On July 24th, Lectra's Board of Directors, chaired by Daniel Harari, reviewed the consolidated financial statements for the first half of 2025, which have been subject to a limited review by the Statutory Auditors.
Corporate taxation is seen as the price of investing in a country, that is, the price either for the right to do business within the jurisdiction or for the supply of public goods. If consumption of that right or thos...Corporate taxation is seen as the price of investing in a country, that is, the price either for the right to do business within the jurisdiction or for the supply of public goods. If consumption of that right or those public goods is mobile between jurisdictions and price competition ensues which will force prices together. Also, in the case of high tax regimes, a fall in the tax burden would be anticipated. In other words, countries will spontaneously harmonize their tax systems or face the loss of intemational investment and the disadvantages they bring.展开更多
On May 25, 2011, ZTE Corporation announced at the ZTE Analysts Conference that it hopes to venture into the IT industry by taking advantage of cloud computing.
Hydrocarbon exploration that recently took place in the Canary Islands has triggered a controversy over the compatibility between these activities and tourism. Such exploration was strongly rejected by the region, whi...Hydrocarbon exploration that recently took place in the Canary Islands has triggered a controversy over the compatibility between these activities and tourism. Such exploration was strongly rejected by the region, while being supported by the Spanish government. Many environmental and economic impacts of hydrocarbon extraction were explored, except the fiscal revenues, which represent the main benefit for the producing economies. In this paper, the author addresses this missing piece in the controversy, namely, the assessment of fiscal revenues from hydrocarbons for the Canary Islands. To evaluate these revenues, the author estimates an oilfield production profile, constructs oil and gas price scenarios, and considers the new Spanish tax on hydrocarbons. The estimates are also placed in the socio-economic context of the archipelago. The results show less than overwhelming annual fiscal revenues, below 0.7% of GDP, 10.4% of current public transfers to the region, and 5% of current public spending in 2015. These revenues could be welcome, as the region lags behind the rest of the nation in living standards. However, these benefits from exhaustible resources must be compared to the potential damage to the tourism sector, which has been a long-standing economic driving force for the archipelago.展开更多
This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers＇ income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of t...This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers＇ income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of the reform did not lead to a corresponding decrease in local fiscal revenues. At the same time, farmers＇ income slightly decreased. In the second 5 years of the reform, the tax rate was reduced to zero. This time, local fiscal revenues decreased linearly with the tax cuts, and farmers＇ income increased by 17.8 %. The link between the actual fiscal revenue reduction and farmers＇ income suggests that merely changing the nominal level of taxation does not necessarily increase farmers＇ income. Rather, the complete implementation of the reform relates crucially to curbing local governments＇ unauthorized extractions.展开更多
The Indian aviation sector has undergone remarkable growth,driven by the emergence of low-cost carriers and diverse business models.This has resulted in a surge in passenger numbers and aircraft orders,establishing In...The Indian aviation sector has undergone remarkable growth,driven by the emergence of low-cost carriers and diverse business models.This has resulted in a surge in passenger numbers and aircraft orders,establishing India as a vibrant global aviation market.However,this rapid expansion is accompanied by significant financial challenges,leading to distress and insolvency among numerous airlines.Despite optimistic growth forecasts,high operating costs and relatively low revenue returns pose substantial hurdles.Motivated by these challenges,this study aims to uncover the key factors influencing revenue generation in the Indian aviation industry by analysing expenditure components and their impacts on costs.The objective of this study is to address the research gap stemming from the lack of previous studies on Indian airlines that address endogeneity issues related to airline expenditures.By utilising data from 2007 to 2022 sourced from the audited annual reports of each airline,we aim to provide essential insights into the revenue dynamics of Indian airlines through the application of various econometric models including instrumental variables(IV)regression and generalised method of moments(GMM)models for improving causality and addressing endogeneity.Our findings reveal a positive correlation between unit revenue and factors such as unit expenditure,staffnumbers,and passenger volume,while also highlighting the positive impacts of airline alliances and regional connectivity schemes.This research not only sheds light on industry intricacies but also underscores the imperative to address key variables to enhance the sector’s sustainability and resilience in the face of ongoing challenges,offering valuable contributions to both academia and industry stakeholders for informed decision-making and strategic planning.展开更多
