Urinary tract infections(UTIs)are among the most prevalent pediatric bacterial infections,and undertreated episodes may lead to renal scarring,hypertension,or chronic kidney disease.Multidrug-resistant(MDR)Enterobacte...Urinary tract infections(UTIs)are among the most prevalent pediatric bacterial infections,and undertreated episodes may lead to renal scarring,hypertension,or chronic kidney disease.Multidrug-resistant(MDR)Enterobacterales have been increasingly reported in children,with higher rates in Asian and Middle Eastern settings than in high-income countries[1,2].展开更多
Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) are recognized as a primary threat to the sustainability of environment and human health in the 21^(st) century.Nanomaterials(NMs) have attracted substantial attention due to their un...Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) are recognized as a primary threat to the sustainability of environment and human health in the 21^(st) century.Nanomaterials(NMs) have attracted substantial attention due to their unique dimensions and structures.Unfortunately,emerging evidence suggests that NMs may facilitate the transmission of ARGs.It is crucial to elucidate how NMs affect the evolution and dissemination of ARGs.The current review comprehensively examines the role of NMs in the widespread transmission of ARGs in aquatic environments and the underlying mechanisms involved in the process.It aims to clarify the effects and mechanisms of NMs on the horizontal gene transfer processes that are associated with ARGs,including the enhancement of cell membrane permeability,the formation of nanopores on membranes,promotion of mutagenesis,and the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs).Furthermore,the trade-off between the removal of ARGs and horizontal transfer has been elucidated.The review aspires to guide future research directions,advance knowledge on the implications of NMs in the field of ARGs' transmission,and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of safer and more effective applications of NMs.展开更多
Brown spot(BS)of rice,caused by Bipolaris oryzae,is a serious concern that not only causes quantitative losses but also affects grain quality.To manage this disease,the use of resistant genetic sources and QTLs is an ...Brown spot(BS)of rice,caused by Bipolaris oryzae,is a serious concern that not only causes quantitative losses but also affects grain quality.To manage this disease,the use of resistant genetic sources and QTLs is an eco-friendly and economical option.In the current study,F_(3) progenies derived from a cross of susceptible parent PMS-18-B(PAU 10845-1-1-1-1)×resistant parent RP Path 77(RP patho-17)were used to identify potential QTLs linked to BS resistance and to associate this resistance with a temporal spike in defense-related enzymes.展开更多
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has central complications:Diabetes,a metabolic disorder primarily characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin secretion,or impaired insulin signaling,has significant central com...Type 2 diabetes mellitus has central complications:Diabetes,a metabolic disorder primarily characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin secretion,or impaired insulin signaling,has significant central complications.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),the most prevalent type of diabetes,affects more than 38 million individuals in the United States(approximately 1 in 10)and is defined by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance,which refers to a reduced cellular response to insulin.展开更多
The uplift resistance of the soil overlying shield tunnels significantly impacts their anti-floating stability.However,research on uplift resistance concerning special-shaped shield tunnels is limited.This study combi...The uplift resistance of the soil overlying shield tunnels significantly impacts their anti-floating stability.However,research on uplift resistance concerning special-shaped shield tunnels is limited.This study combines numerical simulation with machine learning techniques to explore this issue.It presents a summary of special-shaped tunnel geometries and introduces a shape coefficient.Through the finite element software,Plaxis3D,the study simulates six key parameters—shape coefficient,burial depth ratio,tunnel’s longest horizontal length,internal friction angle,cohesion,and soil submerged bulk density—that impact uplift resistance across different conditions.Employing XGBoost and ANN methods,the feature importance of each parameter was analyzed based on the numerical simulation results.The findings demonstrate that a tunnel shape more closely resembling a circle leads to reduced uplift resistance in the overlying soil,whereas other parameters exhibit the contrary effects.Furthermore,the study reveals a diminishing trend in the feature importance of buried depth ratio,internal friction angle,tunnel longest horizontal length,cohesion,soil submerged bulk density,and shape coefficient in influencing uplift resistance.展开更多
It is crucial to develop arsenic removal adsorbents with strong sulfur resistance under middle-low-temperature flue gas conditions(<400℃).In this work,five Fe-Ce-La oxides were prepared by co-precipitation method,...It is crucial to develop arsenic removal adsorbents with strong sulfur resistance under middle-low-temperature flue gas conditions(<400℃).In this work,five Fe-Ce-La oxides were prepared by co-precipitation method,and FeCeLaO/SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3) composite adsorbents were prepared by coupling fly ash-based Si-Al carriers.The active components Fe-Ce-La oxides and Si-Al carriers were characterized by TPD,TG,XRF,BET and XPS,respectively.The effects of temperature,Si/Al ratio and FeCeLaO loading rate on the sulfur resistance were investigated.Results show that the SO_(2) promotes the arsenic removal of Fe_(2)O_(3),CeLaO and FeCeLaO.At 400℃,the arsenic removal efficiencies of the three oxides increase from 45.3%,72.5% and 81.3% without SO_(2) to 62.6%,80.5%and 91.0%,respectively.The SO_(2) inhibits the arsenic removal of La_(2)O_(2)CO_(3) and FeLaO,and the inhibition effect is pronounced at high temperatures.The sulfur poisoning resistance of Si-Al carriers increases with the increase of Si/Al ratio.When the Si/Al ratio is increased to 9.74,the arsenic removal efficiency in the SO_(2) environment is 13.9% higher than that in the absence of SO_(2).Introducing FeCeLaO active components is beneficial for enhancing the SO_(2) poisoning resistance of Si-Al carriers.The strong sulfur resistance of the FeCeLaO/SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3) composite adsorbent results from multiple factors:protective effects of Ce on Fe,La and Al;sulfation-induced generation of Ce^(3+)and surface-adsorbed oxygen;and strong surface acidity of SiO_(2).展开更多
Platinum group metals have high melting points,strong corrosion resistance,stable chemical properties,and low oxygen permeability in high-temperature oxygen-containing environments.As thermal protective coating materi...Platinum group metals have high melting points,strong corrosion resistance,stable chemical properties,and low oxygen permeability in high-temperature oxygen-containing environments.As thermal protective coating materials,they have gained essential applications in the aerospace field and have excellent prospects for application in frontier military fields,such as protecting hot-end components of hypersonic aircraft.This research reviewed the latest research progress of platinum group metal coatings with hightemperature oxidation resistance,including coating preparation techniques,oxidation failure,and alloying modification.The leading preparation techniques of current platinum group metal coatings were discussed,as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various existing preparation techniques.Besides,the intrinsic properties,failure forms,and failure mechanisms of coatings of single platinum group metal in high-temperature oxygen-containing environments were analyzed.On this basis,the necessity,main methods,and main achievements of alloying modification of platinum group metals were summarized.Finally,the future development of platinum group coatings with high-temperature oxidation resistance was discussed and prospected.展开更多
The plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the causative agent of Sclerotinia stem rot(SSR)disease in most dicotyledons.Among the various proteins involved in drug efflux or substance transport,ATP-bindin...The plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the causative agent of Sclerotinia stem rot(SSR)disease in most dicotyledons.Among the various proteins involved in drug efflux or substance transport,ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters constitute a superfamily of membrane-bound proteins that may play a crucial role in the survival of S.sclerotiorum.However,the expression patterns and functions of ABC transporter genes in S.sclerotiorum remain largely uncharacterized.This study characterized a highly expressed S.sclerotiorum ABC transporter gene during inoculation on host plants,Ss BMR1.Silencing Ss BMR1 resulted in a significant reduction in hyphal growth,infection cushion development,sclerotia formation,and virulence.Moreover,host-induced gene silencing(HIGS)of Ss BMR1 significantly enhanced plant resistance.Transcriptome and metabolomics analyses suggested that Ss BMR1 is involved in antioxidant and toxin transport,thereby influencing fungal defense and cell rescue mechanisms.In comparison to the wild-type strain,Ss BMR1 gene-silenced transformants exhibited a diminished response to extracellar oxidative stress and a decreased exporting of antioxidant glutathione.Tolerance assays further demonstrated the crucial role of Ss BMR1 in conferring resistance to the plant antifungal substances,camalexin and brassinin,as well as certain fungicides.Furthermore,Ss BMR1 gene-silenced transformants showed enhanced repression on virulence when sprayed with camalexin and brassinin on the leaves.Thus,Ss BMR1 likely contributes to virulence by facilitating the export of antioxidant and providing resistance against antifungal agents.The findings of this study provide valuable insights that could contribute to the development of novel management techniques for SSR.展开更多
In this study,an inverse design framework was established to find lightweight honeycomb structures(HCSs)with high impact resistance.The hybrid HCS,composed of re-entrant(RE)and elliptical annular re-entrant(EARE)honey...In this study,an inverse design framework was established to find lightweight honeycomb structures(HCSs)with high impact resistance.The hybrid HCS,composed of re-entrant(RE)and elliptical annular re-entrant(EARE)honeycomb cells,was created by constructing arrangement matrices to achieve structural lightweight.The machine learning(ML)framework consisted of a neural network(NN)forward regression model for predicting impact resistance and a multi-objective optimization algorithm for generating high-performance designs.The surrogate of the local design space was initially realized by establishing the NN in the small sample dataset,and the active learning strategy was used to continuously extended the local optimal design until the model converged in the global space.The results indicated that the active learning strategy significantly improved the inference capability of the NN model in unknown design domains.By guiding the iteration direction of the optimization algorithm,lightweight designs with high impact resistance were identified.The energy absorption capacity of the optimal design reached 94.98%of the EARE honeycomb,while the initial peak stress and mass decreased by 28.85%and 19.91%,respectively.Furthermore,Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)for global explanation of the NN indicated a strong correlation between the arrangement mode of HCS and its impact resistance.By reducing the stiffness of the cells at the top boundary of the structure,the initial impact damage sustained by the structure can be significantly improved.Overall,this study proposed a general lightweight design method for array structures under impact loads,which is beneficial for the widespread application of honeycomb-based protective structures.展开更多
The development of highly efficient and multifunctional nanozymes holds promise for addressing the challenges posed by drugresistant bacteria.Here,copper single-atom-loaded MoS_(2) nanozymes(CuSAs/MoS_(2))were develop...The development of highly efficient and multifunctional nanozymes holds promise for addressing the challenges posed by drugresistant bacteria.Here,copper single-atom-loaded MoS_(2) nanozymes(CuSAs/MoS_(2))were developed to effectively combat drug-resistant bacteria by synergistically integrating the triple strategies of oxidative damage,cuproptosis-like death and disruption of cell wall synthesis.Density functional theory revealed that each Cu center coordinated with three sulfur ligands,enhancing the adsorption of H_2O_2,which reduced the activation energy of the key step by 17%,thereby improving peroxidase-like(PODlike)activity.The generation of reactive oxygen species in combination with CuSAs/MoS_(2) glutathione peroxidase-like(GSH-Px-like)for glutathione scavenging resulted in an imbalance in redox homeostasis within bacteria.CuSAs/MoS_(2),which act as nanopioneers,drive oxidative stress to initiate the process of cuproptosis-like death,leading to abnormal aggregation of lipoylated proteins and inactivation of iron-sulfur cluster proteins.Moreover,CuSAs/MoS_(2) inhibited the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan synthesis precursors D-glutamate and m-diaminopimelic acid and disrupted the peptidoglycan cross-linking process mediated by penicillin-binding proteins,effectively blocking the compensatory cell wall remodeling pathway ofβ-lactam-resistant bacteria.Overall,CuSAs/MoS_(2) with multiple functions can not only efficiently kill bacteria but also decelerate the development of bacterial resistance to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections.展开更多
We investigated the effects of fly ash(FA)content on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)and its regeneration potential under freeze and thaw(F-T)cycles.The physical properties of second-gener...We investigated the effects of fly ash(FA)content on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)and its regeneration potential under freeze and thaw(F-T)cycles.The physical properties of second-generation recycled concrete aggregates(RCA)were used to analyze the regeneration potential of RAC after F-T cycles.Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the interfacial transition zone microstructure of RAC after F-T cycles.Results showed that adding 20%FA to RAC significantly enhanced its mechanical properties and frost resistance.Before the F-T cycles,the compressive strength of RAC with 20%FA reached 48.3 MPa,exceeding research strength target of 40 MPa.A majority of second-generation RCA with FA had been verified to attain class Ⅲ,which enabled their practical application in non-structural projects such as backfill trenches and road pavement.However,the second-generation RCA with 20%FA can achieve class Ⅱ,making it ideal for 40 MPa structural concrete.展开更多
