This study analyzes the energy impact of applying green roofs on flat roofs of existing buildings,assessing their potential to reduce the demand for non-renewable primary energy for heating and cooling.Through dynamic...This study analyzes the energy impact of applying green roofs on flat roofs of existing buildings,assessing their potential to reduce the demand for non-renewable primary energy for heating and cooling.Through dynamic numerical simulations conducted on two real buildings located near Florence,Italy,and modeled in 130 different European locations,with a particular focus on the Mediterranean climate,it was possible to quantify the energy benefits derived from the application of green roofs on existing structures.The results show that,while the effect on heating is limited,with an average reduction in energy demand of only a few percentage points,the impact on cooling is significantly more pronounced,with average savings of 20%in non-renewable primary energy,particularly in Mediterranean climates with high CDD(cooling degree days)values.The study confirms that green roofs can be an effective solution to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings with flat roofs in the Mediterranean climate,in line with European goals for reducing CO₂emissions and promoting renewable energy.展开更多
To enhance the recuperation rate of the mine and comply with the stipulations of green mining technology, it is vital to expeditiously recuperate the coal pillar resources in the final stage, thus preventing the consi...To enhance the recuperation rate of the mine and comply with the stipulations of green mining technology, it is vital to expeditiously recuperate the coal pillar resources in the final stage, thus preventing the considerable squandering of resources. The coal pillar resource of the main roadway and its branch roadway constitutes a significant recovery subject. Its coal pillar shape is regular and possesses a considerable strike distance, facilitating the arrangement of the coal pillar recovery working face (CPRWF) for mining operations. However, for the remaining coal pillars with a thick and hard roof (THF) and multiple tectonic zones, CPRWF encounters challenges in selecting an appropriate layout, managing excessive roof pressure, and predicting mining stress. Aiming at the roadway coal pillar group with THF and multi-structural areas in specific projects, a method of constructing multi-stage CPRWF by one side gob-side entry driving (GSED) and one side roadway reusing is proposed. Through theoretical calculation of roof fracture and numerical simulation verification, combined with field engineering experience and economic analysis, the width of the narrow coal pillar (NCP) in the GSED is determined to be 10 m and the length of the CPRWF is 65 m. Concurrently, the potential safety hazard that the roof will fall asymmetrically and THF is difficult to break during CPRWF mining after GSED is analyzed and verified. Then, a control method involving the pre-cutting of the roof in the reused roadway before mining is proposed. This method has been shown to facilitate the complete collapse of THF, reduce the degree of mine pressure, and facilitate the symmetrical breaking of the roof. Accordingly, a roof-cutting scheme based on a directional drilling rig, bidirectional shaped polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, and emulsion explosive was devised, and the pre-splitting of 8.2 m THF was accomplished. Field observations indicate that directional cracks are evident in the roof, the coal wall is flat during CPRWF mining, and the overall level of mining pressure is within the control range. Therefore, the combined application of GSED and roof-cutting technology for coal pillar recovery has been successfully implemented, thereby providing new insights and engineering references for the construction and pressure relief mining of CPRWF.展开更多
As complex and diverse ecosystems,cities encounter numerous challenges posed by both nature and humanity.Architecture,serving as the framework and texture of the city,has undoubtedly emerged as a crucial guide in addr...As complex and diverse ecosystems,cities encounter numerous challenges posed by both nature and humanity.Architecture,serving as the framework and texture of the city,has undoubtedly emerged as a crucial guide in addressing urban resilience issues.Roof greening and vertical greening of buildings,as ecofriendly urban green infrastructures,hold significant potential for mitigating these challenges.This paper explores the methods and strategies for implementing roof greening and vertical greening as solutions to enhance urban resilience.The objective is to offer valuable insights for sustainable urban development,encourage the widespread adoption of these greening techniques in urban construction,and ultimately strengthen urban resilience.展开更多
Phillip Katuve,a landlord who owns a six-storey apartment complex in Kileleshwa,an upmarket Nairobi suburb,embraced green roofing two years ago.His building now boasts a vibrant rooftop garden with integrated solar pa...Phillip Katuve,a landlord who owns a six-storey apartment complex in Kileleshwa,an upmarket Nairobi suburb,embraced green roofing two years ago.His building now boasts a vibrant rooftop garden with integrated solar panels,supplying energy to all 24 units.“Initially,the idea sounded expensive,but the long-term benefits have been remarkable,”said Katuve.展开更多
The stability and fracture behavior of a goaf roof beneath an open-pit bench are critical concerns,especially under impact loading.However,the effect of the thickness-to-span ratio on dynamic failure modes remains lar...The stability and fracture behavior of a goaf roof beneath an open-pit bench are critical concerns,especially under impact loading.However,the effect of the thickness-to-span ratio on dynamic failure modes remains largely unexplored,as existing research focuses mainly on static stability.Energy dissipation and instability evolution under impact loading require further study.To address this gap,this study conducts drop-weight impact experiments on specimens with circular perforations,complemented by numerical simulations.By integrating dimensional analysis,cusp catastrophe theory,and strength reduction techniques,the dynamic instability mechanism of goaf roofs with varying thickness-to-span ratios is revealed.Results show that the thickness-to-span ratio significantly influences energy accumulation and dissipation during roof failure.A higher ratio increases both the magnitude and rate of energy dissipation,particularly during crack initiation and stable propagation,while its impact diminishes in the final failure stage.Optimizing the thickness-to-span ratio within a critical range enhances structural stability,improving the safety factor by up to 83%.However,beyond a certain threshold,additional thickness yields diminishing benefits.This study provides new insights into the energy-based instability mechanism of goaf roofs under impact loads,establishing a theoretical foundation for early warning systems and optimized safety design.展开更多
