With rapid development of economy and emergence of more and more high-grade residences,it had highlighted that high-grade residence was the inevitable tendency of economic development and urban construction.Based on t...With rapid development of economy and emergence of more and more high-grade residences,it had highlighted that high-grade residence was the inevitable tendency of economic development and urban construction.Based on the fact that high-grade residences paid more attention to harmony of human and architecture with nature and required higher for landscaping,the paper emphasized that landscape quality of high-grade residences was the key factor deciding quality of the residence.In view of insufficiencies of plant landscaping planning in high-grade residences at home and abroad,by taking high-grade residences in Hangzhou City for example,analysis had been conducted by selecting typical cases.It pointed out that plants disposition in high-grade residences was unreasonable,architectures and landscapes were isolated,and greening ratio was stressed while design was neglected.And then,corresponding solutions had been proposed.In terms of plants selection,it should reasonably utilize native tree species,and properly select new and high-quality plant species.In terms of harmonious unity between plant landscape and architecture,it should lay stress on unity between sensory design and comfort design.In terms of plant design and disposition,it should stick to the theme of "residential environment",so as to rationalize plant design and disposition,and create more comfortable residential environment.展开更多
Shape coefficient is a significant factor accounting for building energy consumption. In order to decrease the building energy consumption of rural residence in severe cold regions,this paper from the perspective of r...Shape coefficient is a significant factor accounting for building energy consumption. In order to decrease the building energy consumption of rural residence in severe cold regions,this paper from the perspective of regulating the shape coefficient limit value,applies the field survey method to statistic and analyze the shape,width and depth of rural residence in severe cold regions and concludes the distribution characteristics and scope of building area. On this basis,though calculating and analyzing the relations between shape coefficient and length-width ratio under different building areas,meanwhile comprehensive considering the building function,farmers' living mode and requirements etc,it put forward that the shape coefficient of rural residence in severe cold regions should below 0. 8. It has important significance for guiding the rural energy-saving house design and construction of severe cold regions.展开更多
Residential energy-efficiency measures, besides energy savings, provide opportunities for improvement of thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, and operation. However, all these benefits sometimes are not eno...Residential energy-efficiency measures, besides energy savings, provide opportunities for improvement of thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, and operation. However, all these benefits sometimes are not enough to convince a homeowner to pay the incremental cost associated with the energy-efficiency measure. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for the economic evaluation of residential energy-efficiency measures that can simplify the economic analysis for the homeowner while taking into consideration all factors associated with the purchase, ownership, and selling of the house with the energy-efficiency measure. The methodology accounts for direct and indirect economic parameters associated to an energy-efficiency measure;direct parameters such as the mortgage interest and fuel price escalation rate, and indirect parameters such as savings account interest and marginal income tax rate. The methodology also considers different cases based on the service life of the energy-efficiency measure and loss of efficiency through a derating factor. To estimate the market value, the methodology uses the future energy cost savings instead of the cost of the EEM. Results from the methodology offer to homeowner annual net savings and net assets. The annual net savings gives the homeowner a measure of the annual positive cash flow that can be obtained from an energy-efficiency project;but more important, the net assets offer a measure of the added net wealth. To simplify and increase the use of the methodology by homeowners, the methodology has been implemented in an Excel tool that can be downloaded from the TxAIRE’s website.展开更多
On February 24, 1993, when the appraisal meeting of the Sino-Japanese Joint Research Project of Well-off Household Residences was held in Beijing, Person-in-charge from the China Building Technology Development and Re...On February 24, 1993, when the appraisal meeting of the Sino-Japanese Joint Research Project of Well-off Household Residences was held in Beijing, Person-in-charge from the China Building Technology Development and Research Centre and the Japan International Cooperation Undertakings Group signed the project appraisal report. It marked the successful completion of this three-year joint research project.展开更多
