The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates diverse devices into the Internet infrastructure, including sensors, meters, and wearable devices. Designing efficient IoT networks with these heterogeneous devices requires the...The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates diverse devices into the Internet infrastructure, including sensors, meters, and wearable devices. Designing efficient IoT networks with these heterogeneous devices requires the selection of appropriate routing protocols, which is crucial for maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). The Internet Engineering Task Force’s Routing Over Low Power and Lossy Networks (IETF ROLL) working group developed the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) to meet these needs. While the initial RPL standard focused on single-metric route selection, ongoing research explores enhancing RPL by incorporating multiple routing metrics and developing new Objective Functions (OFs). This paper introduces a novel Objective Function (OF), the Reliable and Secure Objective Function (RSOF), designed to enhance the reliability and trustworthiness of parent selection at both the node and link levels within IoT and RPL routing protocols. The RSOF employs an adaptive parent node selection mechanism that incorporates multiple metrics, including Residual Energy (RE), Expected Transmission Count (ETX), Extended RPL Node Trustworthiness (ERNT), and a novel metric that measures node failure rate (NFR). In this mechanism, nodes with a high NFR are excluded from the parent selection process to improve network reliability and stability. The proposed RSOF was evaluated using random and grid topologies in the Cooja Simulator, with tests conducted across small, medium, and large-scale networks to examine the impact of varying node densities. The simulation results indicate a significant improvement in network performance, particularly in terms of average latency, packet acknowledgment ratio (PAR), packet delivery ratio (PDR), and Control Message Overhead (CMO), compared to the standard Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF).展开更多
The sinkhole attack is one of the most damaging threats in the Internet of Things(IoT).It deceptively attracts neighboring nodes and initiates malicious activity,often disrupting the network when combined with other a...The sinkhole attack is one of the most damaging threats in the Internet of Things(IoT).It deceptively attracts neighboring nodes and initiates malicious activity,often disrupting the network when combined with other attacks.This study proposes a novel approach,named NADSA,to detect and isolate sinkhole attacks.NADSA is based on the RPL protocol and consists of two detection phases.In the first phase,the minimum possible hop count between the sender and receiver is calculated and compared with the sender’s reported hop count.The second phase utilizes the number of DIO messages to identify suspicious nodes and then applies a fuzzification process using RSSI,ETX,and distance measurements to confirm the presence of a malicious node.The proposed method is extensively simulated in highly lossy and sparse network environments with varying numbers of nodes.The results demonstrate that NADSA achieves high efficiency,with PDRs of 68%,70%,and 73%;E2EDs of 81,72,and 60 ms;TPRs of 89%,83%,and 80%;and FPRs of 24%,28%,and 33%.NADSA outperforms existing methods in challenging network conditions,where traditional approaches typically degrade in effectiveness.展开更多
Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)caused by mitogenomic variation underlies CMS lines essential for hybrid crop production.However,the role of CMS in pearl millet remains unclear.To clarify the function of CMS in pearl m...Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)caused by mitogenomic variation underlies CMS lines essential for hybrid crop production.However,the role of CMS in pearl millet remains unclear.To clarify the function of CMS in pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum),the mitochondrial genomes of the CMS line‘23A’(L23A)and its maintainer‘23B’(L23B)were sequenced and further assembled.With a mitochondrial genomic comparison,an rpl16(ribosomal protein L16-like protein)gene in L23A that was absent in L23B was successfully identified.An analysis of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR validated that rpl16 was specifically expressed in the inflorescences of L23A.Overexpression of the rpl16 gene in rice truly induced pollen abortion,further leading to a reduced grain number.When compared to L23B at earlier stages of millet anther development,a higher ROS level and premature tapetal degradation(PCD)in L23A were observed through a reactive oxygen species(ROS)staining and anther paraffin section.The protein interaction between RPL16 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1(NDUFV1)may indicate a potential role for the rpl16 gene in disrupting anther ROS homeostasis in the CMS line,suggesting an important role of CMS in hybrid millet breeding.展开更多