The present paper investigates the methods for estimating the maximum(positive)and the minimum(negative)peak wind force coefficients on domed free roofs based on the quasi-steady theory and the peak factor method,in w...The present paper investigates the methods for estimating the maximum(positive)and the minimum(negative)peak wind force coefficients on domed free roofs based on the quasi-steady theory and the peak factor method,in which the experimental results obtained from our previous studies(2019,2025)are used.Focus is on the distributions of the peak wind force coefficients along the centerline parallel to the wind direction considering that domed free roof is an axisymmetric body.Empirical formulas are provided to the distributions of mean wind force coefficient,RMS(root mean square)fluctuating wind force coefficient and peak factors as a function of the rise/span ratio of the roof and the turbulence intensity of the approach flow in the along-wind direction at the mean roof height.The proposed methods are validated by the experimental results for the peak wind force coefficients.The methods would provide useful information to structural engineers when estimating the design wind loads on cladding/components of domed free roofs.展开更多
This study is to determine the support mechanism of pre-stressed expandable props for the stope roof in room- and-pillar mining, which is crucial for maintaining stability and preventing roof collapse in mines. Utiliz...This study is to determine the support mechanism of pre-stressed expandable props for the stope roof in room- and-pillar mining, which is crucial for maintaining stability and preventing roof collapse in mines. Utilizing an engineering case from a gold mine in Dandong, China, a laboratory-based similar test is conducted to extract the actual roof characteristic curve. This test continues until the mining stope collapses due to a U-shaped failure. Concurrently, a semi-theoretical method for obtaining the roof characteristic curve is proposed and verified against the actual curve. The semi-theoretical method calculated that the support force and vertical displacement at the demarcation point between the elastic and plastic zones of the roof characteristic curve are 5.0 MPa and 8.20 mm, respectively, corroborating well with the laboratory-based similar test results of 0.22 MPa and 0.730 mm. The weakening factor for the plastic zone in the roof characteristic curve was semi-theoretically estimated to be 0.75. The intersection between the actual roof characteristic curve and the support characteristic curves of expandable props, natural pillars, and concrete props indicates that the expandable prop is the most effective “yielding support” for the stope roof in room-and-pillar mining. That is, the deformation and failure of the stope roof can be effectively controlled with proper release of roof stress. This study provides practical insights for optimizing support strategies in room-and-pillar mining, enhancing the safety and efficiency of mining operations.展开更多
The intersection is a widely used traffic line structure from the shallow tunnel to the deep roadway,and determining the subsidence hidden danger area of the roof is the key to its stability control.However,applying t...The intersection is a widely used traffic line structure from the shallow tunnel to the deep roadway,and determining the subsidence hidden danger area of the roof is the key to its stability control.However,applying traditional maximum equivalent span beam(MESB)theory to determine deformation range,peak point,and angle influence poses a challenge.Considering the overall structure of the intersection roof,the maximum equivalent triangular plate(METP)theory is proposed,and its geometric parameter calculation formula and deflection calculation formula are obtained.The application of the two theories in 18 models with different intersection angles,roadway types,and surrounding rock lithology is verified by numerical analysis.The results show that:1)The METP structure of the intersection roof established by the simulation results of each model successfully determined the location of the roof’s high displacement zone;2)The area comparison method of the METP theory can be reasonably explained:①The roof subsidence of the intersection decreases with the increase of the intersection angle;②The roof subsidence at the intersection of different roadway types has a rectangular type>arch type>circular type;③The roof subsidence of the intersection with weak surrounding rock is significantly larger than that of the intersection with hard surrounding rock.According to the application results of the two theories,the four advantages of the METP theory are compared and clarified in the basic assumptions,mechanical models,main viewpoints,and mechanism analysis.The large deformation inducement of the intersection roof is then explored.The J 2 peak area of the roof drives the large deformation of the area,the peak point of which is consistent with the center of gravity position of the METP.Furthermore,the change in the range of this peak is consistent with the change law of the METP’s area.Hence,this theory clarifies the large deformation area of the intersection roof,which provides a clear guiding basis for its initial support design,mid-term monitoring,and late local reinforcement.展开更多
Affected by the geological characteristics of coal bearing strata in western mining areas of China,the double soft composite roof has low strength and poor integrity,which is prone to induce disasters such as large de...Affected by the geological characteristics of coal bearing strata in western mining areas of China,the double soft composite roof has low strength and poor integrity,which is prone to induce disasters such as large deformation and roof collapse.Four-point bending tests were conducted on anchored double-layer rock beams with different pre tightening force and upper/lower rock strength ratios(Ⅰ/Ⅱ)based on the digital speckle correlation method(DSCM).The research results indicate that the instability process of anchored roof can be divided into stages of elastic deformation,crack propagation,alternating fracture,and failure collapse.The proportion of crack propagation and alternating fracture processes increased with the increase of pre-tightening force and Ⅰ/Ⅱ.The pre-tightening force can suppress the sliding of the upper/lower rock interface,and delay the initiation and propagation of cracks.As Ⅰ/Ⅱ increases,the failure mode changes from tensile failure steel strip to shear failure anchor rod.Steel strip can improve the continued bearing effect of anchored roof during crack propagation and alternating fracture processes.展开更多
Considering the characteristics of deep thick top coal roadway,in which the high ground stress,coal seam with low strength,and a large range of surrounding rock fragmentation,the pressure relief anchor box beam suppor...Considering the characteristics of deep thick top coal roadway,in which the high ground stress,coal seam with low strength,and a large range of surrounding rock fragmentation,the pressure relief anchor box beam support system with high strength is developed.The high-strength bearing characteristics and coupling yielding support mechanism of this support system are studied by the mechanical tests of composite members and the combined support system.The test results show that under the coupling effect of support members,the peak stress of the box-shaped support beam in the anchor box beam is reduced by 21.9%,and the average deformation is increased by 135.0%.The ultimate bending bearing capacity of the box-shaped support beam is 3.5 times that of traditional channel beam.The effective compressive stress zone applied by the high prestressed cable is expanded by 26.4%.On this basis,the field support comparison test by the anchor channel beam,the anchor I-shaped beam and the anchor box beam are carried out.Compared with those of the previous two,the surrounding rock convergence of the latter is decreased by 41.2%and 22.2%,respectively.The field test verifies the effectiveness of the anchor box beam support system.展开更多