Head-splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder in cabbage that causes substantial economic losses.However,the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying head-splitting resistance remain largely unexplor...Head-splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder in cabbage that causes substantial economic losses.However,the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying head-splitting resistance remain largely unexplored.This study identified a genomic region(q NLQ3.1) for head-splitting resistance on chromosome C03 through the combination of QTLseq and GPS analysis in an F_(2) population derived from hybridizing two cabbage inbred lines,‘Dazhengfu'(ZF,susceptible) and ‘103'(resistant).Traditional genetic linkage analysis narrowed q NLQ3.1 to a 74.6 kb region.Furthermore,comparative analysis of the two parental lines using transcriptomic and metabolic profiling demonstrated the crucial role of hormones in regulating head-splitting resistance.Bol028000,encoding a homologue of Arabidopsis Cytokinin Response Factor 3(CRF3),emerged as a promising candidate for head-splitting resistance and was subsequently validated through Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).Subcellular localisation analysis revealed that Bol028000 was mainly expressed in the nucleus.Additionally,one kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP) marker from Bol028000 was developed and utilized to screen 42 inbred lines.These findings enhance the theoretical understanding of head-splitting resistance and provide valuable insights for the molecular breeding of head-splitting resistant cabbages.展开更多
Banana(Musa spp.),being a globally significant fruit crop,faces a myriad of threats from various diseases,such as Fusarium wilt,Xanthomonas wilt,bunchy top disease,and weevils disease.This review provides an overview ...Banana(Musa spp.),being a globally significant fruit crop,faces a myriad of threats from various diseases,such as Fusarium wilt,Xanthomonas wilt,bunchy top disease,and weevils disease.This review provides an overview of recent advancements in molecular mechanisms and immune signaling pathways underlying disease resistance in banana.First,the review discusses the latest research advances on banana pests and diseases.Subsequently,this review explores the immune responses and signaling pathways,pattern recognition receptor-triggered immunity,effector-triggered immunity,cell death,reactive oxygen species,autophagy,hormonal pathways,and other players involved in bananaedisease interactions.Finally,the review discusses the current understanding of the genetic architecture of disease resistance in banana,focusing on the identification of defense-related genes and quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to major pathogens and offering recommendations for genetic research.The conclusion underscores the significance of research on banana immunity,specifically highlighting the crucial need to identify endogenous resistance genes and elucidate immune signaling pathways for future efforts aimed at breeding disease-resistant banana.This review offers a comprehensive perspective on the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance in banana and serves as a valuable reference for breeding efforts aimed at enhancing banana's resistance to pathogens.展开更多
Diplodia tip blight,caused by Diplodia sapinea,is a global pine necrotic disease causing heavy economic losses to the pine industry.Chemical control,its main current management,easily induces pathogen resistance and e...Diplodia tip blight,caused by Diplodia sapinea,is a global pine necrotic disease causing heavy economic losses to the pine industry.Chemical control,its main current management,easily induces pathogen resistance and environmental pollution,which biological control avoids.This study investigated juniper essential oil’s efficacy against the disease on Mongolian Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)and its induced resistance mechanisms via pot experiments,physiological assays(defense enzyme activities,resistant substances)and metabolomic sequencing(secondary metabolites).Results showed varied efficacy:three foliar sprays of 10μL mL^(-1) oil achieved the best control phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),polyphenol oxidase(82.9%).The 20μL mL^(-1) treatment significantly increased(PPO)activities,and contents of lignin,flavonoids and total phenolics.Metabolomic analysis showed 326 upregulated and 527 downregulated different metabolites in essential oilinduced and pathogen-inoculated pines,compared to 483 upregulated and 277 downregulated metabolites in noninduced but inoculated pines.The differentially expressed metabolites in treated pines were primarily enriched in pathways related to amino acid metabolism and plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis,with notably increased expression levels of ferulic acid,scopoletin,pipecolic acid,D-proline,and DL-arginine.Therefore,juniper essential oil protects against D.sapinea by inducing systemic acquired resistance in Mongolian Scots pine.In conclusion,juniper essential oil controls D.sapinea by inducing systemic acquired resistance(SAR)in Mongolian Scots pine,clarifying the molecular mechanism and supporting biological control of the disease.展开更多
Lodging is a major constraint limiting oil flax production efficiency in northern China.Crop lodging susceptibility is closely related to stem lignin content,and the regulatory mechanisms by which nitrogen and potassi...Lodging is a major constraint limiting oil flax production efficiency in northern China.Crop lodging susceptibility is closely related to stem lignin content,and the regulatory mechanisms by which nitrogen and potassium fertilization interactively influence lignin biosynthesis in oil flax stems require further investigation.Therefore,this study aimed to enhance lodging resistance and increase grain yield in oil flax.We examined the interactive effects of different nitrogen (75,150,and 225 kg N ha^(–1)) and potassium (60 and 90 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)) fertilizer rates on lignin metabolism,lodging resistance,and grain yield during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons.Results indicated that nitrogen and potassium fertilizer levels and their interactions promoted lignin accumulation,improved lodging resistance,and increased grain yield.Compared to the control (CK),the75–150 kg N ha^(–1) combined with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1) treatments significantly enhanced the activities of key lignin-synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),and peroxidase (POD)) and upregulated the expression of 4CL1 and F5H3 genes,leading to a 29.63–43.30%increase in lignin content,improved stem bending strength and lodging resistance index,and a 23.27–32.34%increase in grain yield.Correlation analysis revealed that nitrogen and potassium fertilizers positively regulated enzyme activities and gene expression related to lignin biosynthesis,thereby facilitating lignin accumulation and enhancing stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance.Positive correlations were observed among lignin-related enzyme activities,gene expression,lodging resistance traits,and grain yield.In summary,the application of 75–150 kg N ha^(–1) in conjunction with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)promoted lignin biosynthesis and accumulation,enhanced lodging resistance,and increased grain yield in oil flax grown in the dryland farming region of central Gansu,China.Furthermore,this treatment provides a technical basis for cultivating stress-tolerant and high-yield oil flax in arid regions.展开更多
