In the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus （RH） refining process, liquid steel flow pattern in a ladle is controlled by the fluid flow behavior in the vacuum chamber. Potassium chloride solution and NaOH solution saturated with CO2 w...In the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus （RH） refining process, liquid steel flow pattern in a ladle is controlled by the fluid flow behavior in the vacuum chamber. Potassium chloride solution and NaOH solution saturated with CO2 were respectively used as a tracer to investigate the liquid and gas flow behaviors in the vacuum chamber. Principal compo nent and comparative analysis were made to show the factors controlling mixing and circulation flow rate. The liquid level and bubble behavior in the vacuum chamber greatly affect fluid flow in RH process. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of liquid steel level, gas flow rate, bubble residence time, and gas injection mode on mixing, decarburization, and void fraction. The results indicate that the mixing process can be divided into three regions： the flow rate affected zone, the concentration gradient-affected zone, and their combination. The liquid steel level in the vacuum chamber of 300 mm is a critical point in the decarburization transition. For liquid level lower than 300 mm, liquid steel circulation controls decarburization, while for liquid level higher than 300mm, bubble behavior is the main controlling factor. During the RH process, it is recommended to use the concentrated bubble injection mode for low gas flow rates and the uniform bubble injection mode for high gas flow rates.展开更多
A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained d...A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained during the practical RH process. There are three flow patterns with different bubbling characteristics and steel surface states in the vacuum chamber： boiling pattern（BP）, transition pattern（TP）, and wave pattern（WP）. The effect of the liquid-steel level and the residence time of the steel in the chamber on flow patterns and decarburization reaction were investigated, respectively. The liquid-steel level significantly affected the flow-pattern transition from BP to WP, and the residence time and reaction area were crucial to evaluate the whole decarburization process rather than the circulation flow rate and mixing time. A superior flow-pattern map during the practical RH process showed that the steel flow pattern changed from BP to TP quickly, and then remained as TP until the end of decarburization.展开更多
通过建立比例1∶5的物理模型,分别研究了吹气流量、吹气孔数、浸渍管插入深度以及真空室内液面高度等参数对210 t RH内钢液混匀过程的影响。同时,研究了不同吹气孔堵塞方式对RH内混匀的影响。结果表明:增大吹气流量使得RH内混匀时间逐...通过建立比例1∶5的物理模型,分别研究了吹气流量、吹气孔数、浸渍管插入深度以及真空室内液面高度等参数对210 t RH内钢液混匀过程的影响。同时,研究了不同吹气孔堵塞方式对RH内混匀的影响。结果表明:增大吹气流量使得RH内混匀时间逐渐降低直至趋于稳定,与吹气流量0.41 m^(3)/h相比,混匀时间降低比例由5.5%增加至37.9%,此后基本保持不变,对应的最佳吹气流量为0.76 m^(3)/h;增加吹气孔数、浸渍管插入深度以及提高真空室内液面高度均能促进RH内钢液的混匀,缩短混匀时间。在8孔吹气条件下,采用下层吹气方式时,混匀时间最短,较单侧吹气方式下混匀时间降低幅度为37.7~56.8 s;在12孔吹气条件下,采用上层堵4孔吹气方式时,混匀时间最短,较单侧吹气方式下混匀时间降低幅度为5.5~21.3 s。展开更多
The flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel during the vacuum circulation refining, including RH(Ruhrstahl Heraeus) and RH KTB(Ruhrstahl Heraeus Kawasaki top blowing) processes, were investigated on a 1/5 ...The flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel during the vacuum circulation refining, including RH(Ruhrstahl Heraeus) and RH KTB(Ruhrstahl Heraeus Kawasaki top blowing) processes, were investigated on a 1/5 linear scale water model of a 90 t multifunction RH degasser. The circulation rate was directly and more accurately determined, using a new method by which the more reliable results can be obtained. The fluid flow pattern and flow field in the ladle were demonstrated, observed and analyzed. The mixing time of liquid in the ladle was measured using electrical conductivity method. The residence time distribution in the RH model was obtained by tracer response technique. The influence of the main technological and geometric factors, including the gas top blowing (KTB) operation, was examined. The results indicated that the circulation rate of molten steel in the RH degasser can be fairly precisely calculated by the formula: Q lp =0.0333 Q 0.26 g D 0.69 u D 0.80 d(t/min), where Q g-the lifting gas flow rate (NL/min); D u and D d-the inner diameters of the up and down snorkels (cm), respectively. The maximum value of circulation rate of molten steel in the case of the 30 cm diameters either of the up and down snorkels for the RH degasser (the “saturated” rate) is approximately 31 t/min. The corresponding gas flow rate is 900 NL/min. Blowing gas into the vacuum chamber through the top lance like KTB operation does not markedly influence the circulatory flow and mixing characteristics of the RH process under the conditions of the present work. There exist a major loop and a large number of small vortices and eddies in the ladle during the RH refining process. A liquid liquid two phase flow is formed between the descending stream from the down snorkel and the liquid around the stream. All of these flow situation and pattern will strongly influence and determine the mixing and mass transfer in the ladle during the refining. The correlation between the mixing time and the stirring energy density is τ m∝ε -0.50 for the RH degasser. The mixing time rapidly shortens with an increase in the lifting gas flowrate. At a same gas flow rate, the mixing times with the up and down snorkel diameters either of 6 and 7 cm are essentially same. The 30 cm diameters either of the up and down snorkels for the RH degasser would be reasonable. The concentration time curve showed that three circulation cycles are at least needed for complete mixing of the liquid steel in the RH degasser.展开更多
