Because of their remarkable properties,room-temperature ionic liquids(RTILs)are used widely in electrochemistry,fuel cells,supercapacitors,and even DNA sequencing,and many of these applications involve the transport o...Because of their remarkable properties,room-temperature ionic liquids(RTILs)are used widely in electrochemistry,fuel cells,supercapacitors,and even DNA sequencing,and many of these applications involve the transport of RTILs in nanoscale media.Particularly for single-molecule detection,the RTIL must be mixed with a solvent(e.g.,water)so that the electrolyte has both high viscosity and conductivity to obtain excellent signals.If a RTIL contains a quantity of water in bulk,this has a significant effect on its properties(e.g.,the electrochemical window),thereby limiting some applications.However,the physicochemical properties of RTILs containing water in nanoconfined spaces remain unclear,especially their ionic transport behavior.Therefore,reported here is a study of the ionic transport behavior of mixed RTIL/water solutions at the nanoscale using a single conical nanochannel as a nanofluidic platform.The conductivity of the mixtures in the nanoconfined space was closely related to the nanochannel size,and highly diluted mixed solutions resulted in a nonlinear rectificationreversed current,which was possibly due to the adsorption of cations on the nanochannel wall.The maximum rectification ratio was 114,showing excellent rectification that could be used to realize newly conceptualized nanofluidic diodes.In summary,this work provides an exhaustive understanding of the nonlinear ion transport of RTIL/water mixtures and a theoretical foundation for applying RTILs in energy storage and conversion and bio-sensing.展开更多
A nonlinear saturation mechanism for reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)is proposed and analyzed,and is shown to be of relevance to typical reactor parameter region.The saturation is achieved through the genera...A nonlinear saturation mechanism for reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)is proposed and analyzed,and is shown to be of relevance to typical reactor parameter region.The saturation is achieved through the generation of high-frequency quasi-mode due to nonlinear coupling of two RSAEs,which is then damped due to coupling with the shear Alfvén continuum,and leads to the nonlinear saturation of the primary RSAEs.An estimation of the nonlinear damping rate is also provided.展开更多
This work reports an exceptional reversed yield strength asymmetry at room temperature for a rare-earth free magnesium alloy containing a mass of fine dispersed quasicrystal(I-phase)precipitates.Although exhibiting tr...This work reports an exceptional reversed yield strength asymmetry at room temperature for a rare-earth free magnesium alloy containing a mass of fine dispersed quasicrystal(I-phase)precipitates.Although exhibiting traditional basal texture,it owns an exceptional CYS/TYS as high as~1.17.Electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)examinations indicate pyramidal and prismatic dislocations plus tensile twinning being activated after immediate yielding in compression while basal and non-basal dislocations in tension.I-phase particles transferred the concentrated stress by self-twinning to provide the driving force for tensile twin initiating in neighboring grains,thereby significantly increasing the critical resolved shear stress of tensile twinning to possibly the level of pyramidal slip,finally leading to the dominance of pyramidal slip plus tensile twinning in texture grains.This results in a higher contribution on yield strength by~55 MPa in compression than in tension,which reasonably agrees with the experimental yield strength difference(~38 MPa).It can be concluded that I-phase particles influence deformation modes in tension and in compression,finally result in reversed yield strength asymmetry.展开更多
A new compact torus injector(KTX-CTI)has been built for injection experiments on the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)reversed field pinch(RFP).The aim is to study the fundamental physics governing the compact torus(CT)centr...A new compact torus injector(KTX-CTI)has been built for injection experiments on the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)reversed field pinch(RFP).The aim is to study the fundamental physics governing the compact torus(CT)central fueling processes.In experiments conducted under the sole influence of a 0.1 T toroidal magnetic field,the injected CT successfully penetrated the entire toroidal magnetic field,reaching the inner wall of the KTX vacuum vessel.Upon reaching the inner wall,the CT diffused both radially outward and toroidally within the vessel at a discernible diffusion speed.Moreover,the inherent helicity within the CT induced a modest KTX plasma current of 200 A,consistent with predictions based on helicity conservation.CT injection demonstrated the capability to initiate KTX discharges at low loop voltages,suggesting its potential as a pre-ionization and current startup technique.During RFP discharges featuring CT injection,the central plasma density was found to exceed the Greenwald density limit,with more peaked density profiles,indicating the predominant confinement of CT plasma within the core region of the KTX bulk plasma.展开更多
In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurat...In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures,magnetic islands,and chaotic regions.It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure.To address this issue,we introduce KTX3DFit,a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)RFP.KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code(SPEC)to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments.KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states,including axisymmetric,doubleaxis helical(DAx),and single-helical-axis(SHAx)states.Notably,this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.展开更多
In a tokamak fusion reactor operated at steady state,the equilibrium magnetic field is likely to have reversed shear in the core region,as the noninductive bootstrap current profile generally peaks off-axis.The revers...In a tokamak fusion reactor operated at steady state,the equilibrium magnetic field is likely to have reversed shear in the core region,as the noninductive bootstrap current profile generally peaks off-axis.The reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)as a unique branch of the shear Alfvén wave in this equilibrium,can exist with a broad spectrum in wavenumber and frequency,and be resonantly driven unstable by energetic particles(EP).After briefly discussing the RSAE linear properties in burning plasma condition,we review several key topics of the nonlinear dynamics for the RSAE through both wave-EP resonance and wave-wave coupling channels,and illustrate their potentially important role in reactor-scale fusion plasmas.By means of simplified hybrid MHD-kinetic simulations,the RSAEs are shown to have typically broad phase space resonance structure with both circulating and trapped EP,as results of weak/vanishing magnetic shear and relatively low frequency.Through the route of wave-EP nonlinearity,the dominant saturation mechanism is mainly due to the transported resonant EP radially decoupling with the localized RSAE mode structure,and the resultant EP transport generally has a convective feature.The saturated RSAEs also undergo various nonlinear couplings with other collective oscillations.Two typical routes as parametric decay and modulational instability are studied using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory,and applied to the scenario of spontaneous excitation by a finite amplitude pump RSAE.Multiple RSAEs could naturally couple and induce the spectral energy cascade into a low frequency Alfvénic mode,which may effectively transfer the EP energy to fuel ions via collisionless Landau damping.Moreover,zero frequency zonal field structure could be spontaneously excited by modulation of the pump RSAE envelope,and may also lead to saturation of the pump RSAE by both scattering into stable domain and local distortion of the continuum structure.展开更多
