The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of religions is based on theory of mind as the product of interdependent division of labor between the forest specialist group (women and small children) and the woodlan...The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of religions is based on theory of mind as the product of interdependent division of labor between the forest specialist group (women and small children) and the woodland specialist group (men) in early hominins who lived in the mixed forest-woodland habitat. To complement each other’s work without interfering each other’s work, one specialist group had to recognize (imagine) that the other specialist group existed to think for themselves and to do different works. The result was theory of mind which is to recognize (imagine) that the others exist to think for themselves. (The forest-woodland groups became the hunter-gatherer groups for the Homo species in the savanna habitat.) Under existential pressure, hominins invented imaginary specialists as imaginary agents who existed to think for themselves and to do different works in imaginary division of labor to enhance survival chance. The result was religion with imaginary behaviors. Therefore, religion is defined as a set of beliefs and behaviors based on theory of mind that produces a shared imagination to enhance survival chance under existential pressure. This paper proposes that the religious evolution consists of the premodern imaginative religion for local society habitat starting from bipedalism, the modern rational imaginative religion for regional society habitat starting from the Axial Age, and the postmodern diverse rational imaginative religion for global society habitat starting from the Information Revolution. In conclusion, the religious brain is the imaginative brain, and the religious social behaviors are imaginary social behaviors. The religious evolution is the evolution of human imagination to enhance survival chance under existential pressure, such as the religious reinforcement of social bonds to enhance the survival chance of social group and the religious relief of stress and anxiety to enhance the survival chance of individuals.展开更多
In this essay, I make the claim that the study of religion suffers from an identity crisis that is made all the worse by an inability to effectively navigate not only the many divisions within the field, but also the ...In this essay, I make the claim that the study of religion suffers from an identity crisis that is made all the worse by an inability to effectively navigate not only the many divisions within the field, but also the many ways in which influences external to the realm of scholarship, including media, university administration, and public opinion, represent significant areas of discourse that need to be better integrated into our scholarly work. In conclusion, I argue that a greater attention to the ethical or social value of social theory can go a long way in helping to clarify what is at stake, and perhaps even bridge some of these divides without loosing academic integrity.展开更多
We’re trying a few new things here at TWOC,namely,not going with an overall theme.Instead,we’ll be bringing you stories from a variety of perspectives from around the country to help provide a more comprehensive vie...We’re trying a few new things here at TWOC,namely,not going with an overall theme.Instead,we’ll be bringing you stories from a variety of perspectives from around the country to help provide a more comprehensive view of the modern Middle Kingdom,and we hope to continue to bring you the best in Chinese culture,society,entertainment,language,and long-form journalism for a long time to come.展开更多
CHINA is a nation of many religions, the main five ones being Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Roman Catholicism and Christianity (Protestantism). There are also some special religions of some minority nationalities or region...CHINA is a nation of many religions, the main five ones being Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Roman Catholicism and Christianity (Protestantism). There are also some special religions of some minority nationalities or regional beliefs. Buddhism was introduced into China from India around the First Century, and gradually developed into several sects including the Han-language-family Buddhism, the Tibetan-language-family Buddhism (or Lamaism) and Pali-language-family Buddhism. For all of these sects, recent data reveals there are more than 9,500 Buddhist temples and 170,000展开更多
The rapid growth of Chinese religion and the related studies will potentially reshape the boundary of sociology of religion. While sociology of religion focuses mainly on exclusive religions, so much so that it was on...The rapid growth of Chinese religion and the related studies will potentially reshape the boundary of sociology of religion. While sociology of religion focuses mainly on exclusive religions, so much so that it was once labeled ＂sociology of Christianity,＂ it meets challenges and opportunities in China where non-exclusive religions dominate the society. At the micro-level, the prevalence of non-exclusive religion poses challenges to some key concepts rooted in Western society, such as conversion and commitment. At the organizational level, it challenges sect-to-church theory, reminding us to study non- bureaucratic religious organizations. At the market level, Chinese religions are a laboratory for sociologists to examine factors leading to the prevalence of non-exclusive religions.展开更多
