting systems,coupled with continuous training for healthcare professionals,can contribute to early detection and management of rabies cases.展开更多
Background: Rabies is endemic in India and every half an hour a person dies of this dreaded disease. Stray roaming dogs, mostly unvaccinated, are most dangerous host in spread of rabies in India and in our state of Hi...Background: Rabies is endemic in India and every half an hour a person dies of this dreaded disease. Stray roaming dogs, mostly unvaccinated, are most dangerous host in spread of rabies in India and in our state of Himachal Pradesh. Timely prophylaxis is the only method to save animal bite victims, including that of rabid dog bite patients. Objectives: Objective of this study was to investigate an impending outbreak of rabies in Shimla town in the absence of life saving rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs) in the market, and to know the source of infection by using one health approach and using epidemiological tools. Methods: On April 7, 2015, there was a sudden surge in cases of suspected rabid dog bites. Impending rabies outbreak was suspected as there were no RIGs available in the market. A rapid Response Team (RRT) consisting of the author, veterinary doctor, dog squad of Municipal Corporation (MC) Shimla along with the vehicles to impound rabid dogs was constituted to investigate the terror spread by two rabid dogs on biting spree in the Shimla Municipality. Results: A total of 18 people were bitten by suspected rabid dogs within three days period. A black bitch and a brown dog, on the identity of affected people, were captured by the dog squad of Municipality next day on April 8, 2015 and taken to Dog Sterilization Centre, Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme, MC Shimla for observation. The most furious Black bitch died of clinically confirmed symptoms of furious rabies after three days. The second rabid dog, brown in color, died after a month of observation due to paralytic dumb rabies. The brain of the brown dog was extracted for Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FAT) at central research Institute (CRI) Kasauli and was found to be positive for FAT. Follow up of patients was 100% by house to house visit and over telephone and no casualty was reported. Conclusion: While we were working on hypothesis of rabid dogs getting the infection from nearby forest about 8 - 10 KM away but on follow up of the patients, they reported that both the dog and bitch used to stay in the compound of their colony since the bitch was pregnant and there was no history of the bitch moving for away to forests neither any outside dog which was seen near them in the compound. This led us to think of other causes of what must had happened to the bitch that caused her to be rabid as for the past 9 years we had observed bitches becoming rabid after litter birth (Whelping) and making their pups rabid due to licking. Since the carrier state for rabies virus in bitches/dogs is known and a state of immunosuppression after whelping/parturition is also known, therefore there is a possibility of latent rabies virus getting activated due to immunosuppression after litter birth and it is thought to be as one of the probable causes of black bitch getting rabid and inflicting the infection to accompanying brown dog. We need to do further studies to ascertain this phenomenon before coming to a definite conclusion and suspect such a possibility in case a dam suddenly becomes rabid among a pack of stray dogs in rabies endemic countries like ours.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to compare the current Essen rabies post-exposure immunization schedule(0-3-7-14-28)in China and the simple 4-dose schedule(0-3-7-14)newly recommended by the World Health Organization in ter...Objective This study aimed to compare the current Essen rabies post-exposure immunization schedule(0-3-7-14-28)in China and the simple 4-dose schedule(0-3-7-14)newly recommended by the World Health Organization in terms of their safety,efficacy,and protection.Methods Mice were vaccinated according to different immunization schedules,and blood was collected for detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNAs)on days 14,21,28,35,and 120after the first immunization.Additionally,different groups of mice were injected with lethal doses of the CVS-11 virus on day 0,subjected to different rabies immunization schedules,and assessed for morbidity and death status.In a clinical trial,185 rabies-exposed individuals were selected for post-exposure vaccination according to the Essen schedule,and blood was collected for RVNAs detection on days 28and 42 after the first immunization.Results A statistically significant difference in RVNAs between mice in the Essen and 0-3-7-14 schedule groups was observed on the 35th day(P<0.05).The groups 0-3-7-14,0-3-7-21,and 0-3-7-28 showed no statistically significant difference(P>0.05)in RVNAs levels at any time point.The post-exposure immune protective test showed that the survival rate of mice in the control group was 20%,whereas that in the immunization groups was 40%.In the clinical trial,the RVNAs positive conversion rates on days 28(14 days after 4 doses)and 42(14 days after 5 doses)were both 100%,and no significant difference in RVNAs levels was observed(P>0.05).Conclusion The simple 4-dose schedule can produce sufficient RVNAs levels,with no significant effect of a delayed fourth vaccine dose(14–28 d)on the immunization potential.