Field reversed configuration(FRC)is widely considered as an ideal target plasma for magnetoinertial fusion.However,its confinement and stability,both proportional to the radius,will deteriorate inevitably during radia...Field reversed configuration(FRC)is widely considered as an ideal target plasma for magnetoinertial fusion.However,its confinement and stability,both proportional to the radius,will deteriorate inevitably during radial compression.Hence,we propose a new fusion approach based on axial compression of a large-sized FRC.The axial compression can be made by plasma jets or plasmoids converging onto the axial ends of the FRC.The parameter space that can reach the ignition condition while preserving the FRC's overall quality is studied using a numerical model based on different FRC confinement scalings.It is found that ignition is possible for a large FRC that can be achieved with the current FRC formation techniques if compression ratio is greater than 50.A more realistic compression is to combine axial with moderate radial compression,which is also presented and calculated in this work.展开更多
The interaction between metal and support is critical in oxygen catalysis as it governs the charge transfer between these two entities,influences the electronic structures of the supported metal,affects the adsorption...The interaction between metal and support is critical in oxygen catalysis as it governs the charge transfer between these two entities,influences the electronic structures of the supported metal,affects the adsorption energies of reaction intermediates,and ultimately impacts the catalytic performance.In this study,we discovered a unique charge transfer reversal phenomenon in a metal/carbon nanohybrid system.Specifically,electrons were transferred from the metal-based species to N-doped carbon,while the carbon support reciprocally donated electrons to the metal domain upon the introduction of nickel.This led to the exceptional electrocatalytic performances of the resulting Ni-Fe/Mo_(2)C@nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst,with a half-wave potential of 0.91 V towards oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and a low overpotential of 290 m V at 10 mA cm^(-2)towards oxygen evolution reaction(OER)under alkaline conditions.Additionally,the Fe-Ni/Mo_(2)C@carbon heterojunction catalyst demonstrated high specific capacity(794 mA h g_(Zn)~(-1))and excellent cycling stability(200 h)in a Zn-air battery.Theoretical calculations revealed that Mo_(2)C effectively inhibited charge transfer from Fe to the support,while secondary doping of Ni induced a charge transfer reversal,resulting in electron accumulation in the Fe-Ni alloy region.This local electronic structure modulation significantly reduced energy barriers in the oxygen catalysis process,enhancing the catalytic efficiency of both ORR and OER.Consequently,our findings underscore the potential of manipulating charge transfer reversal between the metal and support as a promising strategy for developing highly-active and durable bi-functional oxygen electrodes.展开更多
Time-resolved electron spin resonance has been used to study quenching reactions between the antioxidant Vitamin C （VC） and the triplet excited states of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone （PAQ） in ethylene glycol-water （E...Time-resolved electron spin resonance has been used to study quenching reactions between the antioxidant Vitamin C （VC） and the triplet excited states of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone （PAQ） in ethylene glycol-water （EG-H2O） homogeneous and inhomogeneous reversed micelle solutions. Reversed micelle solutions were used to be the models of physiological environment of biological cell and tissue. In PAQ/EG-H2O homogeneous solution, the excited triplet of PAQ （3PAQ＊） abstracts hydrogen atom from solvent EG. In PAQ/VC/EG-H2O solution, 3pAQ＊ abstracts hydrogen atom not only from solvent EG but also from VC. The quenching rate constant of 3pAQ＊ by VC is close to the diffusion-controlled value of 1.41 × 108 L/（mol.s）. In hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）/EG-H2O and aerosol OT （AOT）/EG- H2O reversed micelle solutions, 3pAQ＊ and VC react around the water-oil interface of the reversed micelle. Exit of 3pAQ＊ from the lipid phase slows down the quenching reaction. For Triton X-100 （TX-100）/EG-H2O reversed micelle solution, PAQ and VC coexist inside the hydrophilic polyethylene glycol core, and the quenching rate constant of 3pAQ＊ by VC is larger than those in AOT/EG-H2O and CTAB/EG-H2O reversed micelle solutions, even a little larger than that in EG-H2O homogeneous solution. The strong emissive chemically induced dynamic electron polarization of As＇- resulted from the effective TM spin polarization transfer in hydrogen abstraction of 3pAQ＊ from VC.展开更多
Hursts rescaled range (R/S) analysis and Wolfs attractor reconstruction technique have been adopted to estimate the local fractal dimensions and the local largest Lyapunov exponents in terms of the time series pressur...Hursts rescaled range (R/S) analysis and Wolfs attractor reconstruction technique have been adopted to estimate the local fractal dimensions and the local largest Lyapunov exponents in terms of the time series pressure fluctuations obtained from a gas liquid solid three phase self aspirated reversed flow jet loop reactor,respectively.The results indicate that the local fractal dimensions and the local largest Lyapunov exponents in both the jet region and the tubular region inside the draft tube increase with the increase in the jet liquid flowrates and the solid loadings,the local fractal dimension profiles are similar to those of the largest Lyapunov exponent,the local largest lyapunov exponents are positive for all cases,and the flow behavior of such a reactor is chaotic.The local nonlinear characteristic parameters such as the local fractal dimension and the local largest Lyapunov exponent could be applied to further study the flow properties such as the flow regime transitions and flow structures of this three phase jet loop reactor.展开更多