Tourism industry has become a pillar industry,which is used to measure the general economic development of Sanya.According to the latest data related with Sanya tourism(2008–2019),a linear regression model is establi...Tourism industry has become a pillar industry,which is used to measure the general economic development of Sanya.According to the latest data related with Sanya tourism(2008–2019),a linear regression model is established in this paper.With statistical method,it takes the annual tourism revenue of Sanya as the explanatory variable and the number of domestic tourists received by Sanya as the explanatory variable.Based on the model,the results of econometric analysis on the factors influencing Sanya tourism revenue show that the number of domestic tourists is the main influence factors of tourism revenue in Sanya.展开更多
The Spring Festival release of“Nezha 2”in 2025 has seen its popularity soar,with box office revenues climbing at a breathtaking pace,as if riding on the Wind-Fire Wheels and repeatedly breaking records,ultimately cl...The Spring Festival release of“Nezha 2”in 2025 has seen its popularity soar,with box office revenues climbing at a breathtaking pace,as if riding on the Wind-Fire Wheels and repeatedly breaking records,ultimately claiming the top spot in global animated film box office rankings.展开更多
CHINA Holiday Travel Boosts Economy From misty mountains to centuries-old towns,destinations across China brimmed with visitors during the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival holiday,one of the year’s busiest travel...CHINA Holiday Travel Boosts Economy From misty mountains to centuries-old towns,destinations across China brimmed with visitors during the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival holiday,one of the year’s busiest travel periods.The eight-day break saw 888 million domestic trips,123 million more than in 2024,according to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.Domestic tourism revenue reached 809 billion yuan($113.8 billion),up 108 billion yuan($15.2 billion)year on year,turning the holiday into a vivid display of both travel enthusiasm and economic vitality.展开更多
Taihu Snow (838262) is a home textile manufacturing company listed on the Beijing Stock Exchange in 2022.It is a bedding manufacturer focusing on silk products.The company was esta blished on May 18,2006,Centered arou...Taihu Snow (838262) is a home textile manufacturing company listed on the Beijing Stock Exchange in 2022.It is a bedding manufacturer focusing on silk products.The company was esta blished on May 18,2006,Centered around the"Taihu Snow"brand,its products cover suite products (such as pillowcases,quilt covers,sheets),quilt cores,silk scarves and otheremerging retail products.展开更多
Marvel is not the only cartoon marvel.In mid-Febuary,Ne Zha 2,China’s mythology-based animated blockbuster,jumped to the list of the top 10 highest-grossing films of all time globally,with its dizzying RMB 12 billion...Marvel is not the only cartoon marvel.In mid-Febuary,Ne Zha 2,China’s mythology-based animated blockbuster,jumped to the list of the top 10 highest-grossing films of all time globally,with its dizzying RMB 12 billion box-office earning.China’s burgeoning film industry is another indicator of the vitality of its economy,besides its stars like electric vehicles,smart phones and DeepSeek.The 2025 Spring Festival holiday from January 28 to February 4 not only saw a record number of moviegoers,but also a record box-office revenue of more than RMB 10 billion.The consumption market,part and parcel of the booming festival economy,also witnessed record revenue from guochao products-trendy merchandise inspired by traditional culture,tourism services,particularly those related to intangible cultural heritage experiences,and the ice and snow sports and entertainment sector.Fueled by digital transition,new consumption models and business modes are mushrooming,unleashing the the economic potential.This issue’s Special Report takes a close look at the festival economy,parsing the reasons behind.展开更多
PRIVATE SECTOR A KEY GROWTH DRIVER China Economic Weekly 28 February China’s economy is currently at a critical stage of transformation and upgrading.Spurring private investment has become a key task in driving the d...PRIVATE SECTOR A KEY GROWTH DRIVER China Economic Weekly 28 February China’s economy is currently at a critical stage of transformation and upgrading.Spurring private investment has become a key task in driving the development of the private sector,which holds significant importance for stabilising economic growth and fostering innovation.Since the reform and opening up,China’s private economy has grown into a formidable force from a modest presence.It contributes over 50 percent of total tax revenue and import-export volume,and more than 80 percent of urban employment.Private investment has accounted for over 50 percent of China’s total investment since 2012.In the manufacturing sector,private investment exceeds 80 percent.展开更多
The implementation of the new revenue standard has a far-reaching impact on the accounting treatment of insurance enterprises,and the application of contract settlement accounts,as the key to connect business and fina...The implementation of the new revenue standard has a far-reaching impact on the accounting treatment of insurance enterprises,and the application of contract settlement accounts,as the key to connect business and financial accounting,needs to be standardized.This paper analyzes the core requirements of the new revenue standard,combines the special characteristics of insurance contracts with both service and financial attributes,and explains the logic of setting up and accounting methods of secondary accounts,such as insurance service income and investment component apportionment.In view of the practical pain points such as variable consideration apportionment and reclassification of inter-period contracts,the paper proposes strategies for system upgrading and internal control strengthening.The study shows that standardizing the application of accounts can help enterprises implement the requirements of the standard and improve the quality of financial information.展开更多