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the effect of implementing a comprehensive nursing management program for rabies vaccination patients.Methods:100 cases of rabies vaccination patients were selected as observation objects from Jan...Objective:To analyze the effect of implementing a comprehensive nursing management program for rabies vaccination patients.Methods:100 cases of rabies vaccination patients were selected as observation objects from January 2022 to December 2023,and after enrollment,they were grouped according to the different nursing management programs,with 50 cases in each group.The control group was only given routine nursing management,and the observation group was combined with comprehensive nursing management on the basis of routine nursing management.The completion rate of vaccination,the rate of adverse reactions,and the satisfaction rate were assessed,comparing the clinical effects of different nursing management programs.Results:The completion rate of the 5th shot of rabies vaccination in the observation group was 82.00%higher than 64.00%in the control group(χ^(2)=4.1096,P<0.05);the rate of adverse reaction of vaccination in the observation group was 4.00%lower than 18.00%in the control group(χ^(2)=5.0051,P<0.05);the vaccination satisfaction in the observation group was 98.00%higher than 86.00%in the control group(χ^(2)=4.8913,P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of comprehensive nursing management program can help rabies vaccination patients to improve the completion rate of vaccination and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions to vaccination,with clear effects.展开更多
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease with a global goal of zero human deaths by 2030.However,this currently results in an annual loss of millions of disability-adjusted life years,particularly in developing countri...Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease with a global goal of zero human deaths by 2030.However,this currently results in an annual loss of millions of disability-adjusted life years,particularly in developing countries[1].China experienced a peak in human rabies cases,with over 3,300 reported incidents in 2007.However,the subsequent implementation of robust measures,including enhanced animal management and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis(PEP),has led to a more than 90%reduction in rabies cases from 2007 to 2023[2].The epidemiological trend of human rabies in Beijing,the capital of China,has similarly undergone three stages since 1973.This study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the observed epidemiological characteristics in Beijing from 1973 to 2023 and to assess the progress made toward elimination targets.展开更多
The fragile antibody leads to a great challenge as a scaffold to fabricate the luminescent metal nanoclusters using one-pot method.This study presents a stable single-chain anti-body(scFv57R-ATS)for the fabrication of...The fragile antibody leads to a great challenge as a scaffold to fabricate the luminescent metal nanoclusters using one-pot method.This study presents a stable single-chain anti-body(scFv57R-ATS)for the fabrication of luminescent gold nanoclusters(AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS)and a quick,sensitive rabies virus detection in living cells.In this paper,AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS was designed to specifically recognize antigen RV in modified HeLa cells,which promoted the demonstration of metal nanocluster fluorescent probes for antigen targeting and therapy.展开更多
Rabies are still a major public health risk in low-and middle-income nations,endangering both human and animal health.Rabies is caused by rabies virus(RABV)from the Rhabdoviridae family of the genus Lyssavirus.The inf...Rabies are still a major public health risk in low-and middle-income nations,endangering both human and animal health.Rabies is caused by rabies virus(RABV)from the Rhabdoviridae family of the genus Lyssavirus.The infection affects the central nervous system,mainly the brain and spinal cord,causing acute encephalitis,which has the highest case fatality rate ever recordednearly 100%.Although all mammals can be infected by RABV,dogs are thought to be the main source of infection.Dog bites cause 95%of human cases of rabies,but in endemic areas,this number increases to 99%(Harischandra,Gunesekera et al.2016).展开更多
Introduction: Human rabies is a major public health problem in many African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire. The present work aims at describing the eco-epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases r...Introduction: Human rabies is a major public health problem in many African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire. The present work aims at describing the eco-epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases recorded in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional descriptive study based on epidemiological surveillance data that ran from september 2014 to december 2017. The clinical data were extracted from the database of the human rabies epidemiological surveillance management service of the National Institute of Public Hygiene’s rabies centre. These data cover the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017. Results: Human rabies is endemic in Côte d’Ivoire, with most people exposed in the south and especially in the west of the country. There was no association between any of the climatological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall) and the occurrence of human rabies during the months of exposure to rabies infection. Conclusion: Ultimately, effective prevention and control of human rabies requires a thorough understanding of the links between climatological parameters and rabies. Health authorities must take ownership of these results if we are to achieve our goal of eliminating rabies by 2030.展开更多