Dunhuang,located in the northwestern part of China,is a town that feels like it's carved out of the pages of a history book.Nestled at the edge of the Gobi Desert in China's Gansu Province,this ancient oasis c...Dunhuang,located in the northwestern part of China,is a town that feels like it's carved out of the pages of a history book.Nestled at the edge of the Gobi Desert in China's Gansu Province,this ancient oasis city has been a crossroads of cultures,religions,and trade for over 2,000 years.展开更多
This article examines an early 2nd century BC decree of an association worshipping Zeus Hyetios,“the provider of rain,”in the Koan deme of Antimacheia.Focusing on the prosopographical information of the five individ...This article examines an early 2nd century BC decree of an association worshipping Zeus Hyetios,“the provider of rain,”in the Koan deme of Antimacheia.Focusing on the prosopographical information of the five individuals mentioned in the decree,this article contextualizes the association’s activities within the broader framework of Hellenistic Kos,highlighting issues such as landownership,migration,and social structures,whilst exploring the association’s agricultural focus,its integration with local deme structures,and its strategies for managing the challenges of absentee landownership.This study also argues that the unusual name of the association reflects the frequent absence of its members from the central cult place,who therefore needed to travel a considerable distance in order to attend the cult’s rituals in Antimacheia.This case underscores the interplay between religious,social,and economic dynamics in rural communities.展开更多
Objective:There is conflicting evidence suggesting an association between Ramadan and mental health.Aim:This study aims to assess changes in depression,anxiety,and stress levels during Ramadan among university student...Objective:There is conflicting evidence suggesting an association between Ramadan and mental health.Aim:This study aims to assess changes in depression,anxiety,and stress levels during Ramadan among university students from Saudi Arabia and to measure the magnitude of change in these levels according to gender.Methods:This study is a prospective cohort study.Data was collected using a structured questionnaire that measured demographic data of the students,and levels of depression,anxiety,and stress utilizing the short form of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales questionnaire(DASS 21).The assessments were performed starting from the month of Shaban(the month that precedes Ramadan),and the second wave of data collection was initiated beginning the second week of Ramadan until the end of the month.Differences in the proportion of students who are categorized as normal or having abnormal degrees of depression and anxiety between Shaban and Ramadan were tested using either the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.Results:A total of 321 students completed the assessment during Shaban and Ramadan.More than half of the students were male(54.2%),with a mean age of 22.A statistically significant di7fference in levels of anxiety,depression,and stress between the assessment periods was detected(p<0.001).The proportion of students classified as normal increased during Ramadan across all measured conditions in comparison to during Shaban.The reduction in the number of students classified as having anxiety,depression,and stress between the assessment periods remained statistically significant across both genders.Nonetheless,degrees of change appear to be higher among male students than among female students.Conclusion:This study identified a reduction in levels of depression,anxiety,and stress among students during the month of Ramadan,as well as gender variation concerning levels of change.The results support the significance of considering social,religious,and spiritual aspects when designing interventions to address individuals’mental health.展开更多
Since 1960,there have been more than thirty UN peacekeeping missions across Africa,the most of any region in the context of the conflicts that have plagued the region for decades.It has become increasingly evident tha...Since 1960,there have been more than thirty UN peacekeeping missions across Africa,the most of any region in the context of the conflicts that have plagued the region for decades.It has become increasingly evident that official diplomacy is not enough to resolve these crises.Experience shows that given the people’s reliance on religion,religion has continued to act as a force of conflict prevention and resolution in the region.The role played by faith-based diplomats has gained the trust of the conflict parties such that it would be unwise for national and international actors to neglect their role in policy making and conflict prevention and resolution.展开更多
