Background: Runs of homozygosity(ROHs) are homozygous segments of the genome where the two haplotypes inherited from the parents are identical. The current availability of genotypes for a very large number of single n...Background: Runs of homozygosity(ROHs) are homozygous segments of the genome where the two haplotypes inherited from the parents are identical. The current availability of genotypes for a very large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) is leading to more accurate characterization of ROHs in the whole genome. Here,we investigated the occurrence and distribution of ROHs in 3,692 Large White pigs and compared estimates of inbreeding coefficients calculated based on ROHs(FROH), homozygosity(FHOM), genomic relationship matrix(FGRM)and pedigree(FPED). Furthermore, we identified genomic regions with high ROH frequencies and annotated their candidate genes.Results: In total, 176,182 ROHs were identified from 3,569 animals, and all individuals displayed at least one ROH longer than 1 Mb. The ROHs identified were unevenly distributed on the autosomes. The highest and lowest coverages of Sus scrofa chromosomes(SSC) by ROH were on SSC14 and SSC13, respectively. The highest pairwise correlation among the different inbreeding coefficient estimates was 0.95 between FROH_totaland FHOM, while the lowest was-0.083 between FGRMand FPED. The correlations between FPEDand FROHusing four classes of ROH lengths ranged from 0.18 to 0.37 and increased with increasing ROH length, except for ROH > 10 Mb. Twelve ROH islands were located on four chromosomes(SSC1, 4, 6 and 14). These ROH islands harboured genes associated with reproduction, muscular development, fat deposition and adaptation, such as SIRT1, MYPN, SETDB1 and PSMD4.Conclusion: FROHcan be used to accurately assess individual inbreeding levels compared to other inbreeding coefficient estimators. In the absence of pedigree records, FROHcan provide an alternative to inbreeding estimates.Our findings can be used not only to effectively increase the response to selection by appropriately managing the rate of inbreeding and minimizing the negative effects of inbreeding depression but also to help detect genomic regions with an effect on traits under selection.展开更多
Erhualian(E),Meishan(MS)and Mi(MI)pigs are excellent indigenous pig breeds in Chinese Taihu Basin,which have made great contributions to the genetic improvement of commercial pigs.Investigation of the genetic structur...Erhualian(E),Meishan(MS)and Mi(MI)pigs are excellent indigenous pig breeds in Chinese Taihu Basin,which have made great contributions to the genetic improvement of commercial pigs.Investigation of the genetic structure and inbreeding level of the 3 pig breeds is of great significance for the sustainable breeding of commercial pigs.The length and number of runs of homozygosity(ROH)as well as the frequency of genomes covered by ROH can be used as indicators to evaluate the level of inbreeding and the origin of the population.In this study,the ROH characteristics of E,MS,MI and Landrace(L)pigs were analyzed by SLAF-seq data,and the inbreeding coefficient based on ROH(F_(ROH))was calculated.In addition,we have identified candidate genes in the genomic regions associated with ROH.A total of10568 ROH were detected in 116 individuals of 4 pig breeds.The analysis showed that there were significant differences in genetic structure between 3 Taihu Basin pig breeds and L,and the genetic structure of E and MI was similar.The results of F_(ROH)showed that the inbreeding level of MS was the highest(0.25±0.07),while E and MI were lower than L.Compared with the other 3 pig populations,MS showed a higher frequency of long ROH(>5 Mb),indicating higher inbreeding in MS in recent generations.A large number of candidate genes related to reproductive traits are located in the genomic regions with a high frequency of ROH,and these genes are expected to be used as candidate genes in marker-assisted selection(MAS)breeding programs.Our findings can provide theoretical support for genetic conservation and genetic improvement of 3 pig breeds in Chinese Taihu Basin.展开更多
Runs of homozygosity （ROHs） are a class of important but poorly studied genomic variations and may be in- volved in individual susceptibility to diseases. To better understand ROH and its relationship with lung canc...Runs of homozygosity （ROHs） are a class of important but poorly studied genomic variations and may be in- volved in individual susceptibility to diseases. To better understand ROH and its relationship with lung cancer, we performed a genome-wide ROH analysis of a subset of a previous genome-wide case-control study （1,473 cases and 1,962 controls） in a Han Chinese population. ROHs were classified into two classes, based on lengths, intermedi- ate and long ROils, to evaluate their association with lung cancer risk using existing genome-wide single nucleofide polymorphism （SNP） data. We found that the overall level of intermediate ROHs was significantly associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer （odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval： 0.51-0.77; P = 4.78 × 10-6 ）, while the long ROHs seemed to be a risk factor of lung cancer. We also identified one ROH region at 14q23A that was con- sistently associated with lung cancer risk in the study. These results indicated that ROHs may be a new class of variation which may be associated with lung cancer risk, and genetic variants at 14q23.1 may be involved in the development of lung cancer.展开更多