Introduction: Rabies is a serious disease, as it is always fatal, but it can be prevented by sero-vaccination. It is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess knowled...Introduction: Rabies is a serious disease, as it is always fatal, but it can be prevented by sero-vaccination. It is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and to determine the factors associated with them among people aged 18 and over in the commune of Niakhène. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey of subjects aged 18 and over living in the commune of Niakhène. A sample of 300 individuals was drawn from a two-stage cluster survey stratified by age and sex. Bivariate analysis was performed using association tests. Results: The mean age of respondents was 35.3 ± 16.9 years. It was noted that 67% (201) of respondents had a good knowledge of rabies. The results showed that 7.3% (22) of respondents owned a dog. Of the 278 people who did not own a dog, 78.4% (218) said they would have vaccinated their dog if they had had one. It should be noted that 83.7% (251) of respondents said they would go to a health facility if an animal bit them. None of the dog owners had vaccinated their dogs against rabies. Of the 41 people exposed to rabies, 39% went to a health facility. The age and education of the respondents had statistically significant associations with knowledge of rabies. Respondents’ age and education were statistically significantly related to whether they had vaccinated a domestic dog. The age, education and economic well-being quintile of respondents’ households had statistically significant associations with the use of a health facility in the event of being bitten or scratched by an animal vector. The education of respondents who had been bitten by an animal vector was statistically significantly associated with the use of a health facility. Conclusion: It would be imperative for human and animal health authorities to collaborate in a “One Health” approach in order to increase knowledge and promote the adoption of good practices in rabies prevention.展开更多
Rabies, a viral zoonosis, is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that mainly affects poor and vulnerable populations. Human rabies is endemic in Benin. Although listed among the notifiable diseases, it never...Rabies, a viral zoonosis, is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that mainly affects poor and vulnerable populations. Human rabies is endemic in Benin. Although listed among the notifiable diseases, it nevertheless remains a neglected and under-reported disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of knowledge of rabies risk among subjects exposed to human rabies by dog bites in the Plateau department of Benin. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with an analytical aim which involved a sample of 900 people aged at least 18 years old chosen randomly and residing in the Plateau department for at least six months. A pre-tested and validated digital questionnaire served as a data collection tool. Data analysis was done with R 3.4.1 software. The prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association. The confidence threshold was set at 5%. We carried out a multiple logistic regression using the likelihood ratio (top-down approach) in order to identify the main factors which influenced the good knowledge of human rabies in the population of Plateau. Results: In the study population, 80.89% of the subjects surveyed lived in a rural area. The sex ratio (Male/Female) was 1.11. The average age of the subjects was 40.24 ± 14.52 years. The prevalence of dog bites was 4.11% (95% CI = [3.00;5.63]) or 37 subjects bitten. After evaluation of knowledge of rabies risk in the study population, the main factors which positively influenced good knowledge of human rabies were age (p linear trend 0.01), residence of the subject in the municipality of Pobè (ORa = 8.34;95% CI = 0.83 - 1.23;p < 0.01), individual dwelling (ORa = 17.95;95% CI = 13.12 - 49.58;p < 0. 01), educational level of at least secondary (ORa = 5.53;CI 95 = 3.06 - 10.15;p = 0.01), the existence of a veterinary center (ORa = 3.66;CI 95 = 1.07 - 12.43 p = 0.01) and knowledge of a dog bites victim (ORa = 6.55;95% CI = 2.73 - 8.25;p < 0.01). Conclusion: This population study confirms that human rabies remains a public health problem with a need to raise awareness among populations on good prevention practices against human rabies after a dog bite in the Plateau department. This could help to improve strategies surveillance for the control and eradication of human rabies through the implementation of the One Health approach.展开更多
Each year, rabies kills nearly 60,000 people worldwide. Asia and Africa are the most affected. It is a public health problem because of the number of stray dogs in these nations. In Guinea, rabies is endemic and cases...Each year, rabies kills nearly 60,000 people worldwide. Asia and Africa are the most affected. It is a public health problem because of the number of stray dogs in these nations. In Guinea, rabies is endemic and cases are often under-reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of rabies among human and animal exposures in Guinea. This was a retrospective analytical study from 2019 to 2021 conducted in the country’s human and veterinary health divisions and, primarily focused on rabies épidémiologique surveillance. The selection was based on human contact with an animal causing behavioural disorders, as well as animals put under observation following aggression on humans. The data were analysed using Epi Info version 21 software. Qualitative variables were expressed as proportions with 95% CIs, quantitative variables as mean ± standard deviation. The chi2 test and the Fischer exact test were used to compare proportions. A total of 85 veterinary facilities were visited and 100 animals registered, of which 93% were reported cases of exposure to canine rabies. One thousand five hundred and thirty-one (1531) people exposed to rabies were recorded between 2019 and 2021. During the period, the prevalence of human rabies was 0.533% [0.042 - 0.064] at 95% CI and that of canine rabies was 0.55% [0.039 - 0.061] at 95% CI. The biting animal was the dog in 97.2% of cases. Subjects over 45 years of age (57.7%) were the most affected. The prevalence of canine rabies was 0.5% compared with 0.533% for human rabies between 2019 and 2021. This low prevalence does not reflect the true extent of the phenomenon in Guinea, as few people consult health structures in the event of dog bites. Regular surveillance of the human and dog population is necessary for better rabies control in Guinea.展开更多