Crack control of basement roof slab is a key technical challenge to ensure building safety and durability.Based on the requirements of“General Specification for Concrete Structures”(GB55008-2021),this paper systemat...Crack control of basement roof slab is a key technical challenge to ensure building safety and durability.Based on the requirements of“General Specification for Concrete Structures”(GB55008-2021),this paper systematically analyses the causes of cracks,and puts forward a whole-process prevention and control system covering design optimization,low-shrinkage material proportioning,fine control of construction technology,and dynamic monitoring and repair.Through structural finite element simulation,wireless sensor network real-time monitoring,and carbon fibre fabric reinforcement test,the effectiveness of the multi-technology synergistic control framework is verified,and the engineering cases show that the crack width after repair is stable within 0.1mm,and the bearing capacity is increased by more than 30%.The study provides theoretical support for crack prevention and control in super-long underground projects,and looks forward to the direction of integration application of BIM technology and intelligent materials.展开更多
Green roofs play a vital role in promoting sustainable urban development and achieving carbon neutrality by enhancing carbon sequestration, oxygen release, and efficiency of land use. Despite these benefits, living ro...Green roofs play a vital role in promoting sustainable urban development and achieving carbon neutrality by enhancing carbon sequestration, oxygen release, and efficiency of land use. Despite these benefits, living roof coverage in China remains limited. To address the challenges in policy formulation, operational monitoring, and the absence of multi-scale retrofit strategies supported by robust assessment methods, this study develops a comprehensive evaluation framework. The framework integrates vector data, building age information, and point-of-interest(POI) data, and applies an optimized Prophet model to classify six major climate zones. This approach facilitates the selection of appropriate plant species and substrates while quantifying the potential for carbon sequestration and oxygen release. An assessment of 90 cities reveals approximately 1.3861 billion square meters of rooftop area suitable for green roof implementation, with an estimated annual carbon sequestration potential of 67.30 million tons and oxygen release of 30.36 million tons. Commercial buildings contribute significantly, comprising 65% of the total suitable area. Climate zones 2 and 3 exhibit the most favorable outcomes. The current study provides a reliable quantitative reference for evaluating the carbon sequestration and oxygen release capacities of green roofs and supports the formulation of effective retrofit policies.展开更多
The fracture and migration patterns of direct roofs play a critical role in excavation stability and mining pressure.However,current methods fail to capture the irregular three-dimensional(3D)behavior of these roofs.I...The fracture and migration patterns of direct roofs play a critical role in excavation stability and mining pressure.However,current methods fail to capture the irregular three-dimensional(3D)behavior of these roofs.In this study,the problem was solved by introducing an innovative 2.5-dimensional(2.5D)Voronoi numerical simulation method,dividing rock layers into 2.5D Voronoi blocks and developing cohesive element-based failure models,supported by a strain-softening HoekeBrown model.The method was applied to the 8311 working face in the Taishan Mine in China,and its accuracy was confirmed through physical experiments.The following conclusions were drawn.The first roof break typically followed an"O-X"pattern.The direct roof did not break randomly over time;instead,it followed three distinct scenarios:(1)A complete break of the direct roof occurred,followed by a sequential collapse(ScenarioⅠ).(2)Regional irregular stacking in one area was followed by sequential collapse in other zones(ScenarioⅡ).(3)The staged breakdown of the direct roof led to separate and sequential collapses on the left and right flanks(ScenarioⅢ).Scenario I was quite common during the 400 m advance of the working face and occurred five times.The fracture characteristics in Scenario I led to widespread pressure on the hydraulic supports in the middle of the working face.Finally,the direct roof from the working face towards the goaf area underwent phases of overhanging,hinging,and collapsing plates.After the first and periodic breaks,the basic roof formed stable hinged plate structures reinforced by overhanging plates and irregular accumulations of the direct roof.展开更多
Microstructural heterogeneity of low-permeability sandstone roofs of deep unmineable coal seams due to diagenesis significantly affects rock mechanical behavior,greatly impacting the sealing potential of in situ CO_(2...Microstructural heterogeneity of low-permeability sandstone roofs of deep unmineable coal seams due to diagenesis significantly affects rock mechanical behavior,greatly impacting the sealing potential of in situ CO_(2) sequestration and the structural stability of the geological formation.However,little is known about how the microstructure of different mineral groups influences the multiscale mechanical behavior of deep sandstone.This study proposes a new method for quantitatively characterizing the multiscale mechanical properties of low-permeability sandstone and shows the mechanisms responsible for mechanical failure at the micro-,meso-,and macroscale.Triaxial compression tests and targeted nanoindentation tests were conducted to assess the micro-and macroscale mechanical properties of different types of sandstone.The micro-and macroscale experiments were coupled with numerical simulations of compression using a unified cohesive model based on Voronoi polygons to clarify the multiscale mechanical behavior.The results indicate that quartz,the primary mineral component of the sandstones examined,exhibits the strongest micromechanical properties,followed by feldspar,calcite,and clay minerals.Compared to polycrystalline quartz,monocrystalline quartz has a more stable microstructure and is mechanically stronger.The macro-mechanical properties of tight sandstone samples are weakened by increased microstructural inhomogeneity and larger grain size.This leads to a higher likelihood of splitting damage,characterized by a high degree of discrete and weak stress sensitivity.The major conclusion is that the positive rhythm lithofacies of medium-grained sandstone to siltstone are the most favorable for efficient CO_(2) sequestration in deep unmineable coal seams.展开更多
