Toxic insects advertise their defended state to potential predators using warning displays. Frequently these displays use cues through more than one sensory modality, and combine color, smell and sound to produce a mu...Toxic insects advertise their defended state to potential predators using warning displays. Frequently these displays use cues through more than one sensory modality, and combine color, smell and sound to produce a multimodal warning display. Signalling through more than one sensory pathway may enhance the rate of avoidance learning, and the memorability of the learned avoidance. A common insect warning odor, pyrazine, has previously been shown to increase the rate of learned avoidance of unpalatable yellow prey by domestic chicks （GaUus gallus domesticus）, and the odor also improved memory of this learned avoidance. However, to date no research has examined this response to pyrazine odor using wild birds under natural conditions. This study used wild robins （Erithacus rubecula） to investigate whether wild birds avoided yellow baits that smelled of pyrazine more strongly than those presented with no odor. The results provide some evidence that pyrazine odor does increase the level of protection an aposematic insect gains from a wild avian predator, but that the effect of pyrazine on learned avoidance was much weaker than was found with domestic chicks .展开更多
目的探讨Pierre Robin序列征(Pierre Robin sequence,PRS)儿童睡眠结构和呼吸特点,明确存在的潜在睡眠呼吸障碍问题,为合理诊治提供重要参考依据。方法回顾性分析2021年3月~2023年3月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院行多导睡眠监测(PSG)...目的探讨Pierre Robin序列征(Pierre Robin sequence,PRS)儿童睡眠结构和呼吸特点,明确存在的潜在睡眠呼吸障碍问题,为合理诊治提供重要参考依据。方法回顾性分析2021年3月~2023年3月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院行多导睡眠监测(PSG)的PRS儿童,分析睡眠结构及呼吸事件特点。结果共纳入36例PRS患儿,男15例,女21例,年龄中位数为1.2(1.0,1.6)岁,体重指数(BMI)为(16.8±2.1)kg/m^(2)。18例(50.0%)为原发鼾症,17例(47.2%)为轻度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA),1例(2.8%)为中度OSA。各类型呼吸事件中位数分别为:阻塞性呼吸暂停低通气指数为(OAHI)1.0(0.2,2.0)次/h、低通气指数(HI)为0.6(0.1,1.4)次/h、阻塞性呼吸暂停指数(OAI)为0.1(0.0,0.5)次/h、混合性呼吸暂停指数(MAI)为0.0(0.0,0.1)次/h、中枢性呼吸暂停指数(CAI)为1.7(0.6,2.5)次/h。觉醒指数中位数为9.3(7.6,11.7)次/h、最低血氧饱和度为89%。各睡眠期占总睡眠时间比例分别为,N1期15.6%±5.4%、N2期42.0%±5.5%、N3期16.5%±5.2%、R期25.9%±4.7%,睡眠效率为86.0%±6.6%。OAHI与不同睡眠期比较,差异比较无统计学意义(Z=-1.799,P>0.05)。结论PRS儿童睡眠效率下降、N1期睡眠增加,N3期睡眠减少,出现睡眠结构紊乱。同时,该类患儿存在一定程度的上气道阻塞,以轻度为主表现形式多为低通气。PSG监测可以明确呼吸事件类型,有效评估上气道阻塞程度,为临床诊治提供重要参考依据。展开更多
This paper attempts to form a bridge between a sum of the divisors function and the gamma function, proposing a novel approach that could have significant implications for classical problems in number theory, specific...This paper attempts to form a bridge between a sum of the divisors function and the gamma function, proposing a novel approach that could have significant implications for classical problems in number theory, specifically the Robin inequality and the Riemann hypothesis. The exploration of using invariant properties of these functions to derive insights into twin primes and sequential primes is a potentially innovative concept that deserves careful consideration by the mathematical community.展开更多
Properties of the gamma function are examined with implications for the Riemann hypothesis. Some new relations are obtained for the roots of the Zeta function using the properties of the Gamma function, the Bernoulli ...Properties of the gamma function are examined with implications for the Riemann hypothesis. Some new relations are obtained for the roots of the Zeta function using the properties of the Gamma function, the Bernoulli function, and limitations imposed by the rational relations of the complex roots of the Riemann zeta function, and the rational relations of the complex Gamma functions.展开更多