The RPL(IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)protocol is essential for efficient communi-cation within the Internet of Things(IoT)ecosystem.Despite its significance,RPL’s susceptibility to attacks r...The RPL(IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)protocol is essential for efficient communi-cation within the Internet of Things(IoT)ecosystem.Despite its significance,RPL’s susceptibility to attacks remains a concern.This paper presents a comprehensive simulation-based analysis of the RPL protocol’s vulnerability to the decreased rank attack in both static andmobilenetwork environments.We employ the Random Direction Mobility Model(RDM)for mobile scenarios within the Cooja simulator.Our systematic evaluation focuses on critical performance metrics,including Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR),Average End to End Delay(AE2ED),throughput,Expected Transmission Count(ETX),and Average Power Consumption(APC).Our findings illuminate the disruptive impact of this attack on the routing hierarchy,resulting in decreased PDR and throughput,increased AE2ED,ETX,and APC.These results underscore the urgent need for robust security measures to protect RPL-based IoT networks.Furthermore,our study emphasizes the exacerbated impact of the attack in mobile scenarios,highlighting the evolving security requirements of IoT networks.展开更多
无线传感器路由协议由于受到硬件的限制,节点的能量、处理能力、存储能力都受到极大的制约.RPL(Routing Protocol for Low pow er and Lossy Netw orks)协议是工作在IPV6无线传感器网络网络层的路由协议,由IETF(Internet Engineering Ta...无线传感器路由协议由于受到硬件的限制,节点的能量、处理能力、存储能力都受到极大的制约.RPL(Routing Protocol for Low pow er and Lossy Netw orks)协议是工作在IPV6无线传感器网络网络层的路由协议,由IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)的ROLL(Routing Over Low-pow er and Lossy netw orks)工作组专门为低功耗有损网络而提出的距离矢量路由协议.详细介绍AODV路由协议,阐述了RPL路由协议的相关术语、协议原理和拓扑结构;利用Contiki操作系统和其自带的仿真器Cooja模拟了RPL路由协议的运行过程,包含采用3种控制消息进行向上路由和向下路由的建立的过程,RPL路由协议的拓扑构建过程,数据包路由过程和Trickle定时器的应用;通过与传统WSN路由协议AODV在数据递交率、端到端时延等性能参数的仿真对比,验证RPL路由协议在低功耗有损网络中具有较高的性能.展开更多
文摘The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates diverse devices into the Internet infrastructure, including sensors, meters, and wearable devices. Designing efficient IoT networks with these heterogeneous devices requires the selection of appropriate routing protocols, which is crucial for maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). The Internet Engineering Task Force’s Routing Over Low Power and Lossy Networks (IETF ROLL) working group developed the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) to meet these needs. While the initial RPL standard focused on single-metric route selection, ongoing research explores enhancing RPL by incorporating multiple routing metrics and developing new Objective Functions (OFs). This paper introduces a novel Objective Function (OF), the Reliable and Secure Objective Function (RSOF), designed to enhance the reliability and trustworthiness of parent selection at both the node and link levels within IoT and RPL routing protocols. The RSOF employs an adaptive parent node selection mechanism that incorporates multiple metrics, including Residual Energy (RE), Expected Transmission Count (ETX), Extended RPL Node Trustworthiness (ERNT), and a novel metric that measures node failure rate (NFR). In this mechanism, nodes with a high NFR are excluded from the parent selection process to improve network reliability and stability. The proposed RSOF was evaluated using random and grid topologies in the Cooja Simulator, with tests conducted across small, medium, and large-scale networks to examine the impact of varying node densities. The simulation results indicate a significant improvement in network performance, particularly in terms of average latency, packet acknowledgment ratio (PAR), packet delivery ratio (PDR), and Control Message Overhead (CMO), compared to the standard Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF).