This paper explores the deformation mechanism and control technology of roof pre-splitting for gob-side entries in hard roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel(LTCC).The investigation utilizes a comprehensive appro...This paper explores the deformation mechanism and control technology of roof pre-splitting for gob-side entries in hard roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel(LTCC).The investigation utilizes a comprehensive approach that integrates field monitoring,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation.Theoretical analysis has illuminated the influence of the length of the lateral cantilever beam of the main roof(LCBM)above the roadway on the stability of the gob-side entry behind the panel.Numerical simulations have further revealed that the longer LCBM results in heightened vertical stress within the coal pillar,developed cracks around the roadway,and more pronounced damage to the roadway.Moreover,numerical simulations also demonstrate the potential of roof pre-splitting technology in optimizing the fracture position of the hard roof.This technology significantly reduces the length of the LCBM,thereby alleviating stress concentration in the coal pillars and integrated coal rib while minimizing the destruction of the gob-side entry.Therefore,this manuscript first proposes the use of roof pre-splitting technology to control roadway deformation,and automatically retain the entry within a hard roof LTCC panel.Field implementation has demonstrated that the proposed automatically retained entry by roof pre-splitting technology effectively reduces gob-side entry deformation and achieves automatically retained entry.展开更多
This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensi...This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.展开更多
Directional roof cutting(DRC)is one of the key techniques in non-pillar coal mining with self-formed entries(NCMSE)mining method.Due to the inability to accurately measure the expansion coefficient of the goaf rock ma...Directional roof cutting(DRC)is one of the key techniques in non-pillar coal mining with self-formed entries(NCMSE)mining method.Due to the inability to accurately measure the expansion coefficient of the goaf rock mass,the implementation of this technology often encounters design challenges,leading to suboptimal results and increased costs.This paper establishes a structural analysis model of the goaf working face roof,revealing the failure mechanism of DRC,and clarifies the positive role of DRC in improving the stress of the roadway surrounding rock and reducing the subsidence of the roof through numerical simulation experiments.On this basis,the paper further analyses the roadway pressure and roof settlement under different DRC design heights,and ultimately proposes an optimized design method for the DRC height.The results indicate that the implementation of DRC can significantly optimize the stress environment of the working face roadway surrounding rock.At the same time,during the application of DRC,three scenarios may arise:insufficient,reasonable,and excessive DRC height.Insufficient height will significantly reduce the effectiveness of the technology,while excessive height has little impact on the implementation effect but will greatly increase construction costs and difficulty.Engineering verification shows that the optimized DRC design method proposed in this paper reduces the peak stress of the protective coal pillar in the roadway by 27.2%and the central subsidence of the roof by 41.8%,demonstrating excellent application results.This method provides technical support for the further promotion of NCMSE mining method.展开更多
In order to solve the problem that current theory models cannot accurately describe thick-hard roof(THR)elastic energy and assess the mine tremor disasters,a theoretical method,a Timoshenko beam theory on Winkler foun...In order to solve the problem that current theory models cannot accurately describe thick-hard roof(THR)elastic energy and assess the mine tremor disasters,a theoretical method,a Timoshenko beam theory on Winkler foundation was adopted to establish the THR’s periodic breaking model.The superposition principle was used for this complex model to derive the calculation formulas of the elastic energy and impact load on hydraulic supports.Then,the influence of roof thickness h,cantilever length L_(1),and load q on THR’s elastic energy and impact load was analyzed.And,the effect of mine tremor disasters was assessed.Finally,it is revealed that:(1)The THR’s elastic energy U exhibits power-law variations,with the fitted relationships U=0.0096L_(1)^(3.5866^),U=5943.9h^(-1.935),and U=21.049q^(2).(2)The impact load on hydraulic supports F_(ZJ) increases linearly with an increase in the cantilever length,thickness,and applied load.The fitted relationships are F_(ZJ)=1067.3L_(1)+6361.1,F_(ZJ)=125.89h+15100,and F_(ZJ)=10420q+3912.6.(3)Ground hydraulic fracturing and liquid explosive deep-hole blasting techniques effectively reduce the THR’s cantilever length at periodic breakages,thus eliminating mine tremor disasters.展开更多
Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based ...Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.展开更多
The angle α between the fault strike and the axial direction of the roadway produces different damage characteristics. In this paper, the research methodology includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and ...The angle α between the fault strike and the axial direction of the roadway produces different damage characteristics. In this paper, the research methodology includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and field experiments in the context of the Daqiang coal mine located in Shenyang, China. The stability control countermeasure of "pre-splitting cutting roof + NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR) is simultaneously proposed. According to the different deformation characteristics of the roadway, the faults are innovatively classified into three types, with α of type I being 0°-30°, α of type II being 30°-60°, and α of type III being 60°-90°. The full-cycle stress evolution paths during mining roadway traverses across different types of faults are investigated by numerical simulation. Different pinch angles α lead to high stress concentration areas at different locations in the surrounding rock. The non-uniform stress field formed in the shallow surrounding rock is an important reason for the instability of the roadway. The pre-cracked cut top shifted the high stress region to the deep rock mass and formed a low stress region in the shallow rock mass. The high prestressing NPR anchor cable transforms the non-uniform stress field of the shallow surrounding rock into a uniform stress field. PSCR-NPR is applied in the fault-through roadway of Daqiang mine. The low stress area of the surrounding rock was enlarged by 3-7 times, and the cumulative convergence was reduced by 45%-50%. It provides a reference for the stability control of the deep fault-through mining roadway.展开更多
文摘This study analyzes the energy impact of applying green roofs on flat roofs of existing buildings,assessing their potential to reduce the demand for non-renewable primary energy for heating and cooling.Through dynamic numerical simulations conducted on two real buildings located near Florence,Italy,and modeled in 130 different European locations,with a particular focus on the Mediterranean climate,it was possible to quantify the energy benefits derived from the application of green roofs on existing structures.The results show that,while the effect on heating is limited,with an average reduction in energy demand of only a few percentage points,the impact on cooling is significantly more pronounced,with average savings of 20%in non-renewable primary energy,particularly in Mediterranean climates with high CDD(cooling degree days)values.The study confirms that green roofs can be an effective solution to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings with flat roofs in the Mediterranean climate,in line with European goals for reducing CO₂emissions and promoting renewable energy.