The local chaos characteristics of the time series pressure fluctuations of gas liquid two phase flow in a self aspirated reversed flow jet loop reactor are studied by the deterministic chaos analysis technique. It...The local chaos characteristics of the time series pressure fluctuations of gas liquid two phase flow in a self aspirated reversed flow jet loop reactor are studied by the deterministic chaos analysis technique. It is found that the estimated local largest Lyapunov exponent is positive in all cases and the profile is similar to that of the local fractal dimension in this reactor. The positive largest Lyapunov exponent shows that the reactor is a nonlinear chaotic system. The obvious distribution indicates that the local nonlinear characteristic parameters such as the Lyapunov exponent and the fractal dimension could be applied to further study the flow characteristics such as the flow regine transitions and flow structures of the multi phase reactors.展开更多
A new method was used to analyze the factors affecting the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering. The samples were kept at various tempering temperatures for 10 min and their length changes were recorde...A new method was used to analyze the factors affecting the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering. The samples were kept at various tempering temperatures for 10 min and their length changes were recorded. Then, the precipitation of reversed austenite which led to the length reduction was shown by thermal expansion curves. The results show that the effects of process parameters on the precipitation of reversed austenite can be determined more accurately by this method than by X-ray diffraction. When the quenching and tempering process is adopted, both the lower quenching temperature and higher tempering temperature can promote the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering; and when the quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering process is used, intercritical quenching is considered beneficial to the precipitation of reversed austenite in the subsequent tempering because of Ni segregation during holding at the intercritical temperature.展开更多
It has been widely demonstrated that addition of Ni in low-carbon steels can effectively improve the cryogenic toughness, but the mechanism behind it has yet to be clarified. In the present work, the evolutions of mic...It has been widely demonstrated that addition of Ni in low-carbon steels can effectively improve the cryogenic toughness, but the mechanism behind it has yet to be clarified. In the present work, the evolutions of microstructure and mechanical properties after quenching and tempering for Ni-containing cryogenic steels with different Ni contents （3.5-9 wt%） were investigated. The results showed that after quenching and tempering, the Ni-containing cryogenic steels were composed of tempered martensite and reversed austenite. The volume fraction of reversed austenite has increased from 0 up to 6.3% when the Ni content increases from 3.5% to 9%. The Charpy impact tests indicated that the low- temperature toughness was markedly improved with the increase in Ni content, which can be correlated with the increase in reversed austenite amount. The main contribution of reversed austenite to the toughness lies in： （1） the elimination of cementite precipitates improved the plastic deformation capacity of matrix, and （2） the crack propagation is hindered through plastic deformation.展开更多
The effect of different heat treatments on the reversed austenite in Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the microstructure of the steel is composed of tempe...The effect of different heat treatments on the reversed austenite in Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the microstructure of the steel is composed of tempered martensite and diffused reversed austenite after quenching at 1 050 ℃ and tempering from 550 to 750 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite increase with increasing tempering temperature and both of them reach the maximum value at 700 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite decrease when the temperature is above 700 ℃. The transmission electron microscope （TEM） results indicate that the orientation relationship between tempered martensite and reversed austenite belongs to Kurdjmov-Sach （K-S） relationship.展开更多
The effect of compressive stress on the stability of reversed austenite in gNi steel was investigated by uni- axial and hydrostatic compression. It was found that the uniaxial compressive pressure promoted the Υ-α t...The effect of compressive stress on the stability of reversed austenite in gNi steel was investigated by uni- axial and hydrostatic compression. It was found that the uniaxial compressive pressure promoted the Υ-α transformation, while the hydrostatic pressure suppressed the -Υ-α transformation. The pressure dependent transformation behavior can be explained according to thermodynamic analysis.展开更多
Separation of ethane from ethylene is a very important but challenging process in the petrochemical industry.Finding an alternative method would reduce the energy needed to make 170 million tons of ethylene manufactur...Separation of ethane from ethylene is a very important but challenging process in the petrochemical industry.Finding an alternative method would reduce the energy needed to make 170 million tons of ethylene manufactured worldwide each year.Adsorptive separation using C2H6-selective porous materials to directly produce high-purity C2H4 is more energy-efficient.We herein report the"reversed C2H6/C2H4 adsorption"in a metal–organic framework Cr-BTC via the introduction of oxygen on its open metal sites.The oxidized Cr-BTC(O2)can bind C2H6 over C2H4 through the active Cr-superoxo sites,which was elucidated by the gas sorption isotherms and density functional theory calculations.This material thus exhibits a good performance for the separation of 50/50 C2H6/C2H4 mixtures to produce 99.99%pure C2H4 in a single separation operation.展开更多
AIM: To elucidate the natural history and the longitudinal outcomes in cirrhotic patients with non-forward portal flow(NFPF).METHODS: The present retrospective study consisted of 222 cirrhotic patients(120 males and 1...AIM: To elucidate the natural history and the longitudinal outcomes in cirrhotic patients with non-forward portal flow(NFPF).METHODS: The present retrospective study consisted of 222 cirrhotic patients(120 males and 102 females; age, 61.7 ± 11.1 years). The portal hemodynamics were evaluated at baseline and during the observation period using both pulsed and color Doppler ultrasonography. The diameter(mm), flow direction, mean flow velocity(cm/s), and mean flow volume(m L/min) were assessed at the portal trunk, the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein, and the collateral vessels. The average values from 2 to 4 measurements were used for the data analysis. The portal flow direction was defined as follows: forward portal flow(FPF) for continuous hepatopetal flow; bidirectional flow for to-and-fro flow; and reversed flow for continuous hepatofugal flow. The bidirectional flow and the reversed flow were classified as NFPF in this study. The clinical findings and prognosis were compared