On January 3:Hubei Xianhe New Materials Co.,Ltd.Phase I project was officially put into production,with a total investment of 10 billion CNY and a planned pulp and paper production capacity of 2.5 million tons per yea...On January 3:Hubei Xianhe New Materials Co.,Ltd.Phase I project was officially put into production,with a total investment of 10 billion CNY and a planned pulp and paper production capacity of 2.5 million tons per year.On January 10:The pulp and paper project of Huatai Group is accelerating construction.With a total investment of 10.2 billion CNY,after completion,Huatai's newsprint production capacity will be reduced from 1.4 million tons per year to 400000 tons per year,while cultural paper capacity will increase from 100000 tons per yeart to 1.6 million tons per year,achieving annual sales revenue of 19 billion CNY and profits and taxes of 3.2 billion CNY.展开更多
Recovering waste heat is essential for primary energy savings and carbon emission reduction.To provide direct and reliable suggestions for factories to recover waste heat,energetic,economic and exergoeconomic comparis...Recovering waste heat is essential for primary energy savings and carbon emission reduction.To provide direct and reliable suggestions for factories to recover waste heat,energetic,economic and exergoeconomic comparison between direct heat exchange(DHE)and open-cycle mechanical heat pump(MHP)under various operating conditions is carried out in this work.The price ratios R_(ES)(electricity to steam)and R_(HS)(hot water to steam)are introduced to quantify regional impacts and conduct quantitative analysis.A semi-empirical formula is obtained to explore the exergoeconomic performance of the two systems.For waste heat within 373.15-423.15 K,the exergy efficiency of the DHE with a temperature difference of 10-90 K is always lower than that of the MHP with a temperature lift of 10-50 K.The economic performance of the two systems has a break-even point,depending on the operating parameters and relative prices of electricity,steam,and hot water.Under the average R_(ES)(3.8)in China,if R_(HS)is higher than 0.748,the annual revenue of the DHE is always higher,whereas the MHP is more economical when R_(HS)is lower than 0.110.In regions where R_(ES)is higher than 4.353,the annual revenue of the MHP will be negative in some cases.展开更多
After Donald Trump returned to the White House,the U.S.government launched a host of measures of“tariff wars”.In addition to announcing tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Canada,Mexico and China,the...After Donald Trump returned to the White House,the U.S.government launched a host of measures of“tariff wars”.In addition to announcing tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Canada,Mexico and China,the government also imposed trade restrictions on specific industries including steel,aluminum and copper,as well as advanced plan for“reciprocal tariffs”.Donald Trump claimed that a“tariff war”would correct trade imbalances,boost government revenue and promote the reshoring of manufacturing to the United States.By leveraging tariffs,the U.S.also attempts to achieve goals in border security,illegal immigration and fentanyl control.Undoubtedly at a central position in Trump’s second term in office,the“tariff war”will exert impacts far beyond economic and trade policies and upon the direction of China-U.S.relations.展开更多
Decoupling of revenues with network traffic and extreme penetration of expenses in wireless network leads to the critical situation for wireless service providers (WSP), as more wireless network is complex due to its ...Decoupling of revenues with network traffic and extreme penetration of expenses in wireless network leads to the critical situation for wireless service providers (WSP), as more wireless network is complex due to its heterogeneity in the context of planning, software & hardware installation, radio parameters setting, drive testing, optimization, healing and maintenance. These operations are time-consuming, labor & budget-intensive and error-prone if activated manually. Hence new approaches have to be designed and applied to meet those demands in a cost-effective way, Self-organizing networks (SON), is a promising approach to handle manual tasks with autonomous manners. More specifically the self-directed functions (self-planning, self-deployment, self-configuration, self-optimization and self-healing) are aid to reduce capital expenditure (CAPEX), implementation expenditure (IMPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX). In this study, first we investigate the aforementioned impact factors of cost combined with self-functions. Then, we analyze the relative cost benefits causing from deploying the SON functions, using the economical method to have more precise results concerning those potential benefits. At last, the result shows that there is a significant difference in expenses and revenues of WSP with and without SON after enabling self-functions in wireless network.展开更多
The concept of higher education development allowing universities to make full contribution to the Lisbon Strategy, assumes an increased competitiveness of European universities. Such increase should result in making ...The concept of higher education development allowing universities to make full contribution to the Lisbon Strategy, assumes an increased competitiveness of European universities. Such increase should result in making them more attractive to students, improving teaching quality, and finally ensuring higher levels of research and innovation. Universities will not become innovative and responsive to change unless they are given real autonomy and accountability. This requires new internal governance systems based on strategic priorities and on professional management of human resources, investment, and administrative procedures. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between education and scientific activities of universities. The said interrelation was analyzed both from the perspective of the university＇s main sources of revenues （i.e., subsidies）, as well as from the perspective of financial results generated by the university＇s internal units. The paper＇s objective determines the choice of research methods, based on critical, comparative, and descriptive analysis. The paper contains elements of deductive reasoning. The authors＇ analysis showed a strongly negative correlation of research performance to educational performance. The structure of algorithms used to calculate the subsidy paid to a given university may suggest a negative correlation between its revenues from educational activity and those from research. However, by analyzing the variability of revenues vis-a-vis the main components of algorithms used to calculate the subsidy one can conclude that revenues from research and from education are not interrelated. This lack of any relationship could be explained by considerable inertia of the subsidies. Changes in key algorithm components do not have a proportional effect on the amount of available subsidy.展开更多
文摘On July 24th, Lectra's Board of Directors, chaired by Daniel Harari, reviewed the consolidated financial statements for the first half of 2025, which have been subject to a limited review by the Statutory Auditors.
文摘Corporate taxation is seen as the price of investing in a country, that is, the price either for the right to do business within the jurisdiction or for the supply of public goods. If consumption of that right or those public goods is mobile between jurisdictions and price competition ensues which will force prices together. Also, in the case of high tax regimes, a fall in the tax burden would be anticipated. In other words, countries will spontaneously harmonize their tax systems or face the loss of intemational investment and the disadvantages they bring.
文摘On May 25, 2011, ZTE Corporation announced at the ZTE Analysts Conference that it hopes to venture into the IT industry by taking advantage of cloud computing.
文摘Hydrocarbon exploration that recently took place in the Canary Islands has triggered a controversy over the compatibility between these activities and tourism. Such exploration was strongly rejected by the region, while being supported by the Spanish government. Many environmental and economic impacts of hydrocarbon extraction were explored, except the fiscal revenues, which represent the main benefit for the producing economies. In this paper, the author addresses this missing piece in the controversy, namely, the assessment of fiscal revenues from hydrocarbons for the Canary Islands. To evaluate these revenues, the author estimates an oilfield production profile, constructs oil and gas price scenarios, and considers the new Spanish tax on hydrocarbons. The estimates are also placed in the socio-economic context of the archipelago. The results show less than overwhelming annual fiscal revenues, below 0.7% of GDP, 10.4% of current public transfers to the region, and 5% of current public spending in 2015. These revenues could be welcome, as the region lags behind the rest of the nation in living standards. However, these benefits from exhaustible resources must be compared to the potential damage to the tourism sector, which has been a long-standing economic driving force for the archipelago.
文摘This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers＇ income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of the reform did not lead to a corresponding decrease in local fiscal revenues. At the same time, farmers＇ income slightly decreased. In the second 5 years of the reform, the tax rate was reduced to zero. This time, local fiscal revenues decreased linearly with the tax cuts, and farmers＇ income increased by 17.8 %. The link between the actual fiscal revenue reduction and farmers＇ income suggests that merely changing the nominal level of taxation does not necessarily increase farmers＇ income. Rather, the complete implementation of the reform relates crucially to curbing local governments＇ unauthorized extractions.
文摘The Indian aviation sector has undergone remarkable growth,driven by the emergence of low-cost carriers and diverse business models.This has resulted in a surge in passenger numbers and aircraft orders,establishing India as a vibrant global aviation market.However,this rapid expansion is accompanied by significant financial challenges,leading to distress and insolvency among numerous airlines.Despite optimistic growth forecasts,high operating costs and relatively low revenue returns pose substantial hurdles.Motivated by these challenges,this study aims to uncover the key factors influencing revenue generation in the Indian aviation industry by analysing expenditure components and their impacts on costs.The objective of this study is to address the research gap stemming from the lack of previous studies on Indian airlines that address endogeneity issues related to airline expenditures.By utilising data from 2007 to 2022 sourced from the audited annual reports of each airline,we aim to provide essential insights into the revenue dynamics of Indian airlines through the application of various econometric models including instrumental variables(IV)regression and generalised method of moments(GMM)models for improving causality and addressing endogeneity.Our findings reveal a positive correlation between unit revenue and factors such as unit expenditure,staffnumbers,and passenger volume,while also highlighting the positive impacts of airline alliances and regional connectivity schemes.This research not only sheds light on industry intricacies but also underscores the imperative to address key variables to enhance the sector’s sustainability and resilience in the face of ongoing challenges,offering valuable contributions to both academia and industry stakeholders for informed decision-making and strategic planning.