Driven by the policy of "balancing urban and rural development", urbanization in China has been accelerated and agricultural population transferred to urban areas, which guarantees the improvement of life qu...Driven by the policy of "balancing urban and rural development", urbanization in China has been accelerated and agricultural population transferred to urban areas, which guarantees the improvement of life quality and living environment of rural and agricultural population. The urbanization has always been accompanied by national economic development and social progress, relocation and development of rural areas have become a social issue for a certain time. Therefore, it is imperative to explore a series of concrete, well-timed and practical measures for settling rural population, figure out proper modes, materials and methods for rural residence planning and construction under the new conditions, and provide relevant operation and theoretical support. Problems in mountainous rural areas of China were proposed as great population but limited land resources, backward construction techniques, and residences not valuing low carbon or environment protection. In view of these problems, construction techniques suitable for actual conditions of rural areas were explored, energy-saving building materials combined, the style of "dragon sucking water" for mountainous rural areas was proposed, design advantages and details of this architectural model were analyzed.展开更多
Changeful and complex rural family structure and climatic features of transitional areas in China make the application of variable strategy in energy-saving rural residence designs possible.Aiming at the low cost,seve...Changeful and complex rural family structure and climatic features of transitional areas in China make the application of variable strategy in energy-saving rural residence designs possible.Aiming at the low cost,several effective and reasonable variable strategies were proposed for the design of interior spaces,main bedroom,sunshine room,staircase,west wall,door and window design to satisfy changing structure of a family during different periods and their different thermo-technical requirements in winter and summer.In this way,thermal comfort of rural indoor spaces will be improved,more energy saved,useful experience and thoughts provided for the energy-saving residence design in cold regions and regions hot in summer and cold in winter.展开更多
Based on the field study and site test, the development and evolution of rural residence in Chaoshan Area have been illustrated. Two types of residences, that is, tradition-inheriting type and city-imitating type, hav...Based on the field study and site test, the development and evolution of rural residence in Chaoshan Area have been illustrated. Two types of residences, that is, tradition-inheriting type and city-imitating type, have been classified. Furthermore, residences of tradition-inheriting type have been divided into four types. Then, the construction materials, structure and energy-saving facilities of rural residences in Chaoshan have been analyzed, aiming to provide a foundation for thermal performance and energy saving design of rural residences in Chaoshan Area.展开更多
Clean-energy substitution technology for existing residential buildings in cities is an inevitable choice for sustainable development and low-carbon ecological city construction.In this paper,the current status of ene...Clean-energy substitution technology for existing residential buildings in cities is an inevitable choice for sustainable development and low-carbon ecological city construction.In this paper,the current status of energy-saving renovation and renewable-energy applications for existing residential buildings in various cities in China was summarized by using statistical methods.The geographical distribution of clean-energy power generation in primary energy production in China was explored in depth.According to different climatic divisions for existing urban residences,clean-energy production and consumption were analyzed and predicted based on the STIRPAT model.The results show that the energy consumption of urban residential buildings in 2016 increased by 43.6%compared with 2009,and the percentage of clean energy also increased from 7.9%to 13.4%.Different climatic regions have different advantages regarding clean energy:nuclear power generation leads in the region that experiences hot summers and warm winters,whereas wind and solar power generation lead in the cold and severely cold regions.The present results provide basic data support for the planning and implementation of clean-energy upgrading and transformation systems in existing urban residences in China.展开更多
Neighborhood residence was firstly introduced by the Soviet Union in the early days of China’s establishment. As representatives of the first generation of neighbourhood residences at that time, Baiwanzhuang bears pr...Neighborhood residence was firstly introduced by the Soviet Union in the early days of China’s establishment. As representatives of the first generation of neighbourhood residences at that time, Baiwanzhuang bears profound historical imprints in this respect. Via historical records and current situation investigation, we focus on combing its past and present situation, try to trace the history of the introduction, development and decline of neighborhood residence in China, and explore the development model and logic of this type of residence form in China. The research is conducive to guiding improvement and promotion of current residence model to a certain level, and also provides the possibility to pursue another living form that is more suitable for social development and residents’ needs.展开更多