Objective Preliminary assessment of rabies virus neutralizing activity,safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant human rabies antibody(NM57)compared with human rabies immunoglobulin(HRIG)in Chinese healthy adults.Met...Objective Preliminary assessment of rabies virus neutralizing activity,safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant human rabies antibody(NM57)compared with human rabies immunoglobulin(HRIG)in Chinese healthy adults.Methods Subjects were randomly(1:1:1)allocated to Groups A(20 IU/kg NM57),B(40 IU/kg NM57),or C(20 IU/kg HRIG).One injection was given on the day of enrollment.Blood samples were collected on days-7 to 0(pre-injection),3,7,14,28,and 42.Adverse events(AEs)and serious AEs(SAEs)were recorded over a period of 42 days after injection.Results All 60 subjects developed detectable rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNAs)(>0.05 IU/mL)on days 3,7,14,28,and 42.The RVNA levels peaked on day 3 in all three groups,with a geometric mean concentration(GMC)of 0.2139 IU/mL in Group A,0.3660 IU/mL in Group B,and0.1994 IU/mL in Group C.At each follow-up point,the GMC in Group B was significantly higher than that in Groups A and C.The areas under the antibody concentration curve over 0-14 days and 0-42 days in Group B were significantly larger than those in Groups A and C.Fifteen AEs were reported.Except for one grade 2 myalgia in Group C,the other 14 were all grade 1.No SAEs were observed.Conclusion The rabies virus neutralizing activity of 40 IU/kg NM57 was superior to that of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG,and the rabies virus neutralizing activity of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG were similar.Safety was comparable between NM57 and HRIG.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2301700)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(YQ2022C040)。
文摘Minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2,and have transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to humans.Oral immunization is one of the most promising strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in minks.Here,we generated 3 recombinant rabies viruses(RABV),rERAG_(333E)/S6P,rERAG_(333E)/DS6P and rERAG_(333E)/BA2S6P,expressing the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of wild-type(S6P),δ(DS6P)or BA.2(BA2S6P)strain based on an oral rabies vaccine candidate(rERAG_(333E)).Oral or inactivated immunization of the 3 RABVs monovalent or trivalent were safe,and induced robust RABV neutralizing antibody and cross-antibody responses against the three SARS-CoV-2 in mice and minks.The challenge tests showed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine completely protected mice against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts,and largely prevented viral replication and lung damage caused by wild-type SARS-CoV-2infection in minks.Notably,we also confirmed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine can largely protect minks against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 transmission via respiratory droplets.Our findings suggest that rERAG_(333E)-based COVID-19 vaccines appear to be suitable oral candidates to protect minks from SARS-CoV-2infection and transmission,and may serve as inactivated vaccines for further investigation in humans.
基金supported by Chinese Association of Preventive Medicine-Vaccine and Immunization Youth Talent Support Project(CPMAQT-YM0314)Shandong medical and health science and technology development plan project(202012050267)Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Youth Innovation Fund Project(QC-202301).
文摘Background:This study investigated the relationship between meteorological factors and daily outpatient visits to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis clinics to inform animal injury prevention strategies.Methods:Daily outpatient visit data from rabies post-exposure prophylaxis clinics in Jinan and corresponding meteorological data were collected from January 1,2020,to December 31,2022.A generalized additive model was used to quantitatively assess the relationship between these factors.A total of 202,010 patients visited these clinics during this period.Results:Daily mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures,and relative humidity were positively associated with outpatient visits.A 1°C increase in mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures corresponded to increases in daily visits of 1.65%(95%Confidence Interval(CI):1.55–1.76),1.59%(95%CI:1.50–1.69),and 1.27%(95%CI:1.17–1.36)respectively.Each 1%increase in relative humidity was associated with a 0.18%(95%CI:0.15–0.20)increase in visits.Mean pressure was negatively associated with outpatient visits,the outpatient visits decreased by 0.91%(95%CI:−1.71 to−0.11)for every 1 kPa increased in mean pressure.Conclusion:The change of meteorological factors will lead to the increase of outpatient visits in rabies exposure treatment clinic.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12305009(XYC)and 11834005(QHC)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No.2022M720387(XYC).