基金Higher Education Scientific Research Program in Hainan Province of China(Hnky2019-100)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(618QN258).
文摘Tourism industry has become a pillar industry,which is used to measure the general economic development of Sanya.According to the latest data related with Sanya tourism(2008–2019),a linear regression model is established in this paper.With statistical method,it takes the annual tourism revenue of Sanya as the explanatory variable and the number of domestic tourists received by Sanya as the explanatory variable.Based on the model,the results of econometric analysis on the factors influencing Sanya tourism revenue show that the number of domestic tourists is the main influence factors of tourism revenue in Sanya.
文摘The Spring Festival release of“Nezha 2”in 2025 has seen its popularity soar,with box office revenues climbing at a breathtaking pace,as if riding on the Wind-Fire Wheels and repeatedly breaking records,ultimately claiming the top spot in global animated film box office rankings.
文摘CHINA Holiday Travel Boosts Economy From misty mountains to centuries-old towns,destinations across China brimmed with visitors during the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival holiday,one of the year’s busiest travel periods.The eight-day break saw 888 million domestic trips,123 million more than in 2024,according to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.Domestic tourism revenue reached 809 billion yuan($113.8 billion),up 108 billion yuan($15.2 billion)year on year,turning the holiday into a vivid display of both travel enthusiasm and economic vitality.
文摘Taihu Snow (838262) is a home textile manufacturing company listed on the Beijing Stock Exchange in 2022.It is a bedding manufacturer focusing on silk products.The company was esta blished on May 18,2006,Centered around the"Taihu Snow"brand,its products cover suite products (such as pillowcases,quilt covers,sheets),quilt cores,silk scarves and otheremerging retail products.
文摘Marvel is not the only cartoon marvel.In mid-Febuary,Ne Zha 2,China’s mythology-based animated blockbuster,jumped to the list of the top 10 highest-grossing films of all time globally,with its dizzying RMB 12 billion box-office earning.China’s burgeoning film industry is another indicator of the vitality of its economy,besides its stars like electric vehicles,smart phones and DeepSeek.The 2025 Spring Festival holiday from January 28 to February 4 not only saw a record number of moviegoers,but also a record box-office revenue of more than RMB 10 billion.The consumption market,part and parcel of the booming festival economy,also witnessed record revenue from guochao products-trendy merchandise inspired by traditional culture,tourism services,particularly those related to intangible cultural heritage experiences,and the ice and snow sports and entertainment sector.Fueled by digital transition,new consumption models and business modes are mushrooming,unleashing the the economic potential.This issue’s Special Report takes a close look at the festival economy,parsing the reasons behind.
文摘PRIVATE SECTOR A KEY GROWTH DRIVER China Economic Weekly 28 February China’s economy is currently at a critical stage of transformation and upgrading.Spurring private investment has become a key task in driving the development of the private sector,which holds significant importance for stabilising economic growth and fostering innovation.Since the reform and opening up,China’s private economy has grown into a formidable force from a modest presence.It contributes over 50 percent of total tax revenue and import-export volume,and more than 80 percent of urban employment.Private investment has accounted for over 50 percent of China’s total investment since 2012.In the manufacturing sector,private investment exceeds 80 percent.
文摘The implementation of the new revenue standard has a far-reaching impact on the accounting treatment of insurance enterprises,and the application of contract settlement accounts,as the key to connect business and financial accounting,needs to be standardized.This paper analyzes the core requirements of the new revenue standard,combines the special characteristics of insurance contracts with both service and financial attributes,and explains the logic of setting up and accounting methods of secondary accounts,such as insurance service income and investment component apportionment.In view of the practical pain points such as variable consideration apportionment and reclassification of inter-period contracts,the paper proposes strategies for system upgrading and internal control strengthening.The study shows that standardizing the application of accounts can help enterprises implement the requirements of the standard and improve the quality of financial information.