With reference to the existing research in the field of historical building evaluation, this study introduced the theory of landscape evaluation, constructed an index evaluation system by using the analytic hierarchy ...With reference to the existing research in the field of historical building evaluation, this study introduced the theory of landscape evaluation, constructed an index evaluation system by using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), calculated the relative weight of the judgment matrix by using the pairwise comparison, and assigned each index factor to determine the landscape evaluation scores of traditional residences. Based on the investigation of the sunken cave dwellings in Baishe Village, Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province, the traditional residence landscape evaluation system was applied in practice, the evaluation results were analyzed, and suggestions for protection and development were put forward.展开更多
By taking a modern residence in Meishan area as an example,15 measuring points have been set,and the wind speed of the parlor on the first and second floor and that of many bedding rooms have been measured every other...By taking a modern residence in Meishan area as an example,15 measuring points have been set,and the wind speed of the parlor on the first and second floor and that of many bedding rooms have been measured every other hour from 7:00 to 22:00.Based on the measuring data and indoor architectural pattern,indoor ventilation has been analyzed.The results show that good natural ventilation could be created in modern rural residence by making use of plane layout,orientation and openings' organization,so that indoor air can be distributed evenly,helping to reduce temperature and remove humidness;indoor wind speed of the openings of architectures is the largest;and architectural orientation and opening's position can guide air flow and help to improve natural ventilation obviously.展开更多
As the staying duration of the refugees who come from Syria to Gaziantep prolonged,the need for residence together with the need for shelter came up.This city,which received internal migration previously and which alr...As the staying duration of the refugees who come from Syria to Gaziantep prolonged,the need for residence together with the need for shelter came up.This city,which received internal migration previously and which already had an intense squatting problem,increased its housing demand further with the fast migration of Syrian refugees to the city and unfortunately had to open up even the unhealthy,unused structures to be used.This study aims to identify the lifestyle,family structure,economic condition,type of housing,and places that refugees use both in Syria and in Gaziantep in order to solve the housing problem more optimally,to compare and evaluate the condition and use of the cultural and social areas available around residences,and to shed light on the housing projects which will be built later.As a result,the size of the residences which Syrians use decreased.If new structures which will be preferred also by Syrians will be built,the green areas and social facilities of these structures should be structured.As apartment type structures are preferred more,more number of rooms and the separate design of the bathroom and WC should also be organized.展开更多
In the context of climate change,there is growing concern about the energy efficiency and indoor air pollution of residential buildings.The air exchange between indoors and outdoors for residential buildings plays a c...In the context of climate change,there is growing concern about the energy efficiency and indoor air pollution of residential buildings.The air exchange between indoors and outdoors for residential buildings plays a critical role in energy efficiency and indoor air quality,with the air exchange rate(AER)and air infiltration rate(AIR)being key parameters.However,existing research on residential AER and AIR is predominantly restricted to a few regions,and there is a significant lack of comprehensive global-scale analysis or predictive models for residential AER or AIR.This gap in data poses challenges in the estimation of energy consumption and indoor air quality globally.To address this issue,we conducted a comprehensive literature review to compile existing AER and AIR data worldwide.Recognizing the limitations in available data,we developed a Random Forest(RF)model,integrating key factors that influence AER and AIR,such as geographical location,climate parameters,building characteristics,and social development level,to analyze the collected data and estimate AER and AIR values across different regions and seasons globally.With the developed RF model,we generated the global seasonal AER and AIR data at a sub-national scale,addressed a critical data gap,and further provided a foundational dataset for global estimations or predictions of energy consumption and indoor air quality research in residential buildings.展开更多
I had an epiphany last month.I realized that all the teaching I’ve provided to residents and students the past three decades could be distilled into a single,germane suggestion:“Think Like an Engineer!”