between the patients with FPF and those with NFPF. The median follow-up period was 40.9 mo(range, 0.3-156.5 mo).RESULTS: Twenty-four patients(10.8%) demonstrated NFPF, accompanied by lower albumin level, worse ChildPugh scores, and model for end-stage liver disease scores. The portal hemodynamic features in the patients with NFPF were smaller diameter of the portal trunk;presence of short gastric vein, splenorenal shunt, or inferior mesenteric vein; and advanced collateral vessels(diameter > 8.7 mm, flow velocity > 10.2 cm/s, and flow volume > 310 m L/min). The cumulative incidence rates of NFPF were 6.5% at 1 year, 14.5% at 3 years, and 23.1% at 5 years. The collateral vessels characterized by flow velocity > 9.5 cm/s and those located at the splenic hilum were significant predictive factors for developing NFPF. The cumulative survival rate was significantly lower in the patients with NFPF(72.2% at 1 year, 38.5% at 3 years, 38.5% at 5 years) than in those with forward portal flow(84.0% at 1 year, 67.8% at 3 years, 54.3% at 5 years, P = 0.0123) using the Child-Pugh B and C classifications.CONCLUSION: NFPF has a significant negative effect on the prognosis of patients with worse liver function reserve, suggesting the need for careful management.展开更多
Single-phase homogeneous Ce1-x ZrxO2 solid versed microemulsion method. The structural properties solutions with various compositions were synthesized using the reand performance of Ce1- xZrxO2 were studied using XRD,...Single-phase homogeneous Ce1-x ZrxO2 solid versed microemulsion method. The structural properties solutions with various compositions were synthesized using the reand performance of Ce1- xZrxO2 were studied using XRD, BET, SEM, HRTEM, TPR and CO oxidation measurements. The results show that in the range of x = 0.4 - 0.5 and x = 0.6 - 1.0, the solid solutions posses the cubic and the tetragonal phase structure, respectively, Solids obtained by the reversed microemulsion method were more homogeneous on the whole range of composition, XRD investigations of the prepared materials did not show segregation of cerium or zirconium oxides, Highly uniform nanosize solid solution particles of ceria-zirconia with high specific area （146.7 m^2·g^-1） were attained under the conditions of this study. The TPR results and CO oxidation measurements indicate that the performance of the CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides is strongly related to the composition and structure of the oxides. Enhancement of the activity was found for the catalyst prepared by reversed microemulsion method as compared to the sample prepared by sol-gel method.展开更多
Disinfection byproduct（DBP）precursors in wastewater during the reversed anaerobic–anoxic–oxic（A^2/O）process,as well as their molecular weight（MW）and polarity-based fractions,were characterized with UV scanning...Disinfection byproduct（DBP）precursors in wastewater during the reversed anaerobic–anoxic–oxic（A^2/O）process,as well as their molecular weight（MW）and polarity-based fractions,were characterized with UV scanning,fluorescence excitation emission matrix,Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Their DBP formation potentials（DBPFPs）after chlorination were further tested.Results indicated that the reversed A^2/O process could not only effectively remove the dissolved organic carbon（DOC）and dissolved total nitrogen in the wastewater,but also affect the MW distribution and hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of dissolved organic matter（DOM）.The accumulation of low MW and hydrophobic（HPO）DOM was possibly due to the formation of soluble microbial product-like（SMP-like）matters in the reversed A^2/O treatment,especially in the anoxic and aerobic processes.Moreover,DOM in the wastewater displayed a high carbonaceous disinfection byproduct formation potential（C-DBPFP）in the fractions of MW100 k Da and MW5 k Da,and revealed an increasing tendency of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation potential（N-DBPFP）with decrease of MW.For polarity-based fractions,the HPO fraction of wastewater showed significantly higher C-DBPFP and N-DBPFP than hydrophilic and transphilic fractions.Therefore,although the reversed A^2/O process could remove most DBP precursors by DOC reduction,it led to the enhancement of DBPFP with the formation and accumulation of low MW and HPO DOM.In addition,strong correlations between C-DBPFPs and SUVA,and between N-DBPFPs and DON/DOC,were observed in the wastewater,which might be helpful for DBPFP prediction in wastewater and reclaimed water chlorination.展开更多
In this article, the influence factors of trypsin extracted from crude pancreatin was investigated, and scanning turmeling microscope（STM） was used to observe the image of trypsin in butane-diacid-2-ethyl-hexyl-este...In this article, the influence factors of trypsin extracted from crude pancreatin was investigated, and scanning turmeling microscope（STM） was used to observe the image of trypsin in butane-diacid-2-ethyl-hexyl-ester-sulfonic sodium （AOT）/iso-octane reversed micelles. The STM image showed that trypsins bounded in reversed micelles was rigid, which weakened its conjugative effect and caused maximum ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence emissive absorption moving toward blue waves. AOT concentration, pH and cations were the main influence factors of extraction. Specifically, extraction percentage of trypsin decreased with the increase of AOT concentration from 0.01 to 0.1mol·L^-1. When pH value is from 5.30 to 10.0, i.e. less than pI of trypsin, the extraction percentage is raised with the different increase of pI-pH, but when the pH value is less than 5.20, the extraction percentage is decreased with the acidity added. Besides, the extraction efficiency is negative, related with the concentrations of Ca^2＋, Na^＋, K^＋ which were in the range of 0.2-1.0mol.L^-1, and influence of concentration of Ca^2＋ is greater than that of Na^＋, and K^＋ which has the minimum impact with the same concentration. Finally, optimum conditions to extract trypsin were： AOT reversed micelles 0.05mol·L^-1, trypsin concentration in crude pancreatin solution 3mg·ml^-1, pH 5.2-- 5.3, ratio （by volume） of extraction phase to strip-extraction phase 1 ： 1, and time of 5min. The corresponding percentage of extraction was 22.7% and specific activity was 78.9 N-benzoyl-L-arginlne ethyl ester （BAEE） U·mg^-1 protein, three times than that in crude pancreatin. There was no lipase and amylopsin activity was decreased to 1/5 of crude pancreatin. Partly purifying solution was treated by condition mentioned above with 0.05mol·L^-1 ceryl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide （CTAB）, total extraction percentage of trypsin was 74.18% and specific activity was 3148.3 BAEE U·mg^-1, i.e. 48.16 times purer than that in crude pancreatin. Through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and image analysis of extracted product, there were only three bands in the trypsin, while seven in crude pancreatin, and electrophoresis location of main bend was almost identical with the standard enzyme.展开更多
基金supported by the Guangdong high level Innovation Research Institute(Grant No.2021B0909050006).