文摘It is well known that the A-square term must be considered in both cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics systems,because it arises in the derivation from the minimal coupling Hamiltonian at any finite coupling strength.In this paper,we study the quantum Rabi model with A-square terms using the Bogoliubov operator approach.After a unitary transformation,the A-square terms can be eliminated,resulting in a modified quantum Rabi model with renormalized parameters.A transcendental function responsible for the exact solution is then derived.The presence of the A-square terms is found to significantly alter the energy spectrum.The dynamics are also studied using the obtained exact wave function,which is sensitive to the strength of the A-square terms at strong coupling.We believe that these results could be observed in future light–matter interaction systems in the ultra-strong and deep strong coupling regimes.
基金Supported by the 2024 Yiwu City Research Plan Project,No.24-3-102.
文摘BACKGROUND Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease affecting the central nervous system,caused by the rabies virus,with a case-fatality rate of 100%once symptoms appear.AIM To analyze high-risk factors associated with mental disorders induced by rabies vaccination and to construct a risk prediction model to inform strategies for improving patients’mental health.METHODS Patients who received rabies vaccinations at the Department of Infusion Yiwu Central Hospital between August 2024 and July 2025 were included,totaling 384 cases.Data were collected from medical records and included demographic characteristics(age,gender,occupation),lifestyle habits,and details regarding vaccine type,dosage,and injection site.The incidence of psychiatric disorders following vaccination was assessed using standardized anxiety and depression rating scales.Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of anxiety and depression symptoms:The psychiatric disorder group and the non-psychiatric disorder group.Differences between the two groups were compared,and high-risk factors were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis.A predictive model was then developed based on these factors to evaluate its predictive performance.RESULTS Among the 384 patients who received rabies vaccinations,36 cases(9.38%)were diagnosed with anxiety,52 cases(13.54%)with depression,and 88 cases(22.92%)with either condition.Logistic regression analysis identified the following signi ficant risk factors for psychiatric disorders:Education level of primary school or below,exposure site at the head and neck,exposure classified as grade III,family status of divorced/widowed/unmarried/living alone,number of wounds greater than one,and low awareness of rabies prevention and control(P<0.05).The risk prediction model demonstrated good performance,with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.859,a specificity of 74.42%,and a sensitivity of 93.02%.CONCLUSION In real-world settings,psychiatric disorders following rabies vaccination are relatively common and are associated with factors such as lower education level,higher exposure severity,vulnerable family status,and limited awareness of rabies prevention and control.The developed risk prediction model may aid in early identification of high-risk individuals and support timely clinical intervention.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12275078,11875026,12035005 and 2020YFC2201400Science Foundation of Hengyang Normal University of China under Contract No.2020QD24sponsored by the innovative research group of Hunan Province under Grant No.2024JJ1006。
文摘As one of the famous effects in the quantum Rabi model(QRM),Rabi oscillation may lead to the occurrence of quantum dynamical behaviors without classical dynamic counterparts,such as quantum collapse and revival effects.In this paper,we focus on studying the long-time quantum signatures of chaos in the large atom-light frequency ratios of the Rabi model.It is shown that the saturated values of the entanglement entropy for initial states located in chaotic sea are higher than that in the regular regions,and the Husimi Q function are more dispersed in phase space.Moreover,we observed that the long-time average entanglement entropy and spin variance correspond well with the semiclassical phase space.Our results imply that the correspondence principle is not invalidated by quantum collapse and revival effects in the large atom-light frequency ratios Rabi model.
文摘Rationale:Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a high mortality,primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mammals,particularly dogs and cats.Despite being a well-known disease since ancient times,it continues to cause a significant number of human deaths worldwide,with approximately 65000 fatalities reported annually.Patient concerns:We present two fatal cases of rabies in a 12-year-old immigrant boy and a 7-year-old boy.The first case was subject to a 24-hour delay in receiving appropriate medical attention and rabies preventive measures due to the lack of awareness among emergency hospital staff,leading to the administration of wound dressing only.The second case received timely rabies immunoglobulin administration;however,there was a 4-day delay in administering the fourth dose of the rabies vaccine,despite presenting evident symptoms of rabies.Diagnosis:Postmortem examination of brain samples from both patients confirmed the presence of rabies virus.Interventions:Post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies.Outcomes:Both patients were admitted to the hospital after the manifestation of rabies-related symptoms,with the 12-year-old child seeking medical care 47 days after the animal bite and the 7-year-old child seeking medical care 58 days after the exposure.Finally,the first patient died after 27 days and the second patient died after 40 days of hospitalization.Lessons:There is an urgent need for heightened awareness and education among both healthcare professionals and the public regarding the urgency of seeking immediate medical attention after potential rabies exposure.Timely recognition and initiation of post-exposure prophylaxis are pivotal in preventing the progression of the disease.Strengthening surveillance and reporting systems,coupled with continuous training for healthcare professionals,can contribute to early detection and management of rabies cases.