Perhaps the greatest compliment that an attending surgeon can bestow on a resident in training,is to comment,“He/she has good hands.”However,what defines good hands?What parameters are used to make that judgment?As ...Perhaps the greatest compliment that an attending surgeon can bestow on a resident in training,is to comment,“He/she has good hands.”However,what defines good hands?What parameters are used to make that judgment?As an academic urologist,I had the opportunity to observe urology and general surgery residents in the operating room over several decades.展开更多
Splashing behavior of metal droplets is one of the main phenomena in basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The size distribution of metal droplets and the residence time of the metal droplets in the slag have impor...Splashing behavior of metal droplets is one of the main phenomena in basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The size distribution of metal droplets and the residence time of the metal droplets in the slag have important effects on the kinetics of the metal–slag reactions.The particle size distribution law,characteristic diameter,splashing velocity and splashing angle of metal droplets were investigated,and an improved prediction model of trajectory and residence time for metal droplets was established based on the combination of expanded droplets theory,decarburization mechanism model and ballistic motion principle.Meanwhile,the trajectory and residence time of metal droplets under different working conditions were analyzed based on this model.The results illustrate that the metal droplets with larger particle size are produced at low lance distance,while the metal droplets with smaller particle size are produced at high lance distance.There is a significant linear relationship between the three diameters(maximum droplet diameter,distribution characteristic diameter,reaction characteristic diameter)and the blowing number.The residence time of decarbonized metal droplets in slag is about 0.2–73 s.Meanwhile,the initial carbon content and diameter of the metal droplets and the FeO content of slag are the main factors affecting the motion state of the metal droplets in the slag,while the splashing velocity,splashing angle and the height of the foam slag have little influence.This model can be used to predict the trajectory and residence time of decarburized metal droplets in a variety of complex multiphase slag conditions,overcoming the limitation that the known model is only applicable to a few specific conditions.展开更多
With the rapid development of urbanization,urban environmental degradation has significantly impacted the ecological environment quality of urban residents.This study,taking 10 communities in Hefei as samples,integrat...With the rapid development of urbanization,urban environmental degradation has significantly impacted the ecological environment quality of urban residents.This study,taking 10 communities in Hefei as samples,integrates bibliometric analysis(Citespace),vegetation quadrat surveys,and resident satisfaction questionnaires to quantify the implementation pathways of biodiversity,low-carbon society,and therapeutic landscapes in community habitat design.Key findings reveal that the high-carbon-sequestration plant combination of Liriope spicata and Pittosporum tobira can mitigate urban heat island effects,while the aromatic plant assemblage of Cinnamomum camphorum and Osmanthus fragrans demonstrates notable stress-reduction benefits.Monoculture planting,however,leads to reduced pollinator populations.Based on these outcomes,a“4-3-2”design framework is proposed,which stands for 4 ecological indicators(greening rate≥40%,native plants≥60%,non-motorized transport coverage rate 100%,and therapeutic facilities≥2),3 types of spatial strategies(ecological network infiltration,low-carbon travel strategy,and therapeutic landscape creation),and 2 major participation mechanisms(resident environmental council and plant-adoption incentive program).This study provides a quantifiable and operational framework for urban community habitat improvement.展开更多
Standardized residency training programs primarily focus on developing clinical diagnostic and treatment skills,often allocating limited time to research activities.However,enhancing research skills is of paramount im...Standardized residency training programs primarily focus on developing clinical diagnostic and treatment skills,often allocating limited time to research activities.However,enhancing research skills is of paramount importance for residents,as it fosters critical thinking,problem-solving abilities,and a deeper understanding of applying scientific principles to clinical practice.This paper explores the necessity and significance of integrating research training into residency programs,emphasizing its role in cultivating well-rounded physicians capable of advancing medical knowledge.This study proposes a competency-based research training model that encompasses research literacy,study design,biostatistics,and scientific writing.Additionally,online asynchronous training modules,robust mentorship,and balanced time management strategies are recommended to enhance residents’research engagement without compromising clinical training.By implementing these measures,residency programs can improve residents’research capabilities,contributing to both individual professional growth and the broader advancement of medical science.展开更多