文摘On January 3:Hubei Xianhe New Materials Co.,Ltd.Phase I project was officially put into production,with a total investment of 10 billion CNY and a planned pulp and paper production capacity of 2.5 million tons per year.On January 10:The pulp and paper project of Huatai Group is accelerating construction.With a total investment of 10.2 billion CNY,after completion,Huatai's newsprint production capacity will be reduced from 1.4 million tons per year to 400000 tons per year,while cultural paper capacity will increase from 100000 tons per yeart to 1.6 million tons per year,achieving annual sales revenue of 19 billion CNY and profits and taxes of 3.2 billion CNY.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21736008)。
文摘Recovering waste heat is essential for primary energy savings and carbon emission reduction.To provide direct and reliable suggestions for factories to recover waste heat,energetic,economic and exergoeconomic comparison between direct heat exchange(DHE)and open-cycle mechanical heat pump(MHP)under various operating conditions is carried out in this work.The price ratios R_(ES)(electricity to steam)and R_(HS)(hot water to steam)are introduced to quantify regional impacts and conduct quantitative analysis.A semi-empirical formula is obtained to explore the exergoeconomic performance of the two systems.For waste heat within 373.15-423.15 K,the exergy efficiency of the DHE with a temperature difference of 10-90 K is always lower than that of the MHP with a temperature lift of 10-50 K.The economic performance of the two systems has a break-even point,depending on the operating parameters and relative prices of electricity,steam,and hot water.Under the average R_(ES)(3.8)in China,if R_(HS)is higher than 0.748,the annual revenue of the DHE is always higher,whereas the MHP is more economical when R_(HS)is lower than 0.110.In regions where R_(ES)is higher than 4.353,the annual revenue of the MHP will be negative in some cases.
文摘After Donald Trump returned to the White House,the U.S.government launched a host of measures of“tariff wars”.In addition to announcing tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Canada,Mexico and China,the government also imposed trade restrictions on specific industries including steel,aluminum and copper,as well as advanced plan for“reciprocal tariffs”.Donald Trump claimed that a“tariff war”would correct trade imbalances,boost government revenue and promote the reshoring of manufacturing to the United States.By leveraging tariffs,the U.S.also attempts to achieve goals in border security,illegal immigration and fentanyl control.Undoubtedly at a central position in Trump’s second term in office,the“tariff war”will exert impacts far beyond economic and trade policies and upon the direction of China-U.S.relations.
文摘Decoupling of revenues with network traffic and extreme penetration of expenses in wireless network leads to the critical situation for wireless service providers (WSP), as more wireless network is complex due to its heterogeneity in the context of planning, software & hardware installation, radio parameters setting, drive testing, optimization, healing and maintenance. These operations are time-consuming, labor & budget-intensive and error-prone if activated manually. Hence new approaches have to be designed and applied to meet those demands in a cost-effective way, Self-organizing networks (SON), is a promising approach to handle manual tasks with autonomous manners. More specifically the self-directed functions (self-planning, self-deployment, self-configuration, self-optimization and self-healing) are aid to reduce capital expenditure (CAPEX), implementation expenditure (IMPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX). In this study, first we investigate the aforementioned impact factors of cost combined with self-functions. Then, we analyze the relative cost benefits causing from deploying the SON functions, using the economical method to have more precise results concerning those potential benefits. At last, the result shows that there is a significant difference in expenses and revenues of WSP with and without SON after enabling self-functions in wireless network.
文摘The concept of higher education development allowing universities to make full contribution to the Lisbon Strategy, assumes an increased competitiveness of European universities. Such increase should result in making them more attractive to students, improving teaching quality, and finally ensuring higher levels of research and innovation. Universities will not become innovative and responsive to change unless they are given real autonomy and accountability. This requires new internal governance systems based on strategic priorities and on professional management of human resources, investment, and administrative procedures. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between education and scientific activities of universities. The said interrelation was analyzed both from the perspective of the university＇s main sources of revenues （i.e., subsidies）, as well as from the perspective of financial results generated by the university＇s internal units. The paper＇s objective determines the choice of research methods, based on critical, comparative, and descriptive analysis. The paper contains elements of deductive reasoning. The authors＇ analysis showed a strongly negative correlation of research performance to educational performance. The structure of algorithms used to calculate the subsidy paid to a given university may suggest a negative correlation between its revenues from educational activity and those from research. However, by analyzing the variability of revenues vis-a-vis the main components of algorithms used to calculate the subsidy one can conclude that revenues from research and from education are not interrelated. This lack of any relationship could be explained by considerable inertia of the subsidies. Changes in key algorithm components do not have a proportional effect on the amount of available subsidy.