文摘Background: Rabies is endemic in India and every half an hour a person dies of this dreaded disease. Stray roaming dogs, mostly unvaccinated, are most dangerous host in spread of rabies in India and in our state of Himachal Pradesh. Timely prophylaxis is the only method to save animal bite victims, including that of rabid dog bite patients. Objectives: Objective of this study was to investigate an impending outbreak of rabies in Shimla town in the absence of life saving rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs) in the market, and to know the source of infection by using one health approach and using epidemiological tools. Methods: On April 7, 2015, there was a sudden surge in cases of suspected rabid dog bites. Impending rabies outbreak was suspected as there were no RIGs available in the market. A rapid Response Team (RRT) consisting of the author, veterinary doctor, dog squad of Municipal Corporation (MC) Shimla along with the vehicles to impound rabid dogs was constituted to investigate the terror spread by two rabid dogs on biting spree in the Shimla Municipality. Results: A total of 18 people were bitten by suspected rabid dogs within three days period. A black bitch and a brown dog, on the identity of affected people, were captured by the dog squad of Municipality next day on April 8, 2015 and taken to Dog Sterilization Centre, Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme, MC Shimla for observation. The most furious Black bitch died of clinically confirmed symptoms of furious rabies after three days. The second rabid dog, brown in color, died after a month of observation due to paralytic dumb rabies. The brain of the brown dog was extracted for Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FAT) at central research Institute (CRI) Kasauli and was found to be positive for FAT. Follow up of patients was 100% by house to house visit and over telephone and no casualty was reported. Conclusion: While we were working on hypothesis of rabid dogs getting the infection from nearby forest about 8 - 10 KM away but on follow up of the patients, they reported that both the dog and bitch used to stay in the compound of their colony since the bitch was pregnant and there was no history of the bitch moving for away to forests neither any outside dog which was seen near them in the compound. This led us to think of other causes of what must had happened to the bitch that caused her to be rabid as for the past 9 years we had observed bitches becoming rabid after litter birth (Whelping) and making their pups rabid due to licking. Since the carrier state for rabies virus in bitches/dogs is known and a state of immunosuppression after whelping/parturition is also known, therefore there is a possibility of latent rabies virus getting activated due to immunosuppression after litter birth and it is thought to be as one of the probable causes of black bitch getting rabid and inflicting the infection to accompanying brown dog. We need to do further studies to ascertain this phenomenon before coming to a definite conclusion and suspect such a possibility in case a dam suddenly becomes rabid among a pack of stray dogs in rabies endemic countries like ours.
文摘Objective This study aimed to compare the current Essen rabies post-exposure immunization schedule(0-3-7-14-28)in China and the simple 4-dose schedule(0-3-7-14)newly recommended by the World Health Organization in terms of their safety,efficacy,and protection.Methods Mice were vaccinated according to different immunization schedules,and blood was collected for detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNAs)on days 14,21,28,35,and 120after the first immunization.Additionally,different groups of mice were injected with lethal doses of the CVS-11 virus on day 0,subjected to different rabies immunization schedules,and assessed for morbidity and death status.In a clinical trial,185 rabies-exposed individuals were selected for post-exposure vaccination according to the Essen schedule,and blood was collected for RVNAs detection on days 28and 42 after the first immunization.Results A statistically significant difference in RVNAs between mice in the Essen and 0-3-7-14 schedule groups was observed on the 35th day(P<0.05).The groups 0-3-7-14,0-3-7-21,and 0-3-7-28 showed no statistically significant difference(P>0.05)in RVNAs levels at any time point.The post-exposure immune protective test showed that the survival rate of mice in the control group was 20%,whereas that in the immunization groups was 40%.In the clinical trial,the RVNAs positive conversion rates on days 28(14 days after 4 doses)and 42(14 days after 5 doses)were both 100%,and no significant difference in RVNAs levels was observed(P>0.05).Conclusion The simple 4-dose schedule can produce sufficient RVNAs levels,with no significant effect of a delayed fourth vaccine dose(14–28 d)on the immunization potential.
文摘Objective:To analyze the effect of implementing a comprehensive nursing management program for rabies vaccination patients.Methods:100 cases of rabies vaccination patients were selected as observation objects from January 2022 to December 2023,and after enrollment,they were grouped according to the different nursing management programs,with 50 cases in each group.The control group was only given routine nursing management,and the observation group was combined with comprehensive nursing management on the basis of routine nursing management.The completion rate of vaccination,the rate of adverse reactions,and the satisfaction rate were assessed,comparing the clinical effects of different nursing management programs.Results:The completion rate of the 5th shot of rabies vaccination in the observation group was 82.00%higher than 64.00%in the control group(χ^(2)=4.1096,P<0.05);the rate of adverse reaction of vaccination in the observation group was 4.00%lower than 18.00%in the control group(χ^(2)=5.0051,P<0.05);the vaccination satisfaction in the observation group was 98.00%higher than 86.00%in the control group(χ^(2)=4.8913,P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of comprehensive nursing management program can help rabies vaccination patients to improve the completion rate of vaccination and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions to vaccination,with clear effects.