As a crucial assessment tool,the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise(Mini-CEX)has gradually garnered attention in the clinical skills training of resident physicians.With the ongoing advancement of medical education ref...As a crucial assessment tool,the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise(Mini-CEX)has gradually garnered attention in the clinical skills training of resident physicians.With the ongoing advancement of medical education reform,Mini-CEX not only offers a fresh perspective for evaluating the clinical competence of resident physicians but also establishes a foundation for enhancing their overall quality and professional capabilities.Nonetheless,there are still certain constraints in the application of Mini-CEX,including inconsistent assessment criteria,assessor subjectivity,and inadequate feedback mechanisms.This paper will review relevant domestic and international studies,explore the practical application of Mini-CEX in standardized resident physician training,analyze its strengths and weaknesses in assessing clinical ability,and propose recommendations for future development directions.Through a thorough examination of this field,it aims to provide references and guidance for further optimizing the training model for resident physicians.展开更多
文摘With rapid development of economy and emergence of more and more high-grade residences,it had highlighted that high-grade residence was the inevitable tendency of economic development and urban construction.Based on the fact that high-grade residences paid more attention to harmony of human and architecture with nature and required higher for landscaping,the paper emphasized that landscape quality of high-grade residences was the key factor deciding quality of the residence.In view of insufficiencies of plant landscaping planning in high-grade residences at home and abroad,by taking high-grade residences in Hangzhou City for example,analysis had been conducted by selecting typical cases.It pointed out that plants disposition in high-grade residences was unreasonable,architectures and landscapes were isolated,and greening ratio was stressed while design was neglected.And then,corresponding solutions had been proposed.In terms of plants selection,it should reasonably utilize native tree species,and properly select new and high-quality plant species.In terms of harmonious unity between plant landscape and architecture,it should lay stress on unity between sensory design and comfort design.In terms of plant design and disposition,it should stick to the theme of "residential environment",so as to rationalize plant design and disposition,and create more comfortable residential environment.
基金Sponsored by the National Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (Grant No.2011BAJ08B06)
文摘Shape coefficient is a significant factor accounting for building energy consumption. In order to decrease the building energy consumption of rural residence in severe cold regions,this paper from the perspective of regulating the shape coefficient limit value,applies the field survey method to statistic and analyze the shape,width and depth of rural residence in severe cold regions and concludes the distribution characteristics and scope of building area. On this basis,though calculating and analyzing the relations between shape coefficient and length-width ratio under different building areas,meanwhile comprehensive considering the building function,farmers' living mode and requirements etc,it put forward that the shape coefficient of rural residence in severe cold regions should below 0. 8. It has important significance for guiding the rural energy-saving house design and construction of severe cold regions.
文摘Residential energy-efficiency measures, besides energy savings, provide opportunities for improvement of thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, and operation. However, all these benefits sometimes are not enough to convince a homeowner to pay the incremental cost associated with the energy-efficiency measure. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for the economic evaluation of residential energy-efficiency measures that can simplify the economic analysis for the homeowner while taking into consideration all factors associated with the purchase, ownership, and selling of the house with the energy-efficiency measure. The methodology accounts for direct and indirect economic parameters associated to an energy-efficiency measure;direct parameters such as the mortgage interest and fuel price escalation rate, and indirect parameters such as savings account interest and marginal income tax rate. The methodology also considers different cases based on the service life of the energy-efficiency measure and loss of efficiency through a derating factor. To estimate the market value, the methodology uses the future energy cost savings instead of the cost of the EEM. Results from the methodology offer to homeowner annual net savings and net assets. The annual net savings gives the homeowner a measure of the annual positive cash flow that can be obtained from an energy-efficiency project;but more important, the net assets offer a measure of the added net wealth. To simplify and increase the use of the methodology by homeowners, the methodology has been implemented in an Excel tool that can be downloaded from the TxAIRE’s website.
文摘On February 24, 1993, when the appraisal meeting of the Sino-Japanese Joint Research Project of Well-off Household Residences was held in Beijing, Person-in-charge from the China Building Technology Development and Research Centre and the Japan International Cooperation Undertakings Group signed the project appraisal report. It marked the successful completion of this three-year joint research project.