The proposed universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology is the mental protective system whose different parts emerge and mature in the eight different stages of psychosocial protective development ...The proposed universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology is the mental protective system whose different parts emerge and mature in the eight different stages of psychosocial protective development under different social interactions. The proposed eight stages of psychosocial protective development are childhood (infancy, toddlerhood, pre-juvenile age, and juvenile age), adolescence, early young adulthood, late young adulthood, early middle adulthood, late middle adulthood, early late adulthood, and late late adulthood. The mental protection system consists of four socialities (collectivistic, individualistic, interdependent, and generativity), three worldviews (territorial, competitive, and cooperative), and the mental immune system for four regulated and unregulated countermeasures (hyperactivity, phobia, comforter, and rationality) against adversities. During childhood, dependent children have collectivistic sociality under the protection of committed parents and territorial worldview with the boundary of family. Children start with the unregulated mental immune system without delayed gratification due to mental immaturity, and gradually acquire the regulated mental immune system with delayed gratification through mental maturity. Adolescents transit to adulthood. Independent adults have the regulated metal immune system, individualistic sociality with reciprocity, and competitive-cooperative worldviews without boundary. After the age of 50, older people as elder leaders-mentors develop generativity sociality to protect next generation. The paper shows that the mental protective system as the universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology explains clearly psychosocial protective development, the human evolution, the Piaget’s cognitive development, the Erikson’s psychosocial (ego-social) development, the Confucius’ (educated person’s) six milestones of life, and parent-child relation in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) and Confucianism.展开更多
The names in English-speaking countries are full of historical origin and cultural connotation. For the significance of family name and given name, this paper focus on the origin and culture connotation of family name...The names in English-speaking countries are full of historical origin and cultural connotation. For the significance of family name and given name, this paper focus on the origin and culture connotation of family name and given name, and also the hidden influences of name played on human beings. Moreover, the relationship between development of society and English name will also be concerned because we can not ignore that the development of society has made great effects to English name.According to the whole essay, we can easily realize the origin and connotation of English name through all my researches and analyses.展开更多
This paper probes into formation and problems of cultural barriers in actual communication.It analyzes reasons why that these cultural barriers come into being and proposes solutions to these problems with several exa...This paper probes into formation and problems of cultural barriers in actual communication.It analyzes reasons why that these cultural barriers come into being and proposes solutions to these problems with several examples.展开更多
Some characters in Shuowenjiezi? Chongbu have close relation with the chinese ancient time’s primitive religion culture,it conveys the Chinese ancient’s worship of the deity and the ghost,it shows us the primitive r...Some characters in Shuowenjiezi? Chongbu have close relation with the chinese ancient time’s primitive religion culture,it conveys the Chinese ancient’s worship of the deity and the ghost,it shows us the primitive religion ideology in Chinese ancient time.展开更多
The physical protection system of the body consists of the protective organs for vulnerable body parts-functions and the protective countermeasures against invaders (pathogens), but to survive, the body also requires ...The physical protection system of the body consists of the protective organs for vulnerable body parts-functions and the protective countermeasures against invaders (pathogens), but to survive, the body also requires the protective social groups for vulnerable social members-functions and the protective instinctive mental countermeasures against adversities such as hardship, danger, and unfamiliarity-uncertainty. As a result, this paper proposes that the mental protection system of the body consists of the social brain to set up the protective social groups for vulnerable social members-functions and the mental immune system to produce the protective mental countermeasures against adversities. This paper proposes that from the social brain, the protective social groups include alliance group for vulnerable individuals, kinship-friendship group for vulnerable children, interdependent specialists group for vulnerable pregnant females, territorial group for social boundary, connective group for social connection, and competitive group for social competition. From the mental immune system, the mental protective countermeasures include comforter against hardship, hyperactivity against danger, phobia against unfamiliarity-uncertainty, and rationality against unfamiliarity-uncertainty. The overactive mental immune system causes mental allergies and auto immune diseases as personality-mental disorders against ubiquitous harmful and harmless perceived adversities, correlating to physical allergies and auto immune diseases against ubiquitous harmful and harmless detected invaders. The mental protection system also produces personality traits, social moralities, social organizations, social systems, religions, and cultures as described in this paper. The mental protective system is the source of protective behaviors.展开更多