文摘Because of their remarkable properties,room-temperature ionic liquids(RTILs)are used widely in electrochemistry,fuel cells,supercapacitors,and even DNA sequencing,and many of these applications involve the transport of RTILs in nanoscale media.Particularly for single-molecule detection,the RTIL must be mixed with a solvent(e.g.,water)so that the electrolyte has both high viscosity and conductivity to obtain excellent signals.If a RTIL contains a quantity of water in bulk,this has a significant effect on its properties(e.g.,the electrochemical window),thereby limiting some applications.However,the physicochemical properties of RTILs containing water in nanoconfined spaces remain unclear,especially their ionic transport behavior.Therefore,reported here is a study of the ionic transport behavior of mixed RTIL/water solutions at the nanoscale using a single conical nanochannel as a nanofluidic platform.The conductivity of the mixtures in the nanoconfined space was closely related to the nanochannel size,and highly diluted mixed solutions resulted in a nonlinear rectificationreversed current,which was possibly due to the adsorption of cations on the nanochannel wall.The maximum rectification ratio was 114,showing excellent rectification that could be used to realize newly conceptualized nanofluidic diodes.In summary,this work provides an exhaustive understanding of the nonlinear ion transport of RTIL/water mixtures and a theoretical foundation for applying RTILs in energy storage and conversion and bio-sensing.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0790000)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2022HSC-CIP008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12275236 and 12261131622)。
文摘A nonlinear saturation mechanism for reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)is proposed and analyzed,and is shown to be of relevance to typical reactor parameter region.The saturation is achieved through the generation of high-frequency quasi-mode due to nonlinear coupling of two RSAEs,which is then damped due to coupling with the shear Alfvén continuum,and leads to the nonlinear saturation of the primary RSAEs.An estimation of the nonlinear damping rate is also provided.
基金financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Developing Scheme of Jilin Province under grants no.20220402012GHthe National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants no.U21A20323+3 种基金the Capital Construction Fund within the Budget of Jilin Province no.2021C038-1the Special high-tech industrialization project of science and technology cooperation between Jilin Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences under grant no.2021SYHZ0043 and 2022SYHZ0038the Major science and technology projects of Jilin Province and Changchun City under grant no.20210301024GXthe Project for Jilin provincial department of education under grant no.JJKH20220760KJ。
文摘This work reports an exceptional reversed yield strength asymmetry at room temperature for a rare-earth free magnesium alloy containing a mass of fine dispersed quasicrystal(I-phase)precipitates.Although exhibiting traditional basal texture,it owns an exceptional CYS/TYS as high as~1.17.Electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)examinations indicate pyramidal and prismatic dislocations plus tensile twinning being activated after immediate yielding in compression while basal and non-basal dislocations in tension.I-phase particles transferred the concentrated stress by self-twinning to provide the driving force for tensile twin initiating in neighboring grains,thereby significantly increasing the critical resolved shear stress of tensile twinning to possibly the level of pyramidal slip,finally leading to the dominance of pyramidal slip plus tensile twinning in texture grains.This results in a higher contribution on yield strength by~55 MPa in compression than in tension,which reasonably agrees with the experimental yield strength difference(~38 MPa).It can be concluded that I-phase particles influence deformation modes in tension and in compression,finally result in reversed yield strength asymmetry.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(Nos.2022YFE03100000 and 2017YFE0301701)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375226,11875255,11635008,11375188 and 11975231)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.wk34200000022)。
文摘A new compact torus injector(KTX-CTI)has been built for injection experiments on the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)reversed field pinch(RFP).The aim is to study the fundamental physics governing the compact torus(CT)central fueling processes.In experiments conducted under the sole influence of a 0.1 T toroidal magnetic field,the injected CT successfully penetrated the entire toroidal magnetic field,reaching the inner wall of the KTX vacuum vessel.Upon reaching the inner wall,the CT diffused both radially outward and toroidally within the vessel at a discernible diffusion speed.Moreover,the inherent helicity within the CT induced a modest KTX plasma current of 200 A,consistent with predictions based on helicity conservation.CT injection demonstrated the capability to initiate KTX discharges at low loop voltages,suggesting its potential as a pre-ionization and current startup technique.During RFP discharges featuring CT injection,the central plasma density was found to exceed the Greenwald density limit,with more peaked density profiles,indicating the predominant confinement of CT plasma within the core region of the KTX bulk plasma.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175227 and 12375226)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program of China(No.2022YFE03100004)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.USTC 20210079)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2022HSC-CIP022)。
文摘In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures,magnetic islands,and chaotic regions.It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure.To address this issue,we introduce KTX3DFit,a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)RFP.KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code(SPEC)to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments.KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states,including axisymmetric,doubleaxis helical(DAx),and single-helical-axis(SHAx)states.Notably,this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12205251, 12275236 and 12261131622)Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Project (No. CN23GR02)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2019YFE03020003 and 2017YFE0301900)Users of Excellence program of Hefei Science Center CAS (No. 2021HSC-UE016)funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (No. 101052200–EUROfusion)