文摘Toxic insects advertise their defended state to potential predators using warning displays. Frequently these displays use cues through more than one sensory modality, and combine color, smell and sound to produce a multimodal warning display. Signalling through more than one sensory pathway may enhance the rate of avoidance learning, and the memorability of the learned avoidance. A common insect warning odor, pyrazine, has previously been shown to increase the rate of learned avoidance of unpalatable yellow prey by domestic chicks （GaUus gallus domesticus）, and the odor also improved memory of this learned avoidance. However, to date no research has examined this response to pyrazine odor using wild birds under natural conditions. This study used wild robins （Erithacus rubecula） to investigate whether wild birds avoided yellow baits that smelled of pyrazine more strongly than those presented with no odor. The results provide some evidence that pyrazine odor does increase the level of protection an aposematic insect gains from a wild avian predator, but that the effect of pyrazine on learned avoidance was much weaker than was found with domestic chicks .
文摘目的探讨Pierre Robin序列征(Pierre Robin sequence,PRS)儿童睡眠结构和呼吸特点,明确存在的潜在睡眠呼吸障碍问题,为合理诊治提供重要参考依据。方法回顾性分析2021年3月~2023年3月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院行多导睡眠监测(PSG)的PRS儿童,分析睡眠结构及呼吸事件特点。结果共纳入36例PRS患儿,男15例,女21例,年龄中位数为1.2(1.0,1.6)岁,体重指数(BMI)为(16.8±2.1)kg/m^(2)。18例(50.0%)为原发鼾症,17例(47.2%)为轻度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA),1例(2.8%)为中度OSA。各类型呼吸事件中位数分别为:阻塞性呼吸暂停低通气指数为(OAHI)1.0(0.2,2.0)次/h、低通气指数(HI)为0.6(0.1,1.4)次/h、阻塞性呼吸暂停指数(OAI)为0.1(0.0,0.5)次/h、混合性呼吸暂停指数(MAI)为0.0(0.0,0.1)次/h、中枢性呼吸暂停指数(CAI)为1.7(0.6,2.5)次/h。觉醒指数中位数为9.3(7.6,11.7)次/h、最低血氧饱和度为89%。各睡眠期占总睡眠时间比例分别为,N1期15.6%±5.4%、N2期42.0%±5.5%、N3期16.5%±5.2%、R期25.9%±4.7%,睡眠效率为86.0%±6.6%。OAHI与不同睡眠期比较,差异比较无统计学意义(Z=-1.799,P>0.05)。结论PRS儿童睡眠效率下降、N1期睡眠增加,N3期睡眠减少,出现睡眠结构紊乱。同时,该类患儿存在一定程度的上气道阻塞,以轻度为主表现形式多为低通气。PSG监测可以明确呼吸事件类型,有效评估上气道阻塞程度,为临床诊治提供重要参考依据。
文摘This paper attempts to form a bridge between a sum of the divisors function and the gamma function, proposing a novel approach that could have significant implications for classical problems in number theory, specifically the Robin inequality and the Riemann hypothesis. The exploration of using invariant properties of these functions to derive insights into twin primes and sequential primes is a potentially innovative concept that deserves careful consideration by the mathematical community.
文摘Properties of the gamma function are examined with implications for the Riemann hypothesis. Some new relations are obtained for the roots of the Zeta function using the properties of the Gamma function, the Bernoulli function, and limitations imposed by the rational relations of the complex roots of the Riemann zeta function, and the rational relations of the complex Gamma functions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40876010,49906013)the Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues of the Chinese Academy of Science(XDA01020304)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20110420)the Natural Science Foundation from the Education Bureau of Anhui Province(KJ2010A128,KJ2010B360)