In March of 2002,a Harvard Academy research team received a grant for the project“Religion in Global Politics”.The aim of the research was to provide a systematic,broad,and comparative analysis of the impact on glob...In March of 2002,a Harvard Academy research team received a grant for the project“Religion in Global Politics”.The aim of the research was to provide a systematic,broad,and comparative analysis of the impact on global politics of religious beliefs and organizations.The project was led by the veteran Harvard scholar Samuel P.Huntington.The result of his research into the link between religion and national identity and the question how they influence international relations was never finished or published.From the available unfinished manuscripts and various draft papers from the Harvard University Archives Samuel P.Huntington Personal Archive,the article tries to establish the content of Huntington’s probably last article while also providing the missing references for the first time and attempts to put the writing in its context within the author’s oeuvre.展开更多
In this work,author expressed new R-Synthesis specifically.Good and/or correct perspective that must be behind the definitions and administration generally expressed.New perspective of the philosophy explained general...In this work,author expressed new R-Synthesis specifically.Good and/or correct perspective that must be behind the definitions and administration generally expressed.New perspective of the philosophy explained generally.Philosophy of GodForm is defined and expressed as connected/related with the following concepts:(a)basic principles,(b)17 upper constructional philosophies,(c)14 lower constructional philosophies,(d)eight basic philosophies.As special cases,Philosophy of Engineering and Technology,Philosophy of Wireless Administration and others defined as hybrid philosophies.17 specific components/units which can be considered to define the basic principles of the related formation,are proposed to be designed by GodForm and defined by the author.Philosophy of GodForm and its relation with Values and Positions specifically defined.New Era Theory and New Era Belief explained generally.Some specific religions/beliefs are defined as variants/forms of the Progressive Religion.Good and/or correct power authorities(R-Power Authority)are defined due to 29 categories.Functional position levels defined for the R-Power Authorities with a unique table.As result of the R-Synthesis,functional position levels of some philosophers,some scientists,and of Prophet Jesus,Prophet Mohamed,Prophets Mouses,Buddha,and of Confucius generally/specifically defined.Integration and past/present effects of some R-Power Authorities in 5 x 5 Ideal Political Construction specifically explained.New Era Belief,Concepts of GodX and Science relation explained with the following concepts:(1)Religion of GodForm,(2)Knowledge of GodX,(3)Nature of GodX.With this respect,some other characteristics of 7 GodX power authorities expressed with details as complementary information.Following concepts/systems defined to arrange and solve some/most/all religious problems,which are determined with R-Synthesis:(a)Religious Responsibilities and Positions,(b)Ideal Religious Administration,(c)Sustainable/Continuable Political Administration System,(d)Community Values Council/Authority for each world country,(e)Progressive Councils.15 general religious position categories defined to express their good and/or correct meanings/values/responsibilities in the religious system.21 general/specific cases/programs defined due to New Era Belief to solve possible past/present/future community values problems,to have continuous,judicious,and progressive administration about the 36 kinds of community values.Progressive Councils,which are related with the CUS-WW-HO,are defined.Progressive Religion Council and some of the related religious responsibilities expressed for the kind progressive religion studies due to the Philosophy of Progressive Religions.展开更多
文摘The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of religions is based on theory of mind as the product of interdependent division of labor between the forest specialist group (women and small children) and the woodland specialist group (men) in early hominins who lived in the mixed forest-woodland habitat. To complement each other’s work without interfering each other’s work, one specialist group had to recognize (imagine) that the other specialist group existed to think for themselves and to do different works. The result was theory of mind which is to recognize (imagine) that the others exist to think for themselves. (The forest-woodland groups became the hunter-gatherer groups for the Homo species in the savanna habitat.) Under existential pressure, hominins invented imaginary specialists as imaginary agents who existed to think for themselves and to do different works in imaginary division of labor to enhance survival chance. The result was religion with imaginary behaviors. Therefore, religion is defined as a set of beliefs and behaviors based on theory of mind that produces a shared imagination to enhance survival chance under existential pressure. This paper proposes that the religious evolution consists of the premodern imaginative religion for local society habitat starting from bipedalism, the modern rational imaginative religion for regional society habitat starting from the Axial Age, and the postmodern diverse rational imaginative religion for global society habitat starting from the Information Revolution. In conclusion, the religious brain is the imaginative brain, and the religious social behaviors are imaginary social behaviors. The religious evolution is the evolution of human imagination to enhance survival chance under existential pressure, such as the religious reinforcement of social bonds to enhance the survival chance of social group and the religious relief of stress and anxiety to enhance the survival chance of individuals.