Xyloglucan represents the primary hemicellulose component in higher plant cell walls,providing mechanical support.The XTH gene family encodes xyloglucan endotransferase/hydrolase,a crucial enzyme in cell wall remodeli...Xyloglucan represents the primary hemicellulose component in higher plant cell walls,providing mechanical support.The XTH gene family encodes xyloglucan endotransferase/hydrolase,a crucial enzyme in cell wall remodeling.Studies examining XTH family-related genes in apples remain limited.This study investigated the Md XTH30 gene,isolated from apple(Malus×domestica),which demonstrated responsiveness to abscisic acid,Na Cl,and polyethylene glycol(PEG)6000,with cytoplasmic localization confirmed through subcellular mapping.To elucidate the role of Md XTH30 in stress response,transgenic Md XTH30 apple calli were generated and the gene was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.The findings revealed that Md XTH30 enhanced resistance to drought,salt stress,and pathogens through regulation of relevant genes in both apple calli and Arabidopsis.These results identify potentially significant candidate genes for improving biotic and abiotic stress resistance at the cell wall level.展开更多
The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases has uncovered shared pathophysiological pathways,with insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction emerging as critical contributors ...The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases has uncovered shared pathophysiological pathways,with insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction emerging as critical contributors to cognitive decline.Insulin resistance impairs neuronal metabolism and synaptic function,fostering neurodegeneration as observed in Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome.Indeed,Down syndrome,characterized by the triplication of the APP gene,represents a valuable genetic model for studying early-onset Alzheimer’s disease and accelerated aging.Building on the link between metabolic dysfunctions and neurodegeneration,innovative strategies addressed brain insulin resistance as a key driver of cognitive decline.Intranasal insulin has shown promise in improving cognition in early Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes,supporting the concept that restoring insulin sensitivity can mitigate neurodegeneration.However,insulin-based therapies risk desensitizing insulin signaling,potentially worsening the disease.Incretins,particularly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists,offer neuroprotective benefits by enhancing insulin sensitivity,metabolism,and synaptic plasticity while reducing oxidative distress and neuroinflammation.This review focuses on current knowledge on the metabolic and molecular interactions between insulin resistance,mitochondrial dynamics(including their roles in energy metabolism),and oxidative distress regulation,as these are pivotal in both Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome.By addressing these interconnected mechanisms,innovative treatments may emerge for both metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.展开更多
Variable stiffness composites present a promising solution for mitigating impact loads via varying the fiber volume fraction layer-wise,thereby adjusting the panel's stiffness.Since each layer of the composite may...Variable stiffness composites present a promising solution for mitigating impact loads via varying the fiber volume fraction layer-wise,thereby adjusting the panel's stiffness.Since each layer of the composite may be affected by a different failure mode,the optimal fiber volume fraction to suppress damage initiation and evolution is different across the layers.This research examines how re-allocating the fibers layer-wise enhances the composites'impact resistance.In this study,constant stiffness panels with the same fiber volume fraction throughout the layers are compared to variable stiffness ones by varying volume fraction layer-wise.A method is established that utilizes numerical analysis coupled with optimization techniques to determine the optimal fiber volume fraction in both scenarios.Three different reinforcement fibers(Kevlar,carbon,and glass)embedded in epoxy resin were studied.Panels were manufactured and tested under various loading conditions to validate results.Kevlar reinforcement revealed the highest tensile toughness,followed by carbon and then glass fibers.Varying reinforcement volume fraction significantly influences failure modes.Higher fractions lead to matrix cracking and debonding,while lower fractions result in more fiber breakage.The optimal volume fraction for maximizing fiber breakage energy is around 45%,whereas it is about 90%for matrix cracking and debonding.A drop tower test was used to examine the composite structure's behavior under lowvelocity impact,confirming the superiority of Kevlar-reinforced composites with variable stiffness.Conversely,glass-reinforced composites with constant stiffness revealed the lowest performance with the highest deflection.Across all reinforcement materials,the variable stiffness structure consistently outperformed its constant stiffness counterpart.展开更多
TiB_(2)coatings can significantly enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of molybdenum,which would broaden the application range of molybdenum and alloys thereof.However,traditional methods for preparing Ti...TiB_(2)coatings can significantly enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of molybdenum,which would broaden the application range of molybdenum and alloys thereof.However,traditional methods for preparing TiB_(2)coatings have disadvantages such as high equipment costs,complicated processes,and highly toxic gas emissions.This paper proposes an environmentally friendly method,which requires inexpensive equipment and simple processing,for preparing TiB_(2)coating on molybdenum via electrophoretic deposition within Na3AlF6-based molten salts.The produced TiB_(2)layer had an approximate thickness of 60μm and exhibited high density,outstanding hardness(38.2 GPa)and robust adhesion strength(51 N).Additionally,high-temperature oxidation experiments revealed that,at900℃,the TiB_(2)coating provided effective protection to the molybdenum substrate against oxidation for 3 h.This result indicates that the TiB_(2)coating prepared on molybdenum using molten salt electrophoretic deposition possesses good high-temperature oxidation resistance.展开更多
Erysiphe necator is a destructive fungal pathogen that compromises grapevine yield and quality,leading to substantial economic losses.Therefore,elucidating host resistance mechanisms is essential.In this study,we iden...Erysiphe necator is a destructive fungal pathogen that compromises grapevine yield and quality,leading to substantial economic losses.Therefore,elucidating host resistance mechanisms is essential.In this study,we identified an ethylene response factor,VqERF1B,that exhibits sustained high expression during E.necator infection in Chinese wild grape Vitis quinquangularis accession ‘Danfeng-2'.Transient overexpression of VqERF1B in grape leaves enhanced resistance to E.necator by elevating transcript levels of pathogenesis-related(PR) genes,including PR1,PR2,PR5,and PR10.Conversely,silencing VqERF1B resulted in increased susceptibility.Moreover,transgenic Arabidopsis lines stably overexpressing VqERF1B exhibited enhanced resistance to powdery mildew,associated with elevated PR gene expression and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).A series of assays identified VqMAPK3,a phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase,as a direct interactor of VqERF1B.Furthermore,VqERF1B was shown to bind directly to the promoters of VqPRs,thereby activating their transcription.Notably,the VqMAPK3-VqERF1B complex exhibited greater transactivation activity on VqPR promoters than VqERF1B alone,indicating that VqMAPK3 positively modulates VqERF1Bmediated transcription of PR genes.This work advances understanding of the molecular basis of grape resistance to E.necator and provides a foundation for molecular breeding strategies.展开更多
文摘Urinary tract infections(UTIs)are among the most prevalent pediatric bacterial infections,and undertreated episodes may lead to renal scarring,hypertension,or chronic kidney disease.Multidrug-resistant(MDR)Enterobacterales have been increasingly reported in children,with higher rates in Asian and Middle Eastern settings than in high-income countries[1,2].