文摘In a tokamak fusion reactor operated at steady state,the equilibrium magnetic field is likely to have reversed shear in the core region,as the noninductive bootstrap current profile generally peaks off-axis.The reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)as a unique branch of the shear Alfvén wave in this equilibrium,can exist with a broad spectrum in wavenumber and frequency,and be resonantly driven unstable by energetic particles(EP).After briefly discussing the RSAE linear properties in burning plasma condition,we review several key topics of the nonlinear dynamics for the RSAE through both wave-EP resonance and wave-wave coupling channels,and illustrate their potentially important role in reactor-scale fusion plasmas.By means of simplified hybrid MHD-kinetic simulations,the RSAEs are shown to have typically broad phase space resonance structure with both circulating and trapped EP,as results of weak/vanishing magnetic shear and relatively low frequency.Through the route of wave-EP nonlinearity,the dominant saturation mechanism is mainly due to the transported resonant EP radially decoupling with the localized RSAE mode structure,and the resultant EP transport generally has a convective feature.The saturated RSAEs also undergo various nonlinear couplings with other collective oscillations.Two typical routes as parametric decay and modulational instability are studied using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory,and applied to the scenario of spontaneous excitation by a finite amplitude pump RSAE.Multiple RSAEs could naturally couple and induce the spectral energy cascade into a low frequency Alfvénic mode,which may effectively transfer the EP energy to fuel ions via collisionless Landau damping.Moreover,zero frequency zonal field structure could be spontaneously excited by modulation of the pump RSAE envelope,and may also lead to saturation of the pump RSAE by both scattering into stable domain and local distortion of the continuum structure.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175226)。
文摘Field reversed configuration(FRC)is widely considered as an ideal target plasma for magnetoinertial fusion.However,its confinement and stability,both proportional to the radius,will deteriorate inevitably during radial compression.Hence,we propose a new fusion approach based on axial compression of a large-sized FRC.The axial compression can be made by plasma jets or plasmoids converging onto the axial ends of the FRC.The parameter space that can reach the ignition condition while preserving the FRC's overall quality is studied using a numerical model based on different FRC confinement scalings.It is found that ignition is possible for a large FRC that can be achieved with the current FRC formation techniques if compression ratio is greater than 50.A more realistic compression is to combine axial with moderate radial compression,which is also presented and calculated in this work.
基金financially supported by the Outstanding Youth Scientific Research Project for Colleges and Universities of Anhui Province of China (2022AH020054)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2208085Y06)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21975001 and U2002213)the Support Program of Excellent Young Talents in Anhui Provincial Colleges and Universities (gxyq ZD2022034)the Double Tops Joint Fund of the Yunnan Science and Technology Bureau and Yunnan University (2019FY003025)。
文摘The interaction between metal and support is critical in oxygen catalysis as it governs the charge transfer between these two entities,influences the electronic structures of the supported metal,affects the adsorption energies of reaction intermediates,and ultimately impacts the catalytic performance.In this study,we discovered a unique charge transfer reversal phenomenon in a metal/carbon nanohybrid system.Specifically,electrons were transferred from the metal-based species to N-doped carbon,while the carbon support reciprocally donated electrons to the metal domain upon the introduction of nickel.This led to the exceptional electrocatalytic performances of the resulting Ni-Fe/Mo_(2)C@nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst,with a half-wave potential of 0.91 V towards oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and a low overpotential of 290 m V at 10 mA cm^(-2)towards oxygen evolution reaction(OER)under alkaline conditions.Additionally,the Fe-Ni/Mo_(2)C@carbon heterojunction catalyst demonstrated high specific capacity(794 mA h g_(Zn)~(-1))and excellent cycling stability(200 h)in a Zn-air battery.Theoretical calculations revealed that Mo_(2)C effectively inhibited charge transfer from Fe to the support,while secondary doping of Ni induced a charge transfer reversal,resulting in electron accumulation in the Fe-Ni alloy region.This local electronic structure modulation significantly reduced energy barriers in the oxygen catalysis process,enhancing the catalytic efficiency of both ORR and OER.Consequently,our findings underscore the potential of manipulating charge transfer reversal between the metal and support as a promising strategy for developing highly-active and durable bi-functional oxygen electrodes.
基金ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.20903004） and the Science Foundation of the Education Committee of Anhui Province （No.J2010A145）. We are grateful to professor Li-min Zhang for his help in transient absorptive spectrum measurement.
文摘Time-resolved electron spin resonance has been used to study quenching reactions between the antioxidant Vitamin C （VC） and the triplet excited states of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone （PAQ） in ethylene glycol-water （EG-H2O） homogeneous and inhomogeneous reversed micelle solutions. Reversed micelle solutions were used to be the models of physiological environment of biological cell and tissue. In PAQ/EG-H2O homogeneous solution, the excited triplet of PAQ （3PAQ＊） abstracts hydrogen atom from solvent EG. In PAQ/VC/EG-H2O solution, 3pAQ＊ abstracts hydrogen atom not only from solvent EG but also from VC. The quenching rate constant of 3pAQ＊ by VC is close to the diffusion-controlled value of 1.41 × 108 L/（mol.s）. In hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）/EG-H2O and aerosol OT （AOT）/EG- H2O reversed micelle solutions, 3pAQ＊ and VC react around the water-oil interface of the reversed micelle. Exit of 3pAQ＊ from the lipid phase slows down the quenching reaction. For Triton X-100 （TX-100）/EG-H2O reversed micelle solution, PAQ and VC coexist inside the hydrophilic polyethylene glycol core, and the quenching rate constant of 3pAQ＊ by VC is larger than those in AOT/EG-H2O and CTAB/EG-H2O reversed micelle solutions, even a little larger than that in EG-H2O homogeneous solution. The strong emissive chemically induced dynamic electron polarization of As＇- resulted from the effective TM spin polarization transfer in hydrogen abstraction of 3pAQ＊ from VC.