文摘In this essay, I make the claim that the study of religion suffers from an identity crisis that is made all the worse by an inability to effectively navigate not only the many divisions within the field, but also the many ways in which influences external to the realm of scholarship, including media, university administration, and public opinion, represent significant areas of discourse that need to be better integrated into our scholarly work. In conclusion, I argue that a greater attention to the ethical or social value of social theory can go a long way in helping to clarify what is at stake, and perhaps even bridge some of these divides without loosing academic integrity.
文摘We’re trying a few new things here at TWOC,namely,not going with an overall theme.Instead,we’ll be bringing you stories from a variety of perspectives from around the country to help provide a more comprehensive view of the modern Middle Kingdom,and we hope to continue to bring you the best in Chinese culture,society,entertainment,language,and long-form journalism for a long time to come.
文摘CHINA is a nation of many religions, the main five ones being Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Roman Catholicism and Christianity (Protestantism). There are also some special religions of some minority nationalities or regional beliefs. Buddhism was introduced into China from India around the First Century, and gradually developed into several sects including the Han-language-family Buddhism, the Tibetan-language-family Buddhism (or Lamaism) and Pali-language-family Buddhism. For all of these sects, recent data reveals there are more than 9,500 Buddhist temples and 170,000
文摘The rapid growth of Chinese religion and the related studies will potentially reshape the boundary of sociology of religion. While sociology of religion focuses mainly on exclusive religions, so much so that it was once labeled ＂sociology of Christianity,＂ it meets challenges and opportunities in China where non-exclusive religions dominate the society. At the micro-level, the prevalence of non-exclusive religion poses challenges to some key concepts rooted in Western society, such as conversion and commitment. At the organizational level, it challenges sect-to-church theory, reminding us to study non- bureaucratic religious organizations. At the market level, Chinese religions are a laboratory for sociologists to examine factors leading to the prevalence of non-exclusive religions.
文摘Dunhuang,located in the northwestern part of China,is a town that feels like it's carved out of the pages of a history book.Nestled at the edge of the Gobi Desert in China's Gansu Province,this ancient oasis city has been a crossroads of cultures,religions,and trade for over 2,000 years.
文摘This article examines an early 2nd century BC decree of an association worshipping Zeus Hyetios,“the provider of rain,”in the Koan deme of Antimacheia.Focusing on the prosopographical information of the five individuals mentioned in the decree,this article contextualizes the association’s activities within the broader framework of Hellenistic Kos,highlighting issues such as landownership,migration,and social structures,whilst exploring the association’s agricultural focus,its integration with local deme structures,and its strategies for managing the challenges of absentee landownership.This study also argues that the unusual name of the association reflects the frequent absence of its members from the central cult place,who therefore needed to travel a considerable distance in order to attend the cult’s rituals in Antimacheia.This case underscores the interplay between religious,social,and economic dynamics in rural communities.