文摘The sinkhole attack is one of the most damaging threats in the Internet of Things(IoT).It deceptively attracts neighboring nodes and initiates malicious activity,often disrupting the network when combined with other attacks.This study proposes a novel approach,named NADSA,to detect and isolate sinkhole attacks.NADSA is based on the RPL protocol and consists of two detection phases.In the first phase,the minimum possible hop count between the sender and receiver is calculated and compared with the sender’s reported hop count.The second phase utilizes the number of DIO messages to identify suspicious nodes and then applies a fuzzification process using RSSI,ETX,and distance measurements to confirm the presence of a malicious node.The proposed method is extensively simulated in highly lossy and sparse network environments with varying numbers of nodes.The results demonstrate that NADSA achieves high efficiency,with PDRs of 68%,70%,and 73%;E2EDs of 81,72,and 60 ms;TPRs of 89%,83%,and 80%;and FPRs of 24%,28%,and 33%.NADSA outperforms existing methods in challenging network conditions,where traditional approaches typically degrade in effectiveness.
基金supported by Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent to Zhenzhen Tan (2024ZB830)the foundation of Grass Germplasm Bank from the Jiangsu Forestry Bureau in China
文摘Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)caused by mitogenomic variation underlies CMS lines essential for hybrid crop production.However,the role of CMS in pearl millet remains unclear.To clarify the function of CMS in pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum),the mitochondrial genomes of the CMS line‘23A’(L23A)and its maintainer‘23B’(L23B)were sequenced and further assembled.With a mitochondrial genomic comparison,an rpl16(ribosomal protein L16-like protein)gene in L23A that was absent in L23B was successfully identified.An analysis of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR validated that rpl16 was specifically expressed in the inflorescences of L23A.Overexpression of the rpl16 gene in rice truly induced pollen abortion,further leading to a reduced grain number.When compared to L23B at earlier stages of millet anther development,a higher ROS level and premature tapetal degradation(PCD)in L23A were observed through a reactive oxygen species(ROS)staining and anther paraffin section.The protein interaction between RPL16 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1(NDUFV1)may indicate a potential role for the rpl16 gene in disrupting anther ROS homeostasis in the CMS line,suggesting an important role of CMS in hybrid millet breeding.
文摘The RPL(IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)protocol is essential for efficient communi-cation within the Internet of Things(IoT)ecosystem.Despite its significance,RPL’s susceptibility to attacks remains a concern.This paper presents a comprehensive simulation-based analysis of the RPL protocol’s vulnerability to the decreased rank attack in both static andmobilenetwork environments.We employ the Random Direction Mobility Model(RDM)for mobile scenarios within the Cooja simulator.Our systematic evaluation focuses on critical performance metrics,including Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR),Average End to End Delay(AE2ED),throughput,Expected Transmission Count(ETX),and Average Power Consumption(APC).Our findings illuminate the disruptive impact of this attack on the routing hierarchy,resulting in decreased PDR and throughput,increased AE2ED,ETX,and APC.These results underscore the urgent need for robust security measures to protect RPL-based IoT networks.Furthermore,our study emphasizes the exacerbated impact of the attack in mobile scenarios,highlighting the evolving security requirements of IoT networks.
文摘无线传感器路由协议由于受到硬件的限制,节点的能量、处理能力、存储能力都受到极大的制约.RPL(Routing Protocol for Low pow er and Lossy Netw orks)协议是工作在IPV6无线传感器网络网络层的路由协议,由IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)的ROLL(Routing Over Low-pow er and Lossy netw orks)工作组专门为低功耗有损网络而提出的距离矢量路由协议.详细介绍AODV路由协议,阐述了RPL路由协议的相关术语、协议原理和拓扑结构;利用Contiki操作系统和其自带的仿真器Cooja模拟了RPL路由协议的运行过程,包含采用3种控制消息进行向上路由和向下路由的建立的过程,RPL路由协议的拓扑构建过程,数据包路由过程和Trickle定时器的应用;通过与传统WSN路由协议AODV在数据递交率、端到端时延等性能参数的仿真对比,验证RPL路由协议在低功耗有损网络中具有较高的性能.