A mathematical model was established and applied to simulate thedecarburization of RH-MFB process in Pansteel Company. Study of theeffects of w_[C]0, w_[O]0, Ar flowrate, evaluation rate the MFB lanceblowing parameter...A mathematical model was established and applied to simulate thedecarburization of RH-MFB process in Pansteel Company. Study of theeffects of w_[C]0, w_[O]0, Ar flowrate, evaluation rate the MFB lanceblowing parameters on the decarburization process was car- Ried out.The results showed that this model could give the quantitativeunderstanding of the process, especially the behavior of MFB Lanceblowing. This model has realized the optimum process of RH-MFBrefining for ultra-low carbon steels in Pansteel.展开更多
A hybrid neural network model,in which RH process(theoretical)model is combined organically with neural network(NN)and case-base reasoning(CBR),was established.The CBR method was used to select the operation mode and ...A hybrid neural network model,in which RH process(theoretical)model is combined organically with neural network(NN)and case-base reasoning(CBR),was established.The CBR method was used to select the operation mode and the RH operational guide parameters for different steel grades according to the initial conditions of molten steel,and a three-layer BP neural network was adopted to deal with nonlinear factors for improving and compensating the limitations of technological model for RH process control and end-point prediction.It was verified that the hybrid neural network is effective for improving the precision and calculation efficiency of the model.展开更多
用顶吹 CO2 - Na OH溶液体系模拟了 RH- KTB顶吹氧溶氧过程。通过对碱液吸收 CO2 反应动力学的研究 ,考察了操作参数对 RH- KTB顶吹氧脱碳过程中溶氧反应的影响。结果表明 :提高气相中氧分压、增加提升氩气流量或采用低枪位喷吹都有利...用顶吹 CO2 - Na OH溶液体系模拟了 RH- KTB顶吹氧溶氧过程。通过对碱液吸收 CO2 反应动力学的研究 ,考察了操作参数对 RH- KTB顶吹氧脱碳过程中溶氧反应的影响。结果表明 :提高气相中氧分压、增加提升氩气流量或采用低枪位喷吹都有利于加速溶氧脱碳。实验中还发现 :顶吹氧气流量对容积传质系数影响很小 。展开更多
The available studies in the literature on physical modeling of the vacuum circulation (RH, i.e. Ruhrstahl Heraeus) refining process of molten steel have briefly been reviewed. The latest advances made by the author ...The available studies in the literature on physical modeling of the vacuum circulation (RH, i.e. Ruhrstahl Heraeus) refining process of molten steel have briefly been reviewed. The latest advances made by the author with his research group have been summarized. Water modeling was employed to investigate the flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel under the RH and RH KTB (Kawasaki top blowing) conditions and the mass transfer features between molten steel and powder particles in the RH PTB (powder top blowing) refining. The geometric similarity ratio between the model and its prototype (a multifunction RH degasser of 90 t capacity) was 1:5. The effects of the related technological and structural factors were considered. These latest studies have revealed the flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel and the mass transfer features between molten steel and powder particles in these processes, and have provided a better understanding of the refining processes of molten steel.展开更多
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51404022)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(20130006110023)Ph.D Early Development Program of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology of China(20152008,20142001)
文摘In the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus （RH） refining process, liquid steel flow pattern in a ladle is controlled by the fluid flow behavior in the vacuum chamber. Potassium chloride solution and NaOH solution saturated with CO2 were respectively used as a tracer to investigate the liquid and gas flow behaviors in the vacuum chamber. Principal compo nent and comparative analysis were made to show the factors controlling mixing and circulation flow rate. The liquid level and bubble behavior in the vacuum chamber greatly affect fluid flow in RH process. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of liquid steel level, gas flow rate, bubble residence time, and gas injection mode on mixing, decarburization, and void fraction. The results indicate that the mixing process can be divided into three regions： the flow rate affected zone, the concentration gradient-affected zone, and their combination. The liquid steel level in the vacuum chamber of 300 mm is a critical point in the decarburization transition. For liquid level lower than 300 mm, liquid steel circulation controls decarburization, while for liquid level higher than 300mm, bubble behavior is the main controlling factor. During the RH process, it is recommended to use the concentrated bubble injection mode for low gas flow rates and the uniform bubble injection mode for high gas flow rates.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51704203)the PhD Early Development Program of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology (Nos. 20152008, 20152013, and 20152018)+2 种基金Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths (No. 201601D202027)Key Project of Research and Development Plan of Shanxi Province (Nos. 201603D111004 and 201603D121010)NSFC-Shanxi Coal Based Low Carbon Joint Fund (No. U1510131)
文摘A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained during the practical RH process. There are three flow patterns with different bubbling characteristics and steel surface states in the vacuum chamber： boiling pattern（BP）, transition pattern（TP）, and wave pattern（WP）. The effect of the liquid-steel level and the residence time of the steel in the chamber on flow patterns and decarburization reaction were investigated, respectively. The liquid-steel level significantly affected the flow-pattern transition from BP to WP, and the residence time and reaction area were crucial to evaluate the whole decarburization process rather than the circulation flow rate and mixing time. A superior flow-pattern map during the practical RH process showed that the steel flow pattern changed from BP to TP quickly, and then remained as TP until the end of decarburization.