文摘Objective:There is conflicting evidence suggesting an association between Ramadan and mental health.Aim:This study aims to assess changes in depression,anxiety,and stress levels during Ramadan among university students from Saudi Arabia and to measure the magnitude of change in these levels according to gender.Methods:This study is a prospective cohort study.Data was collected using a structured questionnaire that measured demographic data of the students,and levels of depression,anxiety,and stress utilizing the short form of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales questionnaire(DASS 21).The assessments were performed starting from the month of Shaban(the month that precedes Ramadan),and the second wave of data collection was initiated beginning the second week of Ramadan until the end of the month.Differences in the proportion of students who are categorized as normal or having abnormal degrees of depression and anxiety between Shaban and Ramadan were tested using either the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.Results:A total of 321 students completed the assessment during Shaban and Ramadan.More than half of the students were male(54.2%),with a mean age of 22.A statistically significant di7fference in levels of anxiety,depression,and stress between the assessment periods was detected(p<0.001).The proportion of students classified as normal increased during Ramadan across all measured conditions in comparison to during Shaban.The reduction in the number of students classified as having anxiety,depression,and stress between the assessment periods remained statistically significant across both genders.Nonetheless,degrees of change appear to be higher among male students than among female students.Conclusion:This study identified a reduction in levels of depression,anxiety,and stress among students during the month of Ramadan,as well as gender variation concerning levels of change.The results support the significance of considering social,religious,and spiritual aspects when designing interventions to address individuals’mental health.
文摘Since 1960,there have been more than thirty UN peacekeeping missions across Africa,the most of any region in the context of the conflicts that have plagued the region for decades.It has become increasingly evident that official diplomacy is not enough to resolve these crises.Experience shows that given the people’s reliance on religion,religion has continued to act as a force of conflict prevention and resolution in the region.The role played by faith-based diplomats has gained the trust of the conflict parties such that it would be unwise for national and international actors to neglect their role in policy making and conflict prevention and resolution.
文摘The proposed universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology is the mental protective system whose different parts emerge and mature in the eight different stages of psychosocial protective development under different social interactions. The proposed eight stages of psychosocial protective development are childhood (infancy, toddlerhood, pre-juvenile age, and juvenile age), adolescence, early young adulthood, late young adulthood, early middle adulthood, late middle adulthood, early late adulthood, and late late adulthood. The mental protection system consists of four socialities (collectivistic, individualistic, interdependent, and generativity), three worldviews (territorial, competitive, and cooperative), and the mental immune system for four regulated and unregulated countermeasures (hyperactivity, phobia, comforter, and rationality) against adversities. During childhood, dependent children have collectivistic sociality under the protection of committed parents and territorial worldview with the boundary of family. Children start with the unregulated mental immune system without delayed gratification due to mental immaturity, and gradually acquire the regulated mental immune system with delayed gratification through mental maturity. Adolescents transit to adulthood. Independent adults have the regulated metal immune system, individualistic sociality with reciprocity, and competitive-cooperative worldviews without boundary. After the age of 50, older people as elder leaders-mentors develop generativity sociality to protect next generation. The paper shows that the mental protective system as the universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology explains clearly psychosocial protective development, the human evolution, the Piaget’s cognitive development, the Erikson’s psychosocial (ego-social) development, the Confucius’ (educated person’s) six milestones of life, and parent-child relation in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) and Confucianism.
文摘The names in English-speaking countries are full of historical origin and cultural connotation. For the significance of family name and given name, this paper focus on the origin and culture connotation of family name and given name, and also the hidden influences of name played on human beings. Moreover, the relationship between development of society and English name will also be concerned because we can not ignore that the development of society has made great effects to English name.According to the whole essay, we can easily realize the origin and connotation of English name through all my researches and analyses.
文摘This paper probes into formation and problems of cultural barriers in actual communication.It analyzes reasons why that these cultural barriers come into being and proposes solutions to these problems with several examples.
文摘Some characters in Shuowenjiezi? Chongbu have close relation with the chinese ancient time’s primitive religion culture,it conveys the Chinese ancient’s worship of the deity and the ghost,it shows us the primitive religion ideology in Chinese ancient time.