文摘Driven by the policy of "balancing urban and rural development", urbanization in China has been accelerated and agricultural population transferred to urban areas, which guarantees the improvement of life quality and living environment of rural and agricultural population. The urbanization has always been accompanied by national economic development and social progress, relocation and development of rural areas have become a social issue for a certain time. Therefore, it is imperative to explore a series of concrete, well-timed and practical measures for settling rural population, figure out proper modes, materials and methods for rural residence planning and construction under the new conditions, and provide relevant operation and theoretical support. Problems in mountainous rural areas of China were proposed as great population but limited land resources, backward construction techniques, and residences not valuing low carbon or environment protection. In view of these problems, construction techniques suitable for actual conditions of rural areas were explored, energy-saving building materials combined, the style of "dragon sucking water" for mountainous rural areas was proposed, design advantages and details of this architectural model were analyzed.
基金Supported by 2009 Scientific and Technological Program of Zhengzhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology:Study on the Optimal Energy-Conservation Design of Low-cost Rural Residences in Henan Province2011 Undergraduates' Innovative Program of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power:Study on the Energy-Conservation Design of Regional Rural Residences in Henan Province
文摘Changeful and complex rural family structure and climatic features of transitional areas in China make the application of variable strategy in energy-saving rural residence designs possible.Aiming at the low cost,several effective and reasonable variable strategies were proposed for the design of interior spaces,main bedroom,sunshine room,staircase,west wall,door and window design to satisfy changing structure of a family during different periods and their different thermo-technical requirements in winter and summer.In this way,thermal comfort of rural indoor spaces will be improved,more energy saved,useful experience and thoughts provided for the energy-saving residence design in cold regions and regions hot in summer and cold in winter.
基金Supported by Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation (51038005)Youth Foundation Project of National Natural Science Foundation (51108194)
文摘Based on the field study and site test, the development and evolution of rural residence in Chaoshan Area have been illustrated. Two types of residences, that is, tradition-inheriting type and city-imitating type, have been classified. Furthermore, residences of tradition-inheriting type have been divided into four types. Then, the construction materials, structure and energy-saving facilities of rural residences in Chaoshan have been analyzed, aiming to provide a foundation for thermal performance and energy saving design of rural residences in Chaoshan Area.
基金This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2018YFC0704800).
文摘Clean-energy substitution technology for existing residential buildings in cities is an inevitable choice for sustainable development and low-carbon ecological city construction.In this paper,the current status of energy-saving renovation and renewable-energy applications for existing residential buildings in various cities in China was summarized by using statistical methods.The geographical distribution of clean-energy power generation in primary energy production in China was explored in depth.According to different climatic divisions for existing urban residences,clean-energy production and consumption were analyzed and predicted based on the STIRPAT model.The results show that the energy consumption of urban residential buildings in 2016 increased by 43.6%compared with 2009,and the percentage of clean energy also increased from 7.9%to 13.4%.Different climatic regions have different advantages regarding clean energy:nuclear power generation leads in the region that experiences hot summers and warm winters,whereas wind and solar power generation lead in the cold and severely cold regions.The present results provide basic data support for the planning and implementation of clean-energy upgrading and transformation systems in existing urban residences in China.
文摘Neighborhood residence was firstly introduced by the Soviet Union in the early days of China’s establishment. As representatives of the first generation of neighbourhood residences at that time, Baiwanzhuang bears profound historical imprints in this respect. Via historical records and current situation investigation, we focus on combing its past and present situation, try to trace the history of the introduction, development and decline of neighborhood residence in China, and explore the development model and logic of this type of residence form in China. The research is conducive to guiding improvement and promotion of current residence model to a certain level, and also provides the possibility to pursue another living form that is more suitable for social development and residents’ needs.
基金Sponsored by Humanities and Social Sciences Project of Northwest A&F University(Z109021506Z109021705)
文摘With reference to the existing research in the field of historical building evaluation, this study introduced the theory of landscape evaluation, constructed an index evaluation system by using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), calculated the relative weight of the judgment matrix by using the pairwise comparison, and assigned each index factor to determine the landscape evaluation scores of traditional residences. Based on the investigation of the sunken cave dwellings in Baishe Village, Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province, the traditional residence landscape evaluation system was applied in practice, the evaluation results were analyzed, and suggestions for protection and development were put forward.