In recent years,Henan sticks to the points of General Secretary Xi Jinping,makes full use of its rich resources and relations,makes efforts to deepen friendship with people around the world,promotes relations with for...In recent years,Henan sticks to the points of General Secretary Xi Jinping,makes full use of its rich resources and relations,makes efforts to deepen friendship with people around the world,promotes relations with foreign countries,pushes展开更多
Dear editor,Emergency medical services(EMS)have developed from conveyance facilities into providers of advanced pre-hospital care.[1,2]Alongside this development there is a growing demand for EMS care,and the number o...Dear editor,Emergency medical services(EMS)have developed from conveyance facilities into providers of advanced pre-hospital care.[1,2]Alongside this development there is a growing demand for EMS care,and the number of ambulance deployments is increasing.[3,4]Suggested reasons for this growing demand are changes in social support of people,accessibility of healthcare and social facilities,and the aging population.展开更多
Run count statistics serve a central role in tests of non-randomness of stochastic processes of interest to a wide range of disciplines within the physical sciences, social sciences, business and finance, and other en...Run count statistics serve a central role in tests of non-randomness of stochastic processes of interest to a wide range of disciplines within the physical sciences, social sciences, business and finance, and other endeavors involving intrinsic uncertainty. To carry out such tests, it is often necessary to calculate two kinds of run count probabilities: 1) the probability that a certain number of trials results in a specified multiple occurrence of an event, or 2) the probability that a specified number of occurrences of an event take place within a fixed number of trials. The use of appropriate generating functions provides a systematic procedure for obtaining the distribution functions of these probabilities. This paper examines relationships among the generating functions applicable to recurrent runs and discusses methods, employing symbolic mathematical software, for implementing numerical extraction of probabilities. In addition, the asymptotic form of the cumulative distribution function is derived, which allows accurate runs statistics to be obtained for sequences of trials so large that computation times for extraction of this information from the generating functions could be impractically long.展开更多
An arborescence is a directed rooted tree in which all edges point away from the root. An arborescent word is obtained by replacing each element of the underlying set of an arborescence by an arbitrary letter of a giv...An arborescence is a directed rooted tree in which all edges point away from the root. An arborescent word is obtained by replacing each element of the underlying set of an arborescence by an arbitrary letter of a given alphabet (with possible repetitions). We define a run in an arborescent word as a maximal sub-arborescent word whose letters are all identical. Various types of runs (e.g., runs of size ≤ k, linear runs, etc) are studied in the context of R-enriched arborescent words, where R is a given species of structures.展开更多
Consider a binary string (a symmetric Bernoulli sequence) of length . For a positive integer , we exactly enumerate, in all? possible binary strings of length , the number of all runs of 1s of length (equal, at least)...Consider a binary string (a symmetric Bernoulli sequence) of length . For a positive integer , we exactly enumerate, in all? possible binary strings of length , the number of all runs of 1s of length (equal, at least)? and the number of 1s in all runs of 1s of length at least . To solve these counting problems, we use probability theory and we obtain simple and easy to compute explicit formulae as well as recursive schemes, for these potential useful in engineering numbers.展开更多
In the past four years, Lan Chengshan has provided a ＂parents love＂ to more than 200 children. The 34-year-old doctor oper- ates a medical clinic in Lianhua, a remote village in Southwest China＇s Guizhou province....In the past four years, Lan Chengshan has provided a ＂parents love＂ to more than 200 children. The 34-year-old doctor oper- ates a medical clinic in Lianhua, a remote village in Southwest China＇s Guizhou province. He＇s also the headmaster of a kindergarten, just like Eddie Murphy＇s role in the Hollywood film, Daddy Davcare.展开更多