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (Harbin Institute of Technology) (No.2022TS13)the key projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.2019YFC0408503)the Key Research Program of Wuhan (No.2022022202015015)。
文摘Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) are recognized as a primary threat to the sustainability of environment and human health in the 21^(st) century.Nanomaterials(NMs) have attracted substantial attention due to their unique dimensions and structures.Unfortunately,emerging evidence suggests that NMs may facilitate the transmission of ARGs.It is crucial to elucidate how NMs affect the evolution and dissemination of ARGs.The current review comprehensively examines the role of NMs in the widespread transmission of ARGs in aquatic environments and the underlying mechanisms involved in the process.It aims to clarify the effects and mechanisms of NMs on the horizontal gene transfer processes that are associated with ARGs,including the enhancement of cell membrane permeability,the formation of nanopores on membranes,promotion of mutagenesis,and the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs).Furthermore,the trade-off between the removal of ARGs and horizontal transfer has been elucidated.The review aspires to guide future research directions,advance knowledge on the implications of NMs in the field of ARGs' transmission,and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of safer and more effective applications of NMs.
基金supported by Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana,India,for providing the infrastructure and other facilities for conducting experiments.All other forms of support and financial assistance are duly acknowledged.
文摘Brown spot(BS)of rice,caused by Bipolaris oryzae,is a serious concern that not only causes quantitative losses but also affects grain quality.To manage this disease,the use of resistant genetic sources and QTLs is an eco-friendly and economical option.In the current study,F_(3) progenies derived from a cross of susceptible parent PMS-18-B(PAU 10845-1-1-1-1)×resistant parent RP Path 77(RP patho-17)were used to identify potential QTLs linked to BS resistance and to associate this resistance with a temporal spike in defense-related enzymes.
基金supported by grants from NIH T32(DK007260,to WC)the Steno North American Fellowship awarded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation(NNF23OC0087108,to WC)+6 种基金STI2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0202700,to HY)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241004,to HY)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(LR24C090001,to HY)Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2024SSYS0017,to HY)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-12M-5-057,to HY)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2022-00193,to HY)the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2023-PT310-01,to HY)。
文摘Type 2 diabetes mellitus has central complications:Diabetes,a metabolic disorder primarily characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin secretion,or impaired insulin signaling,has significant central complications.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),the most prevalent type of diabetes,affects more than 38 million individuals in the United States(approximately 1 in 10)and is defined by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance,which refers to a reduced cellular response to insulin.
基金Guangzhou Metro Scientific Research Project(No.JT204-100111-23001)Chongqing Municipal Special Project for Technological Innovation and Application Development(No.CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0101)Science and Technology Research and Development Program of China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(No.N2023G045)。
文摘The uplift resistance of the soil overlying shield tunnels significantly impacts their anti-floating stability.However,research on uplift resistance concerning special-shaped shield tunnels is limited.This study combines numerical simulation with machine learning techniques to explore this issue.It presents a summary of special-shaped tunnel geometries and introduces a shape coefficient.Through the finite element software,Plaxis3D,the study simulates six key parameters—shape coefficient,burial depth ratio,tunnel’s longest horizontal length,internal friction angle,cohesion,and soil submerged bulk density—that impact uplift resistance across different conditions.Employing XGBoost and ANN methods,the feature importance of each parameter was analyzed based on the numerical simulation results.The findings demonstrate that a tunnel shape more closely resembling a circle leads to reduced uplift resistance in the overlying soil,whereas other parameters exhibit the contrary effects.Furthermore,the study reveals a diminishing trend in the feature importance of buried depth ratio,internal friction angle,tunnel longest horizontal length,cohesion,soil submerged bulk density,and shape coefficient in influencing uplift resistance.
文摘It is crucial to develop arsenic removal adsorbents with strong sulfur resistance under middle-low-temperature flue gas conditions(<400℃).In this work,five Fe-Ce-La oxides were prepared by co-precipitation method,and FeCeLaO/SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3) composite adsorbents were prepared by coupling fly ash-based Si-Al carriers.The active components Fe-Ce-La oxides and Si-Al carriers were characterized by TPD,TG,XRF,BET and XPS,respectively.The effects of temperature,Si/Al ratio and FeCeLaO loading rate on the sulfur resistance were investigated.Results show that the SO_(2) promotes the arsenic removal of Fe_(2)O_(3),CeLaO and FeCeLaO.At 400℃,the arsenic removal efficiencies of the three oxides increase from 45.3%,72.5% and 81.3% without SO_(2) to 62.6%,80.5%and 91.0%,respectively.The SO_(2) inhibits the arsenic removal of La_(2)O_(2)CO_(3) and FeLaO,and the inhibition effect is pronounced at high temperatures.The sulfur poisoning resistance of Si-Al carriers increases with the increase of Si/Al ratio.When the Si/Al ratio is increased to 9.74,the arsenic removal efficiency in the SO_(2) environment is 13.9% higher than that in the absence of SO_(2).Introducing FeCeLaO active components is beneficial for enhancing the SO_(2) poisoning resistance of Si-Al carriers.The strong sulfur resistance of the FeCeLaO/SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3) composite adsorbent results from multiple factors:protective effects of Ce on Fe,La and Al;sulfation-induced generation of Ce^(3+)and surface-adsorbed oxygen;and strong surface acidity of SiO_(2).
文摘Platinum group metals have high melting points,strong corrosion resistance,stable chemical properties,and low oxygen permeability in high-temperature oxygen-containing environments.As thermal protective coating materials,they have gained essential applications in the aerospace field and have excellent prospects for application in frontier military fields,such as protecting hot-end components of hypersonic aircraft.This research reviewed the latest research progress of platinum group metal coatings with hightemperature oxidation resistance,including coating preparation techniques,oxidation failure,and alloying modification.The leading preparation techniques of current platinum group metal coatings were discussed,as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various existing preparation techniques.Besides,the intrinsic properties,failure forms,and failure mechanisms of coatings of single platinum group metal in high-temperature oxygen-containing environments were analyzed.On this basis,the necessity,main methods,and main achievements of alloying modification of platinum group metals were summarized.Finally,the future development of platinum group coatings with high-temperature oxidation resistance was discussed and prospected.