基金Project(52204164) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2023ZKPYSB01) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘To enhance the recuperation rate of the mine and comply with the stipulations of green mining technology, it is vital to expeditiously recuperate the coal pillar resources in the final stage, thus preventing the considerable squandering of resources. The coal pillar resource of the main roadway and its branch roadway constitutes a significant recovery subject. Its coal pillar shape is regular and possesses a considerable strike distance, facilitating the arrangement of the coal pillar recovery working face (CPRWF) for mining operations. However, for the remaining coal pillars with a thick and hard roof (THF) and multiple tectonic zones, CPRWF encounters challenges in selecting an appropriate layout, managing excessive roof pressure, and predicting mining stress. Aiming at the roadway coal pillar group with THF and multi-structural areas in specific projects, a method of constructing multi-stage CPRWF by one side gob-side entry driving (GSED) and one side roadway reusing is proposed. Through theoretical calculation of roof fracture and numerical simulation verification, combined with field engineering experience and economic analysis, the width of the narrow coal pillar (NCP) in the GSED is determined to be 10 m and the length of the CPRWF is 65 m. Concurrently, the potential safety hazard that the roof will fall asymmetrically and THF is difficult to break during CPRWF mining after GSED is analyzed and verified. Then, a control method involving the pre-cutting of the roof in the reused roadway before mining is proposed. This method has been shown to facilitate the complete collapse of THF, reduce the degree of mine pressure, and facilitate the symmetrical breaking of the roof. Accordingly, a roof-cutting scheme based on a directional drilling rig, bidirectional shaped polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, and emulsion explosive was devised, and the pre-splitting of 8.2 m THF was accomplished. Field observations indicate that directional cracks are evident in the roof, the coal wall is flat during CPRWF mining, and the overall level of mining pressure is within the control range. Therefore, the combined application of GSED and roof-cutting technology for coal pillar recovery has been successfully implemented, thereby providing new insights and engineering references for the construction and pressure relief mining of CPRWF.
文摘As complex and diverse ecosystems,cities encounter numerous challenges posed by both nature and humanity.Architecture,serving as the framework and texture of the city,has undoubtedly emerged as a crucial guide in addressing urban resilience issues.Roof greening and vertical greening of buildings,as ecofriendly urban green infrastructures,hold significant potential for mitigating these challenges.This paper explores the methods and strategies for implementing roof greening and vertical greening as solutions to enhance urban resilience.The objective is to offer valuable insights for sustainable urban development,encourage the widespread adoption of these greening techniques in urban construction,and ultimately strengthen urban resilience.
文摘Phillip Katuve,a landlord who owns a six-storey apartment complex in Kileleshwa,an upmarket Nairobi suburb,embraced green roofing two years ago.His building now boasts a vibrant rooftop garden with integrated solar panels,supplying energy to all 24 units.“Initially,the idea sounded expensive,but the long-term benefits have been remarkable,”said Katuve.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20242059)the Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Mountain Geological Hazards of Zhejiang Province(PCMGH-2023-02)the opening fund of State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control(2011DA105827-FW202209)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The stability and fracture behavior of a goaf roof beneath an open-pit bench are critical concerns,especially under impact loading.However,the effect of the thickness-to-span ratio on dynamic failure modes remains largely unexplored,as existing research focuses mainly on static stability.Energy dissipation and instability evolution under impact loading require further study.To address this gap,this study conducts drop-weight impact experiments on specimens with circular perforations,complemented by numerical simulations.By integrating dimensional analysis,cusp catastrophe theory,and strength reduction techniques,the dynamic instability mechanism of goaf roofs with varying thickness-to-span ratios is revealed.Results show that the thickness-to-span ratio significantly influences energy accumulation and dissipation during roof failure.A higher ratio increases both the magnitude and rate of energy dissipation,particularly during crack initiation and stable propagation,while its impact diminishes in the final failure stage.Optimizing the thickness-to-span ratio within a critical range enhances structural stability,improving the safety factor by up to 83%.However,beyond a certain threshold,additional thickness yields diminishing benefits.This study provides new insights into the energy-based instability mechanism of goaf roofs under impact loads,establishing a theoretical foundation for early warning systems and optimized safety design.