In this article, we propose two control charts namely, the “Multivariate Group Runs’ (MV-GR-M)” and the “Multivariate Modified Group Runs’ (MV-MGR-M)” control charts, based on the multivariate normal processes, ...In this article, we propose two control charts namely, the “Multivariate Group Runs’ (MV-GR-M)” and the “Multivariate Modified Group Runs’ (MV-MGR-M)” control charts, based on the multivariate normal processes, for monitoring the process mean vector. Methods to obtain the design parameters and operations of these control charts are discussed. Performances of the proposed charts are compared with some existing control charts. It is verified that, the proposed charts give a significant reduction in the out-of-control “Average Time to Signal” (ATS) in the zero state, as well in the steady state compared to the Hotelling’s T2 and the synthetic T2 control charts.展开更多
＂It is a magical road, taking us to paradise on earth; dragon after dragon climb ridges and mountains, bringing prosperity to the snowy plateau……＂ This; is part of a song titled Heavenly Road eulogizing the Qingha...＂It is a magical road, taking us to paradise on earth; dragon after dragon climb ridges and mountains, bringing prosperity to the snowy plateau……＂ This; is part of a song titled Heavenly Road eulogizing the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.展开更多
The mechanism of runs propagation of plain weft-knit-ted fabric is analyzed theoretically.The relevant physicalmodel,the mathematical equation and the new methodto test the run force are presented accordingly,and them...The mechanism of runs propagation of plain weft-knit-ted fabric is analyzed theoretically.The relevant physicalmodel,the mathematical equation and the new methodto test the run force are presented accordingly,and themeasured results are described also.The run theory hasbeen proved correct in practice,a means to improve runresist of knit is also recommended.展开更多
Marathon running is a strenuous activity that placesstress on the gastrointestinal system.[1] In fact, 30% to81% of runners report gastrointestinal complaints, whichinclude bloating, abdominal cramps, rectal incontine...Marathon running is a strenuous activity that placesstress on the gastrointestinal system.[1] In fact, 30% to81% of runners report gastrointestinal complaints, whichinclude bloating, abdominal cramps, rectal incontinence,and gastrointestinal bleeding.展开更多
On January 15,as the eruise chimney was lifted in place,the second domestically manufactured large cruise“Adora Flora City”achieved the run-through on board milestone at CSSC Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding No.2 do...On January 15,as the eruise chimney was lifted in place,the second domestically manufactured large cruise“Adora Flora City”achieved the run-through on board milestone at CSSC Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding No.2 dock,fully shifted to the whole ship interior decoration engineering,equipment and system commissioning test.展开更多
Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain...Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain underexplored.Therefore,we perform whole-exome sequencing of 281 individuals from four South Indian populations,characterized by high IBD scores.Our study reveals a high inbreeding rate of 59%across the populations.We identify∼29.2%of the variants that are exclusively present in a single population and uncover 1284 unreported exonic variants,underscoring the underrepresentation of Indian populations in global databases.Among these,23 are predicted to be deleterious,all of which are present in a heterozygous state;they may be pathogenic when homozygous,an expected phenomenon in endogamous populations.Approximately 16%-33%of the identified pathogenic variants showed significantly higher occurrence rates compared with the South Asian populations from 1000 Genomes dataset.Pharmacogenomic analysis revealed distinct allele frequencies of variants in CYP450 and non-CYP450 genes,highlighting heterogeneous drug responses and associated risks.We report a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Reddy population,linked to the HLA-B∗27:04 allele and strong founder effect.Our findings highlight the need for extensive genomic research in understudied Indian populations for a better understanding of disease risk and evolving strategies for precision and preventive medicine.展开更多
Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery ...Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery and morphological changes following thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. After a 7-day recovery period after spinal cord injury, mice were assigned to either a trained group(10 weeks of voluntary running wheel or forced treadmill exercise) or an untrained group. Bi-weekly assessments revealed that the exercise-trained group, particularly the voluntary wheel exercise subgroup, displayed significantly improved locomotor recovery, more plasticity of dopaminergic and serotonin modulation compared with the untrained group. Additionally, exercise interventions led to gait pattern restoration and enhanced transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials. Despite consistent injury areas across groups, exercise training promoted terminal innervation of descending axons. In summary, voluntary wheel exercise shows promise for enhancing outcomes after thoracic contusive spinal cord injury, emphasizing the role of exercise modality in promoting recovery and morphological changes in spinal cord injuries. Our findings will influence future strategies for rehabilitation exercises, restoring functional movement after spinal cord injury.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31572357) to FPZthe National Swine Industry Technology System(CARS-35) to LXW。
文摘Background: Runs of homozygosity(ROHs) are homozygous segments of the genome where the two haplotypes inherited from the parents are identical. The current availability of genotypes for a very large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) is leading to more accurate characterization of ROHs in the whole genome. Here,we investigated the occurrence and distribution of ROHs in 3,692 Large White pigs and compared estimates of inbreeding coefficients calculated based on ROHs(FROH), homozygosity(FHOM), genomic relationship matrix(FGRM)and pedigree(FPED). Furthermore, we identified genomic regions with high ROH frequencies and annotated their candidate genes.Results: In total, 176,182 ROHs were identified from 3,569 animals, and all individuals displayed at least one ROH longer than 1 Mb. The ROHs identified were unevenly distributed on the autosomes. The highest and lowest coverages of Sus scrofa chromosomes(SSC) by ROH were on SSC14 and SSC13, respectively. The highest pairwise correlation among the different inbreeding coefficient estimates was 0.95 between FROH_totaland FHOM, while the lowest was-0.083 between FGRMand FPED. The correlations between FPEDand FROHusing four classes of ROH lengths ranged from 0.18 to 0.37 and increased with increasing ROH length, except for ROH > 10 Mb. Twelve ROH islands were located on four chromosomes(SSC1, 4, 6 and 14). These ROH islands harboured genes associated with reproduction, muscular development, fat deposition and adaptation, such as SIRT1, MYPN, SETDB1 and PSMD4.Conclusion: FROHcan be used to accurately assess individual inbreeding levels compared to other inbreeding coefficient estimators. In the absence of pedigree records, FROHcan provide an alternative to inbreeding estimates.Our findings can be used not only to effectively increase the response to selection by appropriately managing the rate of inbreeding and minimizing the negative effects of inbreeding depression but also to help detect genomic regions with an effect on traits under selection.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Found,China(SCX(20)3290)the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China(201906)the Joint Research Project on Pig Breeding in Anhui Province,China(340000211260001000431)。
文摘Erhualian(E),Meishan(MS)and Mi(MI)pigs are excellent indigenous pig breeds in Chinese Taihu Basin,which have made great contributions to the genetic improvement of commercial pigs.Investigation of the genetic structure and inbreeding level of the 3 pig breeds is of great significance for the sustainable breeding of commercial pigs.The length and number of runs of homozygosity(ROH)as well as the frequency of genomes covered by ROH can be used as indicators to evaluate the level of inbreeding and the origin of the population.In this study,the ROH characteristics of E,MS,MI and Landrace(L)pigs were analyzed by SLAF-seq data,and the inbreeding coefficient based on ROH(F_(ROH))was calculated.In addition,we have identified candidate genes in the genomic regions associated with ROH.A total of10568 ROH were detected in 116 individuals of 4 pig breeds.The analysis showed that there were significant differences in genetic structure between 3 Taihu Basin pig breeds and L,and the genetic structure of E and MI was similar.The results of F_(ROH)showed that the inbreeding level of MS was the highest(0.25±0.07),while E and MI were lower than L.Compared with the other 3 pig populations,MS showed a higher frequency of long ROH(>5 Mb),indicating higher inbreeding in MS in recent generations.A large number of candidate genes related to reproductive traits are located in the genomic regions with a high frequency of ROH,and these genes are expected to be used as candidate genes in marker-assisted selection(MAS)breeding programs.Our findings can provide theoretical support for genetic conservation and genetic improvement of 3 pig breeds in Chinese Taihu Basin.