基金received financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(CSTB2023NSCQMSX0355)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(SWU120075)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372077)。
文摘The plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the causative agent of Sclerotinia stem rot(SSR)disease in most dicotyledons.Among the various proteins involved in drug efflux or substance transport,ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters constitute a superfamily of membrane-bound proteins that may play a crucial role in the survival of S.sclerotiorum.However,the expression patterns and functions of ABC transporter genes in S.sclerotiorum remain largely uncharacterized.This study characterized a highly expressed S.sclerotiorum ABC transporter gene during inoculation on host plants,Ss BMR1.Silencing Ss BMR1 resulted in a significant reduction in hyphal growth,infection cushion development,sclerotia formation,and virulence.Moreover,host-induced gene silencing(HIGS)of Ss BMR1 significantly enhanced plant resistance.Transcriptome and metabolomics analyses suggested that Ss BMR1 is involved in antioxidant and toxin transport,thereby influencing fungal defense and cell rescue mechanisms.In comparison to the wild-type strain,Ss BMR1 gene-silenced transformants exhibited a diminished response to extracellar oxidative stress and a decreased exporting of antioxidant glutathione.Tolerance assays further demonstrated the crucial role of Ss BMR1 in conferring resistance to the plant antifungal substances,camalexin and brassinin,as well as certain fungicides.Furthermore,Ss BMR1 gene-silenced transformants showed enhanced repression on virulence when sprayed with camalexin and brassinin on the leaves.Thus,Ss BMR1 likely contributes to virulence by facilitating the export of antioxidant and providing resistance against antifungal agents.The findings of this study provide valuable insights that could contribute to the development of novel management techniques for SSR.
基金the financial supports from National Key R&D Program for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.2022YFC3080900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52374181)+1 种基金BIT Research and Innovation Promoting Project(Grant No.2024YCXZ017)supported by Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing institute of technology under Grant No.2022CX01025。
文摘In this study,an inverse design framework was established to find lightweight honeycomb structures(HCSs)with high impact resistance.The hybrid HCS,composed of re-entrant(RE)and elliptical annular re-entrant(EARE)honeycomb cells,was created by constructing arrangement matrices to achieve structural lightweight.The machine learning(ML)framework consisted of a neural network(NN)forward regression model for predicting impact resistance and a multi-objective optimization algorithm for generating high-performance designs.The surrogate of the local design space was initially realized by establishing the NN in the small sample dataset,and the active learning strategy was used to continuously extended the local optimal design until the model converged in the global space.The results indicated that the active learning strategy significantly improved the inference capability of the NN model in unknown design domains.By guiding the iteration direction of the optimization algorithm,lightweight designs with high impact resistance were identified.The energy absorption capacity of the optimal design reached 94.98%of the EARE honeycomb,while the initial peak stress and mass decreased by 28.85%and 19.91%,respectively.Furthermore,Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)for global explanation of the NN indicated a strong correlation between the arrangement mode of HCS and its impact resistance.By reducing the stiffness of the cells at the top boundary of the structure,the initial impact damage sustained by the structure can be significantly improved.Overall,this study proposed a general lightweight design method for array structures under impact loads,which is beneficial for the widespread application of honeycomb-based protective structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82372552)the Excellent Youth of Natural Science Research Projects in Anhui Province Universities(2023AH030060)+1 种基金Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2408085Y016)Anhui Province Excellent Research and Innovation Team Project(2024AH010013)。
文摘The development of highly efficient and multifunctional nanozymes holds promise for addressing the challenges posed by drugresistant bacteria.Here,copper single-atom-loaded MoS_(2) nanozymes(CuSAs/MoS_(2))were developed to effectively combat drug-resistant bacteria by synergistically integrating the triple strategies of oxidative damage,cuproptosis-like death and disruption of cell wall synthesis.Density functional theory revealed that each Cu center coordinated with three sulfur ligands,enhancing the adsorption of H_2O_2,which reduced the activation energy of the key step by 17%,thereby improving peroxidase-like(PODlike)activity.The generation of reactive oxygen species in combination with CuSAs/MoS_(2) glutathione peroxidase-like(GSH-Px-like)for glutathione scavenging resulted in an imbalance in redox homeostasis within bacteria.CuSAs/MoS_(2),which act as nanopioneers,drive oxidative stress to initiate the process of cuproptosis-like death,leading to abnormal aggregation of lipoylated proteins and inactivation of iron-sulfur cluster proteins.Moreover,CuSAs/MoS_(2) inhibited the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan synthesis precursors D-glutamate and m-diaminopimelic acid and disrupted the peptidoglycan cross-linking process mediated by penicillin-binding proteins,effectively blocking the compensatory cell wall remodeling pathway ofβ-lactam-resistant bacteria.Overall,CuSAs/MoS_(2) with multiple functions can not only efficiently kill bacteria but also decelerate the development of bacterial resistance to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220626)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52078068)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of NIT(No.KCTD006)Jiangsu Marine Structure Service Performance Improvement Engineering Research CenterKey Laboratory of Jiangsu"Marine Floating Wind Power Technology and Equipment"。
文摘We investigated the effects of fly ash(FA)content on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)and its regeneration potential under freeze and thaw(F-T)cycles.The physical properties of second-generation recycled concrete aggregates(RCA)were used to analyze the regeneration potential of RAC after F-T cycles.Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the interfacial transition zone microstructure of RAC after F-T cycles.Results showed that adding 20%FA to RAC significantly enhanced its mechanical properties and frost resistance.Before the F-T cycles,the compressive strength of RAC with 20%FA reached 48.3 MPa,exceeding research strength target of 40 MPa.A majority of second-generation RCA with FA had been verified to attain class Ⅲ,which enabled their practical application in non-structural projects such as backfill trenches and road pavement.However,the second-generation RCA with 20%FA can achieve class Ⅱ,making it ideal for 40 MPa structural concrete.