文摘The present paper investigates the methods for estimating the maximum(positive)and the minimum(negative)peak wind force coefficients on domed free roofs based on the quasi-steady theory and the peak factor method,in which the experimental results obtained from our previous studies(2019,2025)are used.Focus is on the distributions of the peak wind force coefficients along the centerline parallel to the wind direction considering that domed free roof is an axisymmetric body.Empirical formulas are provided to the distributions of mean wind force coefficient,RMS(root mean square)fluctuating wind force coefficient and peak factors as a function of the rise/span ratio of the roof and the turbulence intensity of the approach flow in the along-wind direction at the mean roof height.The proposed methods are validated by the experimental results for the peak wind force coefficients.The methods would provide useful information to structural engineers when estimating the design wind loads on cladding/components of domed free roofs.
基金Project(2022YFC2903801) supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(52374117, 52274115) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘This study is to determine the support mechanism of pre-stressed expandable props for the stope roof in room- and-pillar mining, which is crucial for maintaining stability and preventing roof collapse in mines. Utilizing an engineering case from a gold mine in Dandong, China, a laboratory-based similar test is conducted to extract the actual roof characteristic curve. This test continues until the mining stope collapses due to a U-shaped failure. Concurrently, a semi-theoretical method for obtaining the roof characteristic curve is proposed and verified against the actual curve. The semi-theoretical method calculated that the support force and vertical displacement at the demarcation point between the elastic and plastic zones of the roof characteristic curve are 5.0 MPa and 8.20 mm, respectively, corroborating well with the laboratory-based similar test results of 0.22 MPa and 0.730 mm. The weakening factor for the plastic zone in the roof characteristic curve was semi-theoretically estimated to be 0.75. The intersection between the actual roof characteristic curve and the support characteristic curves of expandable props, natural pillars, and concrete props indicates that the expandable prop is the most effective “yielding support” for the stope roof in room-and-pillar mining. That is, the deformation and failure of the stope roof can be effectively controlled with proper release of roof stress. This study provides practical insights for optimizing support strategies in room-and-pillar mining, enhancing the safety and efficiency of mining operations.
基金Project(52204164)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2021QNRC001)supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST,China。
文摘The intersection is a widely used traffic line structure from the shallow tunnel to the deep roadway,and determining the subsidence hidden danger area of the roof is the key to its stability control.However,applying traditional maximum equivalent span beam(MESB)theory to determine deformation range,peak point,and angle influence poses a challenge.Considering the overall structure of the intersection roof,the maximum equivalent triangular plate(METP)theory is proposed,and its geometric parameter calculation formula and deflection calculation formula are obtained.The application of the two theories in 18 models with different intersection angles,roadway types,and surrounding rock lithology is verified by numerical analysis.The results show that:1)The METP structure of the intersection roof established by the simulation results of each model successfully determined the location of the roof’s high displacement zone;2)The area comparison method of the METP theory can be reasonably explained:①The roof subsidence of the intersection decreases with the increase of the intersection angle;②The roof subsidence at the intersection of different roadway types has a rectangular type>arch type>circular type;③The roof subsidence of the intersection with weak surrounding rock is significantly larger than that of the intersection with hard surrounding rock.According to the application results of the two theories,the four advantages of the METP theory are compared and clarified in the basic assumptions,mechanical models,main viewpoints,and mechanism analysis.The large deformation inducement of the intersection roof is then explored.The J 2 peak area of the roof drives the large deformation of the area,the peak point of which is consistent with the center of gravity position of the METP.Furthermore,the change in the range of this peak is consistent with the change law of the METP’s area.Hence,this theory clarifies the large deformation area of the intersection roof,which provides a clear guiding basis for its initial support design,mid-term monitoring,and late local reinforcement.
基金Project(SDAST2024QT060)supported by the Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong,ChinaProjects(52304136,52304149,52204093)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(ZR2022ME165)supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,ChinaProject(2023YD02)supported by the Key Project of Research and Development in Liaocheng,China。
文摘Affected by the geological characteristics of coal bearing strata in western mining areas of China,the double soft composite roof has low strength and poor integrity,which is prone to induce disasters such as large deformation and roof collapse.Four-point bending tests were conducted on anchored double-layer rock beams with different pre tightening force and upper/lower rock strength ratios(Ⅰ/Ⅱ)based on the digital speckle correlation method(DSCM).The research results indicate that the instability process of anchored roof can be divided into stages of elastic deformation,crack propagation,alternating fracture,and failure collapse.The proportion of crack propagation and alternating fracture processes increased with the increase of pre-tightening force and Ⅰ/Ⅱ.The pre-tightening force can suppress the sliding of the upper/lower rock interface,and delay the initiation and propagation of cracks.As Ⅰ/Ⅱ increases,the failure mode changes from tensile failure steel strip to shear failure anchor rod.Steel strip can improve the continued bearing effect of anchored roof during crack propagation and alternating fracture processes.
基金Project(2023YFC2907600)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(42277174,42477166)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(2024JCCXSB01)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(KFJJ24-01M)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection,Beijing Institute of Technology,China。
文摘Considering the characteristics of deep thick top coal roadway,in which the high ground stress,coal seam with low strength,and a large range of surrounding rock fragmentation,the pressure relief anchor box beam support system with high strength is developed.The high-strength bearing characteristics and coupling yielding support mechanism of this support system are studied by the mechanical tests of composite members and the combined support system.The test results show that under the coupling effect of support members,the peak stress of the box-shaped support beam in the anchor box beam is reduced by 21.9%,and the average deformation is increased by 135.0%.The ultimate bending bearing capacity of the box-shaped support beam is 3.5 times that of traditional channel beam.The effective compressive stress zone applied by the high prestressed cable is expanded by 26.4%.On this basis,the field support comparison test by the anchor channel beam,the anchor I-shaped beam and the anchor box beam are carried out.Compared with those of the previous two,the surrounding rock convergence of the latter is decreased by 41.2%and 22.2%,respectively.The field test verifies the effectiveness of the anchor box beam support system.