文摘The physical protection system of the body consists of the protective organs for vulnerable body parts-functions and the protective countermeasures against invaders (pathogens), but to survive, the body also requires the protective social groups for vulnerable social members-functions and the protective instinctive mental countermeasures against adversities such as hardship, danger, and unfamiliarity-uncertainty. As a result, this paper proposes that the mental protection system of the body consists of the social brain to set up the protective social groups for vulnerable social members-functions and the mental immune system to produce the protective mental countermeasures against adversities. This paper proposes that from the social brain, the protective social groups include alliance group for vulnerable individuals, kinship-friendship group for vulnerable children, interdependent specialists group for vulnerable pregnant females, territorial group for social boundary, connective group for social connection, and competitive group for social competition. From the mental immune system, the mental protective countermeasures include comforter against hardship, hyperactivity against danger, phobia against unfamiliarity-uncertainty, and rationality against unfamiliarity-uncertainty. The overactive mental immune system causes mental allergies and auto immune diseases as personality-mental disorders against ubiquitous harmful and harmless perceived adversities, correlating to physical allergies and auto immune diseases against ubiquitous harmful and harmless detected invaders. The mental protection system also produces personality traits, social moralities, social organizations, social systems, religions, and cultures as described in this paper. The mental protective system is the source of protective behaviors.
文摘In March of 2002,a Harvard Academy research team received a grant for the project“Religion in Global Politics”.The aim of the research was to provide a systematic,broad,and comparative analysis of the impact on global politics of religious beliefs and organizations.The project was led by the veteran Harvard scholar Samuel P.Huntington.The result of his research into the link between religion and national identity and the question how they influence international relations was never finished or published.From the available unfinished manuscripts and various draft papers from the Harvard University Archives Samuel P.Huntington Personal Archive,the article tries to establish the content of Huntington’s probably last article while also providing the missing references for the first time and attempts to put the writing in its context within the author’s oeuvre.
文摘In this work,author expressed new R-Synthesis specifically.Good and/or correct perspective that must be behind the definitions and administration generally expressed.New perspective of the philosophy explained generally.Philosophy of GodForm is defined and expressed as connected/related with the following concepts:(a)basic principles,(b)17 upper constructional philosophies,(c)14 lower constructional philosophies,(d)eight basic philosophies.As special cases,Philosophy of Engineering and Technology,Philosophy of Wireless Administration and others defined as hybrid philosophies.17 specific components/units which can be considered to define the basic principles of the related formation,are proposed to be designed by GodForm and defined by the author.Philosophy of GodForm and its relation with Values and Positions specifically defined.New Era Theory and New Era Belief explained generally.Some specific religions/beliefs are defined as variants/forms of the Progressive Religion.Good and/or correct power authorities(R-Power Authority)are defined due to 29 categories.Functional position levels defined for the R-Power Authorities with a unique table.As result of the R-Synthesis,functional position levels of some philosophers,some scientists,and of Prophet Jesus,Prophet Mohamed,Prophets Mouses,Buddha,and of Confucius generally/specifically defined.Integration and past/present effects of some R-Power Authorities in 5 x 5 Ideal Political Construction specifically explained.New Era Belief,Concepts of GodX and Science relation explained with the following concepts:(1)Religion of GodForm,(2)Knowledge of GodX,(3)Nature of GodX.With this respect,some other characteristics of 7 GodX power authorities expressed with details as complementary information.Following concepts/systems defined to arrange and solve some/most/all religious problems,which are determined with R-Synthesis:(a)Religious Responsibilities and Positions,(b)Ideal Religious Administration,(c)Sustainable/Continuable Political Administration System,(d)Community Values Council/Authority for each world country,(e)Progressive Councils.15 general religious position categories defined to express their good and/or correct meanings/values/responsibilities in the religious system.21 general/specific cases/programs defined due to New Era Belief to solve possible past/present/future community values problems,to have continuous,judicious,and progressive administration about the 36 kinds of community values.Progressive Councils,which are related with the CUS-WW-HO,are defined.Progressive Religion Council and some of the related religious responsibilities expressed for the kind progressive religion studies due to the Philosophy of Progressive Religions.