基金funded by the Agricultural Development Program through Science and Technology of Shanghai,China (2022-02-08-00-12-F01099)the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFD1201501)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China (22DX1900100)the Excellent Team Project of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China (2022(007))。
文摘Head-splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder in cabbage that causes substantial economic losses.However,the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying head-splitting resistance remain largely unexplored.This study identified a genomic region(q NLQ3.1) for head-splitting resistance on chromosome C03 through the combination of QTLseq and GPS analysis in an F_(2) population derived from hybridizing two cabbage inbred lines,‘Dazhengfu'(ZF,susceptible) and ‘103'(resistant).Traditional genetic linkage analysis narrowed q NLQ3.1 to a 74.6 kb region.Furthermore,comparative analysis of the two parental lines using transcriptomic and metabolic profiling demonstrated the crucial role of hormones in regulating head-splitting resistance.Bol028000,encoding a homologue of Arabidopsis Cytokinin Response Factor 3(CRF3),emerged as a promising candidate for head-splitting resistance and was subsequently validated through Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).Subcellular localisation analysis revealed that Bol028000 was mainly expressed in the nucleus.Additionally,one kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP) marker from Bol028000 was developed and utilized to screen 42 inbred lines.These findings enhance the theoretical understanding of head-splitting resistance and provide valuable insights for the molecular breeding of head-splitting resistant cabbages.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2022A15151104922023A1515012955)Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(Grant No.2023A04J0795).
文摘Banana(Musa spp.),being a globally significant fruit crop,faces a myriad of threats from various diseases,such as Fusarium wilt,Xanthomonas wilt,bunchy top disease,and weevils disease.This review provides an overview of recent advancements in molecular mechanisms and immune signaling pathways underlying disease resistance in banana.First,the review discusses the latest research advances on banana pests and diseases.Subsequently,this review explores the immune responses and signaling pathways,pattern recognition receptor-triggered immunity,effector-triggered immunity,cell death,reactive oxygen species,autophagy,hormonal pathways,and other players involved in bananaedisease interactions.Finally,the review discusses the current understanding of the genetic architecture of disease resistance in banana,focusing on the identification of defense-related genes and quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to major pathogens and offering recommendations for genetic research.The conclusion underscores the significance of research on banana immunity,specifically highlighting the crucial need to identify endogenous resistance genes and elucidate immune signaling pathways for future efforts aimed at breeding disease-resistant banana.This review offers a comprehensive perspective on the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance in banana and serves as a valuable reference for breeding efforts aimed at enhancing banana's resistance to pathogens.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1401005).
文摘Diplodia tip blight,caused by Diplodia sapinea,is a global pine necrotic disease causing heavy economic losses to the pine industry.Chemical control,its main current management,easily induces pathogen resistance and environmental pollution,which biological control avoids.This study investigated juniper essential oil’s efficacy against the disease on Mongolian Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)and its induced resistance mechanisms via pot experiments,physiological assays(defense enzyme activities,resistant substances)and metabolomic sequencing(secondary metabolites).Results showed varied efficacy:three foliar sprays of 10μL mL^(-1) oil achieved the best control phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),polyphenol oxidase(82.9%).The 20μL mL^(-1) treatment significantly increased(PPO)activities,and contents of lignin,flavonoids and total phenolics.Metabolomic analysis showed 326 upregulated and 527 downregulated different metabolites in essential oilinduced and pathogen-inoculated pines,compared to 483 upregulated and 277 downregulated metabolites in noninduced but inoculated pines.The differentially expressed metabolites in treated pines were primarily enriched in pathways related to amino acid metabolism and plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis,with notably increased expression levels of ferulic acid,scopoletin,pipecolic acid,D-proline,and DL-arginine.Therefore,juniper essential oil protects against D.sapinea by inducing systemic acquired resistance in Mongolian Scots pine.In conclusion,juniper essential oil controls D.sapinea by inducing systemic acquired resistance(SAR)in Mongolian Scots pine,clarifying the molecular mechanism and supporting biological control of the disease.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760363)the Earmarked Fund for CARS (CARS-14-1-16)+1 种基金the Gansu Education Science and Technology Innovation Industry Support Program,China (2021CYZC-38)the Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science,Gansu Agricultural University,China (GSCS-2020-Z6)。
文摘Lodging is a major constraint limiting oil flax production efficiency in northern China.Crop lodging susceptibility is closely related to stem lignin content,and the regulatory mechanisms by which nitrogen and potassium fertilization interactively influence lignin biosynthesis in oil flax stems require further investigation.Therefore,this study aimed to enhance lodging resistance and increase grain yield in oil flax.We examined the interactive effects of different nitrogen (75,150,and 225 kg N ha^(–1)) and potassium (60 and 90 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)) fertilizer rates on lignin metabolism,lodging resistance,and grain yield during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons.Results indicated that nitrogen and potassium fertilizer levels and their interactions promoted lignin accumulation,improved lodging resistance,and increased grain yield.Compared to the control (CK),the75–150 kg N ha^(–1) combined with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1) treatments significantly enhanced the activities of key lignin-synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),and peroxidase (POD)) and upregulated the expression of 4CL1 and F5H3 genes,leading to a 29.63–43.30%increase in lignin content,improved stem bending strength and lodging resistance index,and a 23.27–32.34%increase in grain yield.Correlation analysis revealed that nitrogen and potassium fertilizers positively regulated enzyme activities and gene expression related to lignin biosynthesis,thereby facilitating lignin accumulation and enhancing stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance.Positive correlations were observed among lignin-related enzyme activities,gene expression,lodging resistance traits,and grain yield.In summary,the application of 75–150 kg N ha^(–1) in conjunction with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)promoted lignin biosynthesis and accumulation,enhanced lodging resistance,and increased grain yield in oil flax grown in the dryland farming region of central Gansu,China.Furthermore,this treatment provides a technical basis for cultivating stress-tolerant and high-yield oil flax in arid regions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan Project(2023YFD2301000)the National Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(2024CXGC0109032023CXPT013)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472705,32302513)the Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong,China(SDAST2024QTA083)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(ZR2022JQ14,ZR2022QC112)。
文摘Xyloglucan represents the primary hemicellulose component in higher plant cell walls,providing mechanical support.The XTH gene family encodes xyloglucan endotransferase/hydrolase,a crucial enzyme in cell wall remodeling.Studies examining XTH family-related genes in apples remain limited.This study investigated the Md XTH30 gene,isolated from apple(Malus×domestica),which demonstrated responsiveness to abscisic acid,Na Cl,and polyethylene glycol(PEG)6000,with cytoplasmic localization confirmed through subcellular mapping.To elucidate the role of Md XTH30 in stress response,transgenic Md XTH30 apple calli were generated and the gene was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.The findings revealed that Md XTH30 enhanced resistance to drought,salt stress,and pathogens through regulation of relevant genes in both apple calli and Arabidopsis.These results identify potentially significant candidate genes for improving biotic and abiotic stress resistance at the cell wall level.