文摘Hursts rescaled range (R/S) analysis and Wolfs attractor reconstruction technique have been adopted to estimate the local fractal dimensions and the local largest Lyapunov exponents in terms of the time series pressure fluctuations obtained from a gas liquid solid three phase self aspirated reversed flow jet loop reactor,respectively.The results indicate that the local fractal dimensions and the local largest Lyapunov exponents in both the jet region and the tubular region inside the draft tube increase with the increase in the jet liquid flowrates and the solid loadings,the local fractal dimension profiles are similar to those of the largest Lyapunov exponent,the local largest lyapunov exponents are positive for all cases,and the flow behavior of such a reactor is chaotic.The local nonlinear characteristic parameters such as the local fractal dimension and the local largest Lyapunov exponent could be applied to further study the flow properties such as the flow regime transitions and flow structures of this three phase jet loop reactor.
文摘The local chaos characteristics of the time series pressure fluctuations of gas liquid two phase flow in a self aspirated reversed flow jet loop reactor are studied by the deterministic chaos analysis technique. It is found that the estimated local largest Lyapunov exponent is positive in all cases and the profile is similar to that of the local fractal dimension in this reactor. The positive largest Lyapunov exponent shows that the reactor is a nonlinear chaotic system. The obvious distribution indicates that the local nonlinear characteristic parameters such as the Lyapunov exponent and the fractal dimension could be applied to further study the flow characteristics such as the flow regine transitions and flow structures of the multi phase reactors.
文摘A new method was used to analyze the factors affecting the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering. The samples were kept at various tempering temperatures for 10 min and their length changes were recorded. Then, the precipitation of reversed austenite which led to the length reduction was shown by thermal expansion curves. The results show that the effects of process parameters on the precipitation of reversed austenite can be determined more accurately by this method than by X-ray diffraction. When the quenching and tempering process is adopted, both the lower quenching temperature and higher tempering temperature can promote the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering; and when the quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering process is used, intercritical quenching is considered beneficial to the precipitation of reversed austenite in the subsequent tempering because of Ni segregation during holding at the intercritical temperature.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N120807001)the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)(No.2007 AA03Z504)
文摘It has been widely demonstrated that addition of Ni in low-carbon steels can effectively improve the cryogenic toughness, but the mechanism behind it has yet to be clarified. In the present work, the evolutions of microstructure and mechanical properties after quenching and tempering for Ni-containing cryogenic steels with different Ni contents （3.5-9 wt%） were investigated. The results showed that after quenching and tempering, the Ni-containing cryogenic steels were composed of tempered martensite and reversed austenite. The volume fraction of reversed austenite has increased from 0 up to 6.3% when the Ni content increases from 3.5% to 9%. The Charpy impact tests indicated that the low- temperature toughness was markedly improved with the increase in Ni content, which can be correlated with the increase in reversed austenite amount. The main contribution of reversed austenite to the toughness lies in： （1） the elimination of cementite precipitates improved the plastic deformation capacity of matrix, and （2） the crack propagation is hindered through plastic deformation.
文摘The effect of different heat treatments on the reversed austenite in Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the microstructure of the steel is composed of tempered martensite and diffused reversed austenite after quenching at 1 050 ℃ and tempering from 550 to 750 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite increase with increasing tempering temperature and both of them reach the maximum value at 700 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite decrease when the temperature is above 700 ℃. The transmission electron microscope （TEM） results indicate that the orientation relationship between tempered martensite and reversed austenite belongs to Kurdjmov-Sach （K-S） relationship.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.50871110
文摘The effect of compressive stress on the stability of reversed austenite in gNi steel was investigated by uni- axial and hydrostatic compression. It was found that the uniaxial compressive pressure promoted the Υ-α transformation, while the hydrostatic pressure suppressed the -Υ-α transformation. The pressure dependent transformation behavior can be explained according to thermodynamic analysis.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21606163 and 21878205)Coal Bed Methane Joint Foundation of Shanxi(2016012006)+2 种基金Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion(J18-19-610)Welch Foundation(grant AX-1730)the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program(DSFP)at KSU.
文摘Separation of ethane from ethylene is a very important but challenging process in the petrochemical industry.Finding an alternative method would reduce the energy needed to make 170 million tons of ethylene manufactured worldwide each year.Adsorptive separation using C2H6-selective porous materials to directly produce high-purity C2H4 is more energy-efficient.We herein report the"reversed C2H6/C2H4 adsorption"in a metal–organic framework Cr-BTC via the introduction of oxygen on its open metal sites.The oxidized Cr-BTC(O2)can bind C2H6 over C2H4 through the active Cr-superoxo sites,which was elucidated by the gas sorption isotherms and density functional theory calculations.This material thus exhibits a good performance for the separation of 50/50 C2H6/C2H4 mixtures to produce 99.99%pure C2H4 in a single separation operation.
文摘AIM: To elucidate the natural history and the longitudinal outcomes in cirrhotic patients with non-forward portal flow(NFPF).METHODS: The present retrospective study consisted of 222 cirrhotic patients(120 males and 102 females; age, 61.7 ± 11.1 years). The portal hemodynamics were evaluated at baseline and during the observation period using both pulsed and color Doppler ultrasonography. The diameter(mm), flow direction, mean flow velocity(cm/s), and mean flow volume(m L/min) were assessed at the portal trunk, the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein, and the collateral vessels. The average values from 2 to 4 measurements were used for the data analysis. The portal flow direction was defined as follows: forward portal flow(FPF) for continuous hepatopetal flow; bidirectional flow for to-and-fro flow; and reversed flow for continuous hepatofugal flow. The bidirectional flow and the reversed flow were classified as NFPF in this study. The clinical findings and prognosis were compared between the patients with FPF and those with NFPF. The median follow-up period was 40.9 mo(range, 0.3-156.5 mo).RESULTS: Twenty-four patients(10.8%) demonstrated NFPF, accompanied by lower albumin level, worse ChildPugh scores, and model for end-stage liver disease scores. The portal hemodynamic features in the patients with NFPF were smaller diameter of the portal trunk;presence of short gastric vein, splenorenal shunt, or inferior mesenteric vein; and advanced collateral vessels(diameter > 8.7 mm, flow velocity > 10.2 cm/s, and flow volume > 310 m L/min). The cumulative incidence rates of NFPF were 6.5% at 1 year, 14.5% at 3 years, and 23.1% at 5 years. The collateral vessels characterized by flow velocity > 9.5 cm/s and those located at the splenic hilum were significant predictive factors for developing NFPF. The cumulative survival rate was significantly lower in the patients with NFPF(72.2% at 1 year, 38.5% at 3 years, 38.5% at 5 years) than in those with forward portal flow(84.0% at 1 year, 67.8% at 3 years, 54.3% at 5 years, P = 0.0123) using the Child-Pugh B and C classifications.CONCLUSION: NFPF has a significant negative effect on the prognosis of patients with worse liver function reserve, suggesting the need for careful management.