文摘The flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel during the vacuum circulation refining, including RH(Ruhrstahl Heraeus) and RH KTB(Ruhrstahl Heraeus Kawasaki top blowing) processes, were investigated on a 1/5 linear scale water model of a 90 t multifunction RH degasser. The circulation rate was directly and more accurately determined, using a new method by which the more reliable results can be obtained. The fluid flow pattern and flow field in the ladle were demonstrated, observed and analyzed. The mixing time of liquid in the ladle was measured using electrical conductivity method. The residence time distribution in the RH model was obtained by tracer response technique. The influence of the main technological and geometric factors, including the gas top blowing (KTB) operation, was examined. The results indicated that the circulation rate of molten steel in the RH degasser can be fairly precisely calculated by the formula: Q lp =0.0333 Q 0.26 g D 0.69 u D 0.80 d(t/min), where Q g-the lifting gas flow rate (NL/min); D u and D d-the inner diameters of the up and down snorkels (cm), respectively. The maximum value of circulation rate of molten steel in the case of the 30 cm diameters either of the up and down snorkels for the RH degasser (the “saturated” rate) is approximately 31 t/min. The corresponding gas flow rate is 900 NL/min. Blowing gas into the vacuum chamber through the top lance like KTB operation does not markedly influence the circulatory flow and mixing characteristics of the RH process under the conditions of the present work. There exist a major loop and a large number of small vortices and eddies in the ladle during the RH refining process. A liquid liquid two phase flow is formed between the descending stream from the down snorkel and the liquid around the stream. All of these flow situation and pattern will strongly influence and determine the mixing and mass transfer in the ladle during the refining. The correlation between the mixing time and the stirring energy density is τ m∝ε -0.50 for the RH degasser. The mixing time rapidly shortens with an increase in the lifting gas flowrate. At a same gas flow rate, the mixing times with the up and down snorkel diameters either of 6 and 7 cm are essentially same. The 30 cm diameters either of the up and down snorkels for the RH degasser would be reasonable. The concentration time curve showed that three circulation cycles are at least needed for complete mixing of the liquid steel in the RH degasser.
文摘A mathematical model was established and applied to simulate thedecarburization of RH-MFB process in Pansteel Company. Study of theeffects of w_[C]0, w_[O]0, Ar flowrate, evaluation rate the MFB lanceblowing parameters on the decarburization process was car- Ried out.The results showed that this model could give the quantitativeunderstanding of the process, especially the behavior of MFB Lanceblowing. This model has realized the optimum process of RH-MFBrefining for ultra-low carbon steels in Pansteel.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50074026)
文摘A hybrid neural network model,in which RH process(theoretical)model is combined organically with neural network(NN)and case-base reasoning(CBR),was established.The CBR method was used to select the operation mode and the RH operational guide parameters for different steel grades according to the initial conditions of molten steel,and a three-layer BP neural network was adopted to deal with nonlinear factors for improving and compensating the limitations of technological model for RH process control and end-point prediction.It was verified that the hybrid neural network is effective for improving the precision and calculation efficiency of the model.
文摘用顶吹 CO2 - Na OH溶液体系模拟了 RH- KTB顶吹氧溶氧过程。通过对碱液吸收 CO2 反应动力学的研究 ,考察了操作参数对 RH- KTB顶吹氧脱碳过程中溶氧反应的影响。结果表明 :提高气相中氧分压、增加提升氩气流量或采用低枪位喷吹都有利于加速溶氧脱碳。实验中还发现 :顶吹氧气流量对容积传质系数影响很小 。
文摘The available studies in the literature on physical modeling of the vacuum circulation (RH, i.e. Ruhrstahl Heraeus) refining process of molten steel have briefly been reviewed. The latest advances made by the author with his research group have been summarized. Water modeling was employed to investigate the flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel under the RH and RH KTB (Kawasaki top blowing) conditions and the mass transfer features between molten steel and powder particles in the RH PTB (powder top blowing) refining. The geometric similarity ratio between the model and its prototype (a multifunction RH degasser of 90 t capacity) was 1:5. The effects of the related technological and structural factors were considered. These latest studies have revealed the flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel and the mass transfer features between molten steel and powder particles in these processes, and have provided a better understanding of the refining processes of molten steel.