基金supported by Fondi Ateneo grants funded by Sapienza University (#RM120172A3160B53) to EBfunds from Jerome-Lejeune Foundation (#1887-2019b) to EBthe European Union–Next Generation EU (Project ECS 0000024Rome Technopole,–CUP B83C22002820006, NRPMission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.5 to LRR)
文摘The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases has uncovered shared pathophysiological pathways,with insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction emerging as critical contributors to cognitive decline.Insulin resistance impairs neuronal metabolism and synaptic function,fostering neurodegeneration as observed in Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome.Indeed,Down syndrome,characterized by the triplication of the APP gene,represents a valuable genetic model for studying early-onset Alzheimer’s disease and accelerated aging.Building on the link between metabolic dysfunctions and neurodegeneration,innovative strategies addressed brain insulin resistance as a key driver of cognitive decline.Intranasal insulin has shown promise in improving cognition in early Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes,supporting the concept that restoring insulin sensitivity can mitigate neurodegeneration.However,insulin-based therapies risk desensitizing insulin signaling,potentially worsening the disease.Incretins,particularly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists,offer neuroprotective benefits by enhancing insulin sensitivity,metabolism,and synaptic plasticity while reducing oxidative distress and neuroinflammation.This review focuses on current knowledge on the metabolic and molecular interactions between insulin resistance,mitochondrial dynamics(including their roles in energy metabolism),and oxidative distress regulation,as these are pivotal in both Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome.By addressing these interconnected mechanisms,innovative treatments may emerge for both metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.
基金funded by the American University of Sharjah.United Arab Emirates award number EN 9502-FRG19-M-E75。
文摘Variable stiffness composites present a promising solution for mitigating impact loads via varying the fiber volume fraction layer-wise,thereby adjusting the panel's stiffness.Since each layer of the composite may be affected by a different failure mode,the optimal fiber volume fraction to suppress damage initiation and evolution is different across the layers.This research examines how re-allocating the fibers layer-wise enhances the composites'impact resistance.In this study,constant stiffness panels with the same fiber volume fraction throughout the layers are compared to variable stiffness ones by varying volume fraction layer-wise.A method is established that utilizes numerical analysis coupled with optimization techniques to determine the optimal fiber volume fraction in both scenarios.Three different reinforcement fibers(Kevlar,carbon,and glass)embedded in epoxy resin were studied.Panels were manufactured and tested under various loading conditions to validate results.Kevlar reinforcement revealed the highest tensile toughness,followed by carbon and then glass fibers.Varying reinforcement volume fraction significantly influences failure modes.Higher fractions lead to matrix cracking and debonding,while lower fractions result in more fiber breakage.The optimal volume fraction for maximizing fiber breakage energy is around 45%,whereas it is about 90%for matrix cracking and debonding.A drop tower test was used to examine the composite structure's behavior under lowvelocity impact,confirming the superiority of Kevlar-reinforced composites with variable stiffness.Conversely,glass-reinforced composites with constant stiffness revealed the lowest performance with the highest deflection.Across all reinforcement materials,the variable stiffness structure consistently outperformed its constant stiffness counterpart.
基金supported by the Original Exploratory Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52450012)。
文摘TiB_(2)coatings can significantly enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of molybdenum,which would broaden the application range of molybdenum and alloys thereof.However,traditional methods for preparing TiB_(2)coatings have disadvantages such as high equipment costs,complicated processes,and highly toxic gas emissions.This paper proposes an environmentally friendly method,which requires inexpensive equipment and simple processing,for preparing TiB_(2)coating on molybdenum via electrophoretic deposition within Na3AlF6-based molten salts.The produced TiB_(2)layer had an approximate thickness of 60μm and exhibited high density,outstanding hardness(38.2 GPa)and robust adhesion strength(51 N).Additionally,high-temperature oxidation experiments revealed that,at900℃,the TiB_(2)coating provided effective protection to the molybdenum substrate against oxidation for 3 h.This result indicates that the TiB_(2)coating prepared on molybdenum using molten salt electrophoretic deposition possesses good high-temperature oxidation resistance.
基金This study is granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52209055,52379041,and 32272667)the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects,China (202401AU070197,202501AW070013,202501BC070015,and 202501AT070377)+3 种基金the Yunnan Education Department Project,China (2024J0079)the Kunming University of Science and Technology Talent Development Project,China (KKZ3202423161)the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources and Intelligent Control,China (202449CE340014)the Yunnan Intelligent Water-Fertilizer-Pesticide Integration Technology and Equipment Innovation Team,China (202505AS350025)。
文摘Erysiphe necator is a destructive fungal pathogen that compromises grapevine yield and quality,leading to substantial economic losses.Therefore,elucidating host resistance mechanisms is essential.In this study,we identified an ethylene response factor,VqERF1B,that exhibits sustained high expression during E.necator infection in Chinese wild grape Vitis quinquangularis accession ‘Danfeng-2'.Transient overexpression of VqERF1B in grape leaves enhanced resistance to E.necator by elevating transcript levels of pathogenesis-related(PR) genes,including PR1,PR2,PR5,and PR10.Conversely,silencing VqERF1B resulted in increased susceptibility.Moreover,transgenic Arabidopsis lines stably overexpressing VqERF1B exhibited enhanced resistance to powdery mildew,associated with elevated PR gene expression and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).A series of assays identified VqMAPK3,a phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase,as a direct interactor of VqERF1B.Furthermore,VqERF1B was shown to bind directly to the promoters of VqPRs,thereby activating their transcription.Notably,the VqMAPK3-VqERF1B complex exhibited greater transactivation activity on VqPR promoters than VqERF1B alone,indicating that VqMAPK3 positively modulates VqERF1Bmediated transcription of PR genes.This work advances understanding of the molecular basis of grape resistance to E.necator and provides a foundation for molecular breeding strategies.