基金Supported by Fund of State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science (2010KB15)Fund of Education Department of Guangdong Province (1184510150)
文摘By taking a modern residence in Meishan area as an example,15 measuring points have been set,and the wind speed of the parlor on the first and second floor and that of many bedding rooms have been measured every other hour from 7:00 to 22:00.Based on the measuring data and indoor architectural pattern,indoor ventilation has been analyzed.The results show that good natural ventilation could be created in modern rural residence by making use of plane layout,orientation and openings' organization,so that indoor air can be distributed evenly,helping to reduce temperature and remove humidness;indoor wind speed of the openings of architectures is the largest;and architectural orientation and opening's position can guide air flow and help to improve natural ventilation obviously.
文摘As the staying duration of the refugees who come from Syria to Gaziantep prolonged,the need for residence together with the need for shelter came up.This city,which received internal migration previously and which already had an intense squatting problem,increased its housing demand further with the fast migration of Syrian refugees to the city and unfortunately had to open up even the unhealthy,unused structures to be used.This study aims to identify the lifestyle,family structure,economic condition,type of housing,and places that refugees use both in Syria and in Gaziantep in order to solve the housing problem more optimally,to compare and evaluate the condition and use of the cultural and social areas available around residences,and to shed light on the housing projects which will be built later.As a result,the size of the residences which Syrians use decreased.If new structures which will be preferred also by Syrians will be built,the green areas and social facilities of these structures should be structured.As apartment type structures are preferred more,more number of rooms and the separate design of the bathroom and WC should also be organized.
文摘In the context of climate change,there is growing concern about the energy efficiency and indoor air pollution of residential buildings.The air exchange between indoors and outdoors for residential buildings plays a critical role in energy efficiency and indoor air quality,with the air exchange rate(AER)and air infiltration rate(AIR)being key parameters.However,existing research on residential AER and AIR is predominantly restricted to a few regions,and there is a significant lack of comprehensive global-scale analysis or predictive models for residential AER or AIR.This gap in data poses challenges in the estimation of energy consumption and indoor air quality globally.To address this issue,we conducted a comprehensive literature review to compile existing AER and AIR data worldwide.Recognizing the limitations in available data,we developed a Random Forest(RF)model,integrating key factors that influence AER and AIR,such as geographical location,climate parameters,building characteristics,and social development level,to analyze the collected data and estimate AER and AIR values across different regions and seasons globally.With the developed RF model,we generated the global seasonal AER and AIR data at a sub-national scale,addressed a critical data gap,and further provided a foundational dataset for global estimations or predictions of energy consumption and indoor air quality research in residential buildings.
文摘I had an epiphany last month.I realized that all the teaching I’ve provided to residents and students the past three decades could be distilled into a single,germane suggestion:“Think Like an Engineer!”
文摘Perhaps the greatest compliment that an attending surgeon can bestow on a resident in training,is to comment,“He/she has good hands.”However,what defines good hands?What parameters are used to make that judgment?As an academic urologist,I had the opportunity to observe urology and general surgery residents in the operating room over several decades.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52374321 and 51974023)the funding of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy,University of Science and Technology Beijing(No.41621005)the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Jianlong Group-University of Science and Technology Beijing(No.20231235).
文摘Splashing behavior of metal droplets is one of the main phenomena in basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The size distribution of metal droplets and the residence time of the metal droplets in the slag have important effects on the kinetics of the metal–slag reactions.The particle size distribution law,characteristic diameter,splashing velocity and splashing angle of metal droplets were investigated,and an improved prediction model of trajectory and residence time for metal droplets was established based on the combination of expanded droplets theory,decarburization mechanism model and ballistic motion principle.Meanwhile,the trajectory and residence time of metal droplets under different working conditions were analyzed based on this model.The results illustrate that the metal droplets with larger particle size are produced at low lance distance,while the metal droplets with smaller particle size are produced at high lance distance.There is a significant linear relationship between the three diameters(maximum droplet diameter,distribution characteristic diameter,reaction characteristic diameter)and the blowing number.The residence time of decarbonized metal droplets in slag is about 0.2–73 s.Meanwhile,the initial carbon content and diameter of the metal droplets and the FeO content of slag are the main factors affecting the motion state of the metal droplets in the slag,while the splashing velocity,splashing angle and the height of the foam slag have little influence.This model can be used to predict the trajectory and residence time of decarburized metal droplets in a variety of complex multiphase slag conditions,overcoming the limitation that the known model is only applicable to a few specific conditions.