文摘Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease with a global goal of zero human deaths by 2030.However,this currently results in an annual loss of millions of disability-adjusted life years,particularly in developing countries[1].China experienced a peak in human rabies cases,with over 3,300 reported incidents in 2007.However,the subsequent implementation of robust measures,including enhanced animal management and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis(PEP),has led to a more than 90%reduction in rabies cases from 2007 to 2023[2].The epidemiological trend of human rabies in Beijing,the capital of China,has similarly undergone three stages since 1973.This study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the observed epidemiological characteristics in Beijing from 1973 to 2023 and to assess the progress made toward elimination targets.
文摘The fragile antibody leads to a great challenge as a scaffold to fabricate the luminescent metal nanoclusters using one-pot method.This study presents a stable single-chain anti-body(scFv57R-ATS)for the fabrication of luminescent gold nanoclusters(AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS)and a quick,sensitive rabies virus detection in living cells.In this paper,AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS was designed to specifically recognize antigen RV in modified HeLa cells,which promoted the demonstration of metal nanocluster fluorescent probes for antigen targeting and therapy.
文摘Rabies are still a major public health risk in low-and middle-income nations,endangering both human and animal health.Rabies is caused by rabies virus(RABV)from the Rhabdoviridae family of the genus Lyssavirus.The infection affects the central nervous system,mainly the brain and spinal cord,causing acute encephalitis,which has the highest case fatality rate ever recordednearly 100%.Although all mammals can be infected by RABV,dogs are thought to be the main source of infection.Dog bites cause 95%of human cases of rabies,but in endemic areas,this number increases to 99%(Harischandra,Gunesekera et al.2016).
文摘Introduction: Human rabies is a major public health problem in many African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire. The present work aims at describing the eco-epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases recorded in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional descriptive study based on epidemiological surveillance data that ran from september 2014 to december 2017. The clinical data were extracted from the database of the human rabies epidemiological surveillance management service of the National Institute of Public Hygiene’s rabies centre. These data cover the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017. Results: Human rabies is endemic in Côte d’Ivoire, with most people exposed in the south and especially in the west of the country. There was no association between any of the climatological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall) and the occurrence of human rabies during the months of exposure to rabies infection. Conclusion: Ultimately, effective prevention and control of human rabies requires a thorough understanding of the links between climatological parameters and rabies. Health authorities must take ownership of these results if we are to achieve our goal of eliminating rabies by 2030.
文摘Introduction: Rabies is a serious disease, as it is always fatal, but it can be prevented by sero-vaccination. It is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and to determine the factors associated with them among people aged 18 and over in the commune of Niakhène. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey of subjects aged 18 and over living in the commune of Niakhène. A sample of 300 individuals was drawn from a two-stage cluster survey stratified by age and sex. Bivariate analysis was performed using association tests. Results: The mean age of respondents was 35.3 ± 16.9 years. It was noted that 67% (201) of respondents had a good knowledge of rabies. The results showed that 7.3% (22) of respondents owned a dog. Of the 278 people who did not own a dog, 78.4% (218) said they would have vaccinated their dog if they had had one. It should be noted that 83.7% (251) of respondents said they would go to a health facility if an animal bit them. None of the dog owners had vaccinated their dogs against rabies. Of the 41 people exposed to rabies, 39% went to a health facility. The age and education of the respondents had statistically significant associations with knowledge of rabies. Respondents’ age and education were statistically significantly related to whether they had vaccinated a domestic dog. The age, education and economic well-being quintile of respondents’ households had statistically significant associations with the use of a health facility in the event of being bitten or scratched by an animal vector. The education of respondents who had been bitten by an animal vector was statistically significantly associated with the use of a health facility. Conclusion: It would be imperative for human and animal health authorities to collaborate in a “One Health” approach in order to increase knowledge and promote the adoption of good practices in rabies prevention.