基金supported in part the by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81230067,81270044 and 30901233)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(20093234110001)+1 种基金New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-10-0178)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Runs of homozygosity （ROHs） are a class of important but poorly studied genomic variations and may be in- volved in individual susceptibility to diseases. To better understand ROH and its relationship with lung cancer, we performed a genome-wide ROH analysis of a subset of a previous genome-wide case-control study （1,473 cases and 1,962 controls） in a Han Chinese population. ROHs were classified into two classes, based on lengths, intermedi- ate and long ROils, to evaluate their association with lung cancer risk using existing genome-wide single nucleofide polymorphism （SNP） data. We found that the overall level of intermediate ROHs was significantly associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer （odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval： 0.51-0.77; P = 4.78 × 10-6 ）, while the long ROHs seemed to be a risk factor of lung cancer. We also identified one ROH region at 14q23A that was con- sistently associated with lung cancer risk in the study. These results indicated that ROHs may be a new class of variation which may be associated with lung cancer risk, and genetic variants at 14q23.1 may be involved in the development of lung cancer.
文摘In recent years,Henan sticks to the points of General Secretary Xi Jinping,makes full use of its rich resources and relations,makes efforts to deepen friendship with people around the world,promotes relations with foreign countries,pushes
文摘Dear editor,Emergency medical services(EMS)have developed from conveyance facilities into providers of advanced pre-hospital care.[1,2]Alongside this development there is a growing demand for EMS care,and the number of ambulance deployments is increasing.[3,4]Suggested reasons for this growing demand are changes in social support of people,accessibility of healthcare and social facilities,and the aging population.
文摘Run count statistics serve a central role in tests of non-randomness of stochastic processes of interest to a wide range of disciplines within the physical sciences, social sciences, business and finance, and other endeavors involving intrinsic uncertainty. To carry out such tests, it is often necessary to calculate two kinds of run count probabilities: 1) the probability that a certain number of trials results in a specified multiple occurrence of an event, or 2) the probability that a specified number of occurrences of an event take place within a fixed number of trials. The use of appropriate generating functions provides a systematic procedure for obtaining the distribution functions of these probabilities. This paper examines relationships among the generating functions applicable to recurrent runs and discusses methods, employing symbolic mathematical software, for implementing numerical extraction of probabilities. In addition, the asymptotic form of the cumulative distribution function is derived, which allows accurate runs statistics to be obtained for sequences of trials so large that computation times for extraction of this information from the generating functions could be impractically long.
文摘An arborescence is a directed rooted tree in which all edges point away from the root. An arborescent word is obtained by replacing each element of the underlying set of an arborescence by an arbitrary letter of a given alphabet (with possible repetitions). We define a run in an arborescent word as a maximal sub-arborescent word whose letters are all identical. Various types of runs (e.g., runs of size ≤ k, linear runs, etc) are studied in the context of R-enriched arborescent words, where R is a given species of structures.
文摘Consider a binary string (a symmetric Bernoulli sequence) of length . For a positive integer , we exactly enumerate, in all? possible binary strings of length , the number of all runs of 1s of length (equal, at least)? and the number of 1s in all runs of 1s of length at least . To solve these counting problems, we use probability theory and we obtain simple and easy to compute explicit formulae as well as recursive schemes, for these potential useful in engineering numbers.
文摘In the past four years, Lan Chengshan has provided a ＂parents love＂ to more than 200 children. The 34-year-old doctor oper- ates a medical clinic in Lianhua, a remote village in Southwest China＇s Guizhou province. He＇s also the headmaster of a kindergarten, just like Eddie Murphy＇s role in the Hollywood film, Daddy Davcare.