基金Sponsored by Research Team Project of Anhui Xinhua University(kytd202202)Supported Project of Innovation Training Program for College Students in Anhui Province(S202212216126140,S202212216135,S202212216144&AH202112216114)Key Project of Science Research Program for Higher Education Institutions in Anhui Province(Natural Sciences)(2022AH051861&2024AH050601).
文摘With the rapid development of urbanization,urban environmental degradation has significantly impacted the ecological environment quality of urban residents.This study,taking 10 communities in Hefei as samples,integrates bibliometric analysis(Citespace),vegetation quadrat surveys,and resident satisfaction questionnaires to quantify the implementation pathways of biodiversity,low-carbon society,and therapeutic landscapes in community habitat design.Key findings reveal that the high-carbon-sequestration plant combination of Liriope spicata and Pittosporum tobira can mitigate urban heat island effects,while the aromatic plant assemblage of Cinnamomum camphorum and Osmanthus fragrans demonstrates notable stress-reduction benefits.Monoculture planting,however,leads to reduced pollinator populations.Based on these outcomes,a“4-3-2”design framework is proposed,which stands for 4 ecological indicators(greening rate≥40%,native plants≥60%,non-motorized transport coverage rate 100%,and therapeutic facilities≥2),3 types of spatial strategies(ecological network infiltration,low-carbon travel strategy,and therapeutic landscape creation),and 2 major participation mechanisms(resident environmental council and plant-adoption incentive program).This study provides a quantifiable and operational framework for urban community habitat improvement.
基金Research on the Construction of a Course Ideological and Political Education System and Evaluation Framework for the“Traditional Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine”Course(Project No.:2025J0459)Open Research Fund Program of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese(Project No.:CWCD2023-002,CWCD2023-003&CWCD2023-009)+2 种基金Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and TreatmentYunnan 047 Key Laboratory of Yi Dai Medicine and Yi Medicine(Project No.:2024SS24047)Yunnan 025 Key Laboratory of Yi Dai Medicine and Yi Medicine(Project No.:2024SS24025)。
文摘Standardized residency training programs primarily focus on developing clinical diagnostic and treatment skills,often allocating limited time to research activities.However,enhancing research skills is of paramount importance for residents,as it fosters critical thinking,problem-solving abilities,and a deeper understanding of applying scientific principles to clinical practice.This paper explores the necessity and significance of integrating research training into residency programs,emphasizing its role in cultivating well-rounded physicians capable of advancing medical knowledge.This study proposes a competency-based research training model that encompasses research literacy,study design,biostatistics,and scientific writing.Additionally,online asynchronous training modules,robust mentorship,and balanced time management strategies are recommended to enhance residents’research engagement without compromising clinical training.By implementing these measures,residency programs can improve residents’research capabilities,contributing to both individual professional growth and the broader advancement of medical science.
基金Scientific Research Fund Project of China Three Gorges University(Project No.:2022kj008)Special Scientific Research Fund Project of China Three Gorges University(Project No.:2023kjzx001)。
文摘As a crucial assessment tool,the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise(Mini-CEX)has gradually garnered attention in the clinical skills training of resident physicians.With the ongoing advancement of medical education reform,Mini-CEX not only offers a fresh perspective for evaluating the clinical competence of resident physicians but also establishes a foundation for enhancing their overall quality and professional capabilities.Nonetheless,there are still certain constraints in the application of Mini-CEX,including inconsistent assessment criteria,assessor subjectivity,and inadequate feedback mechanisms.This paper will review relevant domestic and international studies,explore the practical application of Mini-CEX in standardized resident physician training,analyze its strengths and weaknesses in assessing clinical ability,and propose recommendations for future development directions.Through a thorough examination of this field,it aims to provide references and guidance for further optimizing the training model for resident physicians.