文摘Single-phase homogeneous Ce1-x ZrxO2 solid versed microemulsion method. The structural properties solutions with various compositions were synthesized using the reand performance of Ce1- xZrxO2 were studied using XRD, BET, SEM, HRTEM, TPR and CO oxidation measurements. The results show that in the range of x = 0.4 - 0.5 and x = 0.6 - 1.0, the solid solutions posses the cubic and the tetragonal phase structure, respectively, Solids obtained by the reversed microemulsion method were more homogeneous on the whole range of composition, XRD investigations of the prepared materials did not show segregation of cerium or zirconium oxides, Highly uniform nanosize solid solution particles of ceria-zirconia with high specific area （146.7 m^2·g^-1） were attained under the conditions of this study. The TPR results and CO oxidation measurements indicate that the performance of the CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides is strongly related to the composition and structure of the oxides. Enhancement of the activity was found for the catalyst prepared by reversed microemulsion method as compared to the sample prepared by sol-gel method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21207050)the Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province, China (No. BK2012120)+1 种基金the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Science and Technology Major Project of China (No. 2014ZX07305003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. JUSRP1703XNC)
文摘Disinfection byproduct（DBP）precursors in wastewater during the reversed anaerobic–anoxic–oxic（A^2/O）process,as well as their molecular weight（MW）and polarity-based fractions,were characterized with UV scanning,fluorescence excitation emission matrix,Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Their DBP formation potentials（DBPFPs）after chlorination were further tested.Results indicated that the reversed A^2/O process could not only effectively remove the dissolved organic carbon（DOC）and dissolved total nitrogen in the wastewater,but also affect the MW distribution and hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of dissolved organic matter（DOM）.The accumulation of low MW and hydrophobic（HPO）DOM was possibly due to the formation of soluble microbial product-like（SMP-like）matters in the reversed A^2/O treatment,especially in the anoxic and aerobic processes.Moreover,DOM in the wastewater displayed a high carbonaceous disinfection byproduct formation potential（C-DBPFP）in the fractions of MW100 k Da and MW5 k Da,and revealed an increasing tendency of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation potential（N-DBPFP）with decrease of MW.For polarity-based fractions,the HPO fraction of wastewater showed significantly higher C-DBPFP and N-DBPFP than hydrophilic and transphilic fractions.Therefore,although the reversed A^2/O process could remove most DBP precursors by DOC reduction,it led to the enhancement of DBPFP with the formation and accumulation of low MW and HPO DOM.In addition,strong correlations between C-DBPFPs and SUVA,and between N-DBPFPs and DON/DOC,were observed in the wastewater,which might be helpful for DBPFP prediction in wastewater and reclaimed water chlorination.
文摘In this article, the influence factors of trypsin extracted from crude pancreatin was investigated, and scanning turmeling microscope（STM） was used to observe the image of trypsin in butane-diacid-2-ethyl-hexyl-ester-sulfonic sodium （AOT）/iso-octane reversed micelles. The STM image showed that trypsins bounded in reversed micelles was rigid, which weakened its conjugative effect and caused maximum ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence emissive absorption moving toward blue waves. AOT concentration, pH and cations were the main influence factors of extraction. Specifically, extraction percentage of trypsin decreased with the increase of AOT concentration from 0.01 to 0.1mol·L^-1. When pH value is from 5.30 to 10.0, i.e. less than pI of trypsin, the extraction percentage is raised with the different increase of pI-pH, but when the pH value is less than 5.20, the extraction percentage is decreased with the acidity added. Besides, the extraction efficiency is negative, related with the concentrations of Ca^2＋, Na^＋, K^＋ which were in the range of 0.2-1.0mol.L^-1, and influence of concentration of Ca^2＋ is greater than that of Na^＋, and K^＋ which has the minimum impact with the same concentration. Finally, optimum conditions to extract trypsin were： AOT reversed micelles 0.05mol·L^-1, trypsin concentration in crude pancreatin solution 3mg·ml^-1, pH 5.2-- 5.3, ratio （by volume） of extraction phase to strip-extraction phase 1 ： 1, and time of 5min. The corresponding percentage of extraction was 22.7% and specific activity was 78.9 N-benzoyl-L-arginlne ethyl ester （BAEE） U·mg^-1 protein, three times than that in crude pancreatin. There was no lipase and amylopsin activity was decreased to 1/5 of crude pancreatin. Partly purifying solution was treated by condition mentioned above with 0.05mol·L^-1 ceryl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide （CTAB）, total extraction percentage of trypsin was 74.18% and specific activity was 3148.3 BAEE U·mg^-1, i.e. 48.16 times purer than that in crude pancreatin. Through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and image analysis of extracted product, there were only three bands in the trypsin, while seven in crude pancreatin, and electrophoresis location of main bend was almost identical with the standard enzyme.