文摘Crack control of basement roof slab is a key technical challenge to ensure building safety and durability.Based on the requirements of“General Specification for Concrete Structures”(GB55008-2021),this paper systematically analyses the causes of cracks,and puts forward a whole-process prevention and control system covering design optimization,low-shrinkage material proportioning,fine control of construction technology,and dynamic monitoring and repair.Through structural finite element simulation,wireless sensor network real-time monitoring,and carbon fibre fabric reinforcement test,the effectiveness of the multi-technology synergistic control framework is verified,and the engineering cases show that the crack width after repair is stable within 0.1mm,and the bearing capacity is increased by more than 30%.The study provides theoretical support for crack prevention and control in super-long underground projects,and looks forward to the direction of integration application of BIM technology and intelligent materials.
文摘Green roofs play a vital role in promoting sustainable urban development and achieving carbon neutrality by enhancing carbon sequestration, oxygen release, and efficiency of land use. Despite these benefits, living roof coverage in China remains limited. To address the challenges in policy formulation, operational monitoring, and the absence of multi-scale retrofit strategies supported by robust assessment methods, this study develops a comprehensive evaluation framework. The framework integrates vector data, building age information, and point-of-interest(POI) data, and applies an optimized Prophet model to classify six major climate zones. This approach facilitates the selection of appropriate plant species and substrates while quantifying the potential for carbon sequestration and oxygen release. An assessment of 90 cities reveals approximately 1.3861 billion square meters of rooftop area suitable for green roof implementation, with an estimated annual carbon sequestration potential of 67.30 million tons and oxygen release of 30.36 million tons. Commercial buildings contribute significantly, comprising 65% of the total suitable area. Climate zones 2 and 3 exhibit the most favorable outcomes. The current study provides a reliable quantitative reference for evaluating the carbon sequestration and oxygen release capacities of green roofs and supports the formulation of effective retrofit policies.
基金supported by the Autonomous General Projects of the State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control,Chongqing University,China(Grant No.2011DA105287-MS202209)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant Nos.52304149 and 52204127).
文摘The fracture and migration patterns of direct roofs play a critical role in excavation stability and mining pressure.However,current methods fail to capture the irregular three-dimensional(3D)behavior of these roofs.In this study,the problem was solved by introducing an innovative 2.5-dimensional(2.5D)Voronoi numerical simulation method,dividing rock layers into 2.5D Voronoi blocks and developing cohesive element-based failure models,supported by a strain-softening HoekeBrown model.The method was applied to the 8311 working face in the Taishan Mine in China,and its accuracy was confirmed through physical experiments.The following conclusions were drawn.The first roof break typically followed an"O-X"pattern.The direct roof did not break randomly over time;instead,it followed three distinct scenarios:(1)A complete break of the direct roof occurred,followed by a sequential collapse(ScenarioⅠ).(2)Regional irregular stacking in one area was followed by sequential collapse in other zones(ScenarioⅡ).(3)The staged breakdown of the direct roof led to separate and sequential collapses on the left and right flanks(ScenarioⅢ).Scenario I was quite common during the 400 m advance of the working face and occurred five times.The fracture characteristics in Scenario I led to widespread pressure on the hydraulic supports in the middle of the working face.Finally,the direct roof from the working face towards the goaf area underwent phases of overhanging,hinging,and collapsing plates.After the first and periodic breaks,the basic roof formed stable hinged plate structures reinforced by overhanging plates and irregular accumulations of the direct roof.
基金supported by the project from the Exploration and Development Research Institute of PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Companyfinancial support from the research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42402148)+1 种基金Sichuan Provincial Fund(24NSFSC4997)Guizhou Outstanding Young Science and Technology Talent Program(YQK[2023]012).
文摘Microstructural heterogeneity of low-permeability sandstone roofs of deep unmineable coal seams due to diagenesis significantly affects rock mechanical behavior,greatly impacting the sealing potential of in situ CO_(2) sequestration and the structural stability of the geological formation.However,little is known about how the microstructure of different mineral groups influences the multiscale mechanical behavior of deep sandstone.This study proposes a new method for quantitatively characterizing the multiscale mechanical properties of low-permeability sandstone and shows the mechanisms responsible for mechanical failure at the micro-,meso-,and macroscale.Triaxial compression tests and targeted nanoindentation tests were conducted to assess the micro-and macroscale mechanical properties of different types of sandstone.The micro-and macroscale experiments were coupled with numerical simulations of compression using a unified cohesive model based on Voronoi polygons to clarify the multiscale mechanical behavior.The results indicate that quartz,the primary mineral component of the sandstones examined,exhibits the strongest micromechanical properties,followed by feldspar,calcite,and clay minerals.Compared to polycrystalline quartz,monocrystalline quartz has a more stable microstructure and is mechanically stronger.The macro-mechanical properties of tight sandstone samples are weakened by increased microstructural inhomogeneity and larger grain size.This leads to a higher likelihood of splitting damage,characterized by a high degree of discrete and weak stress sensitivity.The major conclusion is that the positive rhythm lithofacies of medium-grained sandstone to siltstone are the most favorable for efficient CO_(2) sequestration in deep unmineable coal seams.