文摘Rabies, a viral zoonosis, is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that mainly affects poor and vulnerable populations. Human rabies is endemic in Benin. Although listed among the notifiable diseases, it nevertheless remains a neglected and under-reported disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of knowledge of rabies risk among subjects exposed to human rabies by dog bites in the Plateau department of Benin. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with an analytical aim which involved a sample of 900 people aged at least 18 years old chosen randomly and residing in the Plateau department for at least six months. A pre-tested and validated digital questionnaire served as a data collection tool. Data analysis was done with R 3.4.1 software. The prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association. The confidence threshold was set at 5%. We carried out a multiple logistic regression using the likelihood ratio (top-down approach) in order to identify the main factors which influenced the good knowledge of human rabies in the population of Plateau. Results: In the study population, 80.89% of the subjects surveyed lived in a rural area. The sex ratio (Male/Female) was 1.11. The average age of the subjects was 40.24 ± 14.52 years. The prevalence of dog bites was 4.11% (95% CI = [3.00;5.63]) or 37 subjects bitten. After evaluation of knowledge of rabies risk in the study population, the main factors which positively influenced good knowledge of human rabies were age (p linear trend 0.01), residence of the subject in the municipality of Pobè (ORa = 8.34;95% CI = 0.83 - 1.23;p < 0.01), individual dwelling (ORa = 17.95;95% CI = 13.12 - 49.58;p < 0. 01), educational level of at least secondary (ORa = 5.53;CI 95 = 3.06 - 10.15;p = 0.01), the existence of a veterinary center (ORa = 3.66;CI 95 = 1.07 - 12.43 p = 0.01) and knowledge of a dog bites victim (ORa = 6.55;95% CI = 2.73 - 8.25;p < 0.01). Conclusion: This population study confirms that human rabies remains a public health problem with a need to raise awareness among populations on good prevention practices against human rabies after a dog bite in the Plateau department. This could help to improve strategies surveillance for the control and eradication of human rabies through the implementation of the One Health approach.
文摘Each year, rabies kills nearly 60,000 people worldwide. Asia and Africa are the most affected. It is a public health problem because of the number of stray dogs in these nations. In Guinea, rabies is endemic and cases are often under-reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of rabies among human and animal exposures in Guinea. This was a retrospective analytical study from 2019 to 2021 conducted in the country’s human and veterinary health divisions and, primarily focused on rabies épidémiologique surveillance. The selection was based on human contact with an animal causing behavioural disorders, as well as animals put under observation following aggression on humans. The data were analysed using Epi Info version 21 software. Qualitative variables were expressed as proportions with 95% CIs, quantitative variables as mean ± standard deviation. The chi2 test and the Fischer exact test were used to compare proportions. A total of 85 veterinary facilities were visited and 100 animals registered, of which 93% were reported cases of exposure to canine rabies. One thousand five hundred and thirty-one (1531) people exposed to rabies were recorded between 2019 and 2021. During the period, the prevalence of human rabies was 0.533% [0.042 - 0.064] at 95% CI and that of canine rabies was 0.55% [0.039 - 0.061] at 95% CI. The biting animal was the dog in 97.2% of cases. Subjects over 45 years of age (57.7%) were the most affected. The prevalence of canine rabies was 0.5% compared with 0.533% for human rabies between 2019 and 2021. This low prevalence does not reflect the true extent of the phenomenon in Guinea, as few people consult health structures in the event of dog bites. Regular surveillance of the human and dog population is necessary for better rabies control in Guinea.
基金supported by 2021 Beijing Key Specialty Program for Major Epidemic Prevention and Control。
文摘Objective Preliminary assessment of rabies virus neutralizing activity,safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant human rabies antibody(NM57)compared with human rabies immunoglobulin(HRIG)in Chinese healthy adults.Methods Subjects were randomly(1:1:1)allocated to Groups A(20 IU/kg NM57),B(40 IU/kg NM57),or C(20 IU/kg HRIG).One injection was given on the day of enrollment.Blood samples were collected on days-7 to 0(pre-injection),3,7,14,28,and 42.Adverse events(AEs)and serious AEs(SAEs)were recorded over a period of 42 days after injection.Results All 60 subjects developed detectable rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNAs)(>0.05 IU/mL)on days 3,7,14,28,and 42.The RVNA levels peaked on day 3 in all three groups,with a geometric mean concentration(GMC)of 0.2139 IU/mL in Group A,0.3660 IU/mL in Group B,and0.1994 IU/mL in Group C.At each follow-up point,the GMC in Group B was significantly higher than that in Groups A and C.The areas under the antibody concentration curve over 0-14 days and 0-42 days in Group B were significantly larger than those in Groups A and C.Fifteen AEs were reported.Except for one grade 2 myalgia in Group C,the other 14 were all grade 1.No SAEs were observed.Conclusion The rabies virus neutralizing activity of 40 IU/kg NM57 was superior to that of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG,and the rabies virus neutralizing activity of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG were similar.Safety was comparable between NM57 and HRIG.