文摘In this article, we propose two control charts namely, the “Multivariate Group Runs’ (MV-GR-M)” and the “Multivariate Modified Group Runs’ (MV-MGR-M)” control charts, based on the multivariate normal processes, for monitoring the process mean vector. Methods to obtain the design parameters and operations of these control charts are discussed. Performances of the proposed charts are compared with some existing control charts. It is verified that, the proposed charts give a significant reduction in the out-of-control “Average Time to Signal” (ATS) in the zero state, as well in the steady state compared to the Hotelling’s T2 and the synthetic T2 control charts.
文摘＂It is a magical road, taking us to paradise on earth; dragon after dragon climb ridges and mountains, bringing prosperity to the snowy plateau……＂ This; is part of a song titled Heavenly Road eulogizing the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
文摘The mechanism of runs propagation of plain weft-knit-ted fabric is analyzed theoretically.The relevant physicalmodel,the mathematical equation and the new methodto test the run force are presented accordingly,and themeasured results are described also.The run theory hasbeen proved correct in practice,a means to improve runresist of knit is also recommended.
文摘Marathon running is a strenuous activity that placesstress on the gastrointestinal system.[1] In fact, 30% to81% of runners report gastrointestinal complaints, whichinclude bloating, abdominal cramps, rectal incontinence,and gastrointestinal bleeding.
文摘On January 15,as the eruise chimney was lifted in place,the second domestically manufactured large cruise“Adora Flora City”achieved the run-through on board milestone at CSSC Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding No.2 dock,fully shifted to the whole ship interior decoration engineering,equipment and system commissioning test.
基金supported by the DBT JRF-SRF research fellowship.KT was supported the J C Bose Fellowship from Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Department of Science and Technology,Government of India(JCB/2019/000027)CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship,from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSiR),Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of India.
文摘Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain underexplored.Therefore,we perform whole-exome sequencing of 281 individuals from four South Indian populations,characterized by high IBD scores.Our study reveals a high inbreeding rate of 59%across the populations.We identify∼29.2%of the variants that are exclusively present in a single population and uncover 1284 unreported exonic variants,underscoring the underrepresentation of Indian populations in global databases.Among these,23 are predicted to be deleterious,all of which are present in a heterozygous state;they may be pathogenic when homozygous,an expected phenomenon in endogamous populations.Approximately 16%-33%of the identified pathogenic variants showed significantly higher occurrence rates compared with the South Asian populations from 1000 Genomes dataset.Pharmacogenomic analysis revealed distinct allele frequencies of variants in CYP450 and non-CYP450 genes,highlighting heterogeneous drug responses and associated risks.We report a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Reddy population,linked to the HLA-B∗27:04 allele and strong founder effect.Our findings highlight the need for extensive genomic research in understudied Indian populations for a better understanding of disease risk and evolving strategies for precision and preventive medicine.
基金supported by the NIH (R01NS103481, R01NS111776, and R01NS131489)Indiana Department of Health (ISDH58180)(all to WW)。
文摘Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery and morphological changes following thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. After a 7-day recovery period after spinal cord injury, mice were assigned to either a trained group(10 weeks of voluntary running wheel or forced treadmill exercise) or an untrained group. Bi-weekly assessments revealed that the exercise-trained group, particularly the voluntary wheel exercise subgroup, displayed significantly improved locomotor recovery, more plasticity of dopaminergic and serotonin modulation compared with the untrained group. Additionally, exercise interventions led to gait pattern restoration and enhanced transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials. Despite consistent injury areas across groups, exercise training promoted terminal innervation of descending axons. In summary, voluntary wheel exercise shows promise for enhancing outcomes after thoracic contusive spinal cord injury, emphasizing the role of exercise modality in promoting recovery and morphological changes in spinal cord injuries. Our findings will influence future strategies for rehabilitation exercises, restoring functional movement after spinal cord injury.