基金Project(52104139)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Science FoundationProject(SKLGDUEK2132)supported by the State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology/China University of Mining and Technology-BeijingProjects([2020]2Y030,[2020]2Y019,[2020j3007,[2020]3008,and[2022j0il]supported by the Guizhou Province Science and Technology Planning,China Project(2022B01051)supported by the Key Research and Development Special Tasks of Xinjiang,China。
文摘This paper explores the deformation mechanism and control technology of roof pre-splitting for gob-side entries in hard roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel(LTCC).The investigation utilizes a comprehensive approach that integrates field monitoring,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation.Theoretical analysis has illuminated the influence of the length of the lateral cantilever beam of the main roof(LCBM)above the roadway on the stability of the gob-side entry behind the panel.Numerical simulations have further revealed that the longer LCBM results in heightened vertical stress within the coal pillar,developed cracks around the roadway,and more pronounced damage to the roadway.Moreover,numerical simulations also demonstrate the potential of roof pre-splitting technology in optimizing the fracture position of the hard roof.This technology significantly reduces the length of the LCBM,thereby alleviating stress concentration in the coal pillars and integrated coal rib while minimizing the destruction of the gob-side entry.Therefore,this manuscript first proposes the use of roof pre-splitting technology to control roadway deformation,and automatically retain the entry within a hard roof LTCC panel.Field implementation has demonstrated that the proposed automatically retained entry by roof pre-splitting technology effectively reduces gob-side entry deformation and achieves automatically retained entry.
基金Project(WPUKFJJ2019-19)supported by the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining,ChinaProject(51974317)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074298)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(8232056)+1 种基金Guizhou Province science and technology plan project([2020]3008)Liulin Energy and Environment Academician Workstation(2022XDHZ12).
文摘Directional roof cutting(DRC)is one of the key techniques in non-pillar coal mining with self-formed entries(NCMSE)mining method.Due to the inability to accurately measure the expansion coefficient of the goaf rock mass,the implementation of this technology often encounters design challenges,leading to suboptimal results and increased costs.This paper establishes a structural analysis model of the goaf working face roof,revealing the failure mechanism of DRC,and clarifies the positive role of DRC in improving the stress of the roadway surrounding rock and reducing the subsidence of the roof through numerical simulation experiments.On this basis,the paper further analyses the roadway pressure and roof settlement under different DRC design heights,and ultimately proposes an optimized design method for the DRC height.The results indicate that the implementation of DRC can significantly optimize the stress environment of the working face roadway surrounding rock.At the same time,during the application of DRC,three scenarios may arise:insufficient,reasonable,and excessive DRC height.Insufficient height will significantly reduce the effectiveness of the technology,while excessive height has little impact on the implementation effect but will greatly increase construction costs and difficulty.Engineering verification shows that the optimized DRC design method proposed in this paper reduces the peak stress of the protective coal pillar in the roadway by 27.2%and the central subsidence of the roof by 41.8%,demonstrating excellent application results.This method provides technical support for the further promotion of NCMSE mining method.
基金supported by the Chongqing Postdoctoral Special Support(No.2022CQBSHTB1022)the Autonomous General Projects of State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control(No.2011DA105287-MS202209)the State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control Faces the 2030 project(No.2011DA105287-MX2030-202002).
文摘In order to solve the problem that current theory models cannot accurately describe thick-hard roof(THR)elastic energy and assess the mine tremor disasters,a theoretical method,a Timoshenko beam theory on Winkler foundation was adopted to establish the THR’s periodic breaking model.The superposition principle was used for this complex model to derive the calculation formulas of the elastic energy and impact load on hydraulic supports.Then,the influence of roof thickness h,cantilever length L_(1),and load q on THR’s elastic energy and impact load was analyzed.And,the effect of mine tremor disasters was assessed.Finally,it is revealed that:(1)The THR’s elastic energy U exhibits power-law variations,with the fitted relationships U=0.0096L_(1)^(3.5866^),U=5943.9h^(-1.935),and U=21.049q^(2).(2)The impact load on hydraulic supports F_(ZJ) increases linearly with an increase in the cantilever length,thickness,and applied load.The fitted relationships are F_(ZJ)=1067.3L_(1)+6361.1,F_(ZJ)=125.89h+15100,and F_(ZJ)=10420q+3912.6.(3)Ground hydraulic fracturing and liquid explosive deep-hole blasting techniques effectively reduce the THR’s cantilever length at periodic breakages,thus eliminating mine tremor disasters.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51974042)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3009005).
文摘Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52174096, 52304110)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2022YJSSB03)the Scientific and Technological Projects of Henan Province (232102320238)。
文摘The angle α between the fault strike and the axial direction of the roadway produces different damage characteristics. In this paper, the research methodology includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and field experiments in the context of the Daqiang coal mine located in Shenyang, China. The stability control countermeasure of "pre-splitting cutting roof + NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR) is simultaneously proposed. According to the different deformation characteristics of the roadway, the faults are innovatively classified into three types, with α of type I being 0°-30°, α of type II being 30°-60°, and α of type III being 60°-90°. The full-cycle stress evolution paths during mining roadway traverses across different types of faults are investigated by numerical simulation. Different pinch angles α lead to high stress concentration areas at different locations in the surrounding rock. The non-uniform stress field formed in the shallow surrounding rock is an important reason for the instability of the roadway. The pre-cracked cut top shifted the high stress region to the deep rock mass and formed a low stress region in the shallow rock mass. The high prestressing NPR anchor cable transforms the non-uniform stress field of the shallow surrounding rock into a uniform stress field. PSCR-NPR is applied in the fault-through roadway of Daqiang mine. The low stress area of the surrounding rock was enlarged by 3-7 times, and the cumulative convergence was reduced by 45%-50%. It provides a reference for the stability control of the deep fault-through mining roadway.
