Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has est...The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is...Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is fundamental for advancing agricultural productivity and food security.In mechanism,cis-regulatory elements(including promoters,enhancers,silencers,and insulators)are key DNA sequences whose activities determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of nearby genes(Yocca and Edger,2022;Schmitz et al.,2022).展开更多
Regulated cell death is a form of cell death that is actively controlled by biomolecules.Several studies have shown that regulated cell death plays a key role after spinal cord injury.Pyroptosis and ferroptosis are ne...Regulated cell death is a form of cell death that is actively controlled by biomolecules.Several studies have shown that regulated cell death plays a key role after spinal cord injury.Pyroptosis and ferroptosis are newly discovered types of regulated cell deaths that have been shown to exacerbate inflammation and lead to cell death in damaged spinal cords.Autophagy,a complex form of cell death that is interconnected with various regulated cell death mechanisms,has garnered significant attention in the study of spinal cord injury.This injury triggers not only cell death but also cellular survival responses.Multiple signaling pathways play pivotal roles in influencing the processes of both deterioration and repair in spinal cord injury by regulating pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and autophagy.Therefore,this review aims to comprehensively examine the mechanisms underlying regulated cell deaths,the signaling pathways that modulate these mechanisms,and the potential therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury.Our analysis suggests that targeting the common regulatory signaling pathways of different regulated cell deaths could be a promising strategy to promote cell survival and enhance the repair of spinal cord injury.Moreover,a holistic approach that incorporates multiple regulated cell deaths and their regulatory pathways presents a promising multi-target therapeutic strategy for the management of spinal cord injury.展开更多
Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping...Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping is mainly attributed to the large amount of purchased resources such as water and fertilizer,plastic film,and mechanical power.These lead to a decline in cultivated land quality and exacerbate intercrops'premature root and canopy senescence.So,the application of traditional intercropping faces major challenges in crop production.This paper analyzes the manifestations,occurrence mechanisms,and agronomic regulatory pathways of crop senescence.The physiological and ecological characteristics of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are reviewed in this paper.The main agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are based on above-and blow-ground interactions,including collocation of crop varieties,spatial arrangement,water and fertilizer management,and tillage and mulch practices.Future research fields of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence should focus on the aspects of selecting and breeding special varieties,application of molecular biology techniques,and developing or applying models to predict and evaluate the root and canopy senescence process of intercrops.Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of different research results could provide a basis for enhancing intercropping delay root and canopy senescence through adopting innovative technologies for regulating the physio-ecological characteristics of intercrops.This would support developing and adopting high-yield,efficient,and sustainable intercropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas with high population density,limited land,and abundant light and heat resources.展开更多
Interferon regulatory factor 7 plays a crucial role in the innate immune response.However,whether interferon regulatory factor 7-mediated signaling contributes to Parkinson's disease remains unknown.Here we report...Interferon regulatory factor 7 plays a crucial role in the innate immune response.However,whether interferon regulatory factor 7-mediated signaling contributes to Parkinson's disease remains unknown.Here we report that interferon regulatory factor 7 is markedly up-regulated in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease and co-localizes with microglial cells.Both the selective cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase inhibitor RU.521 and the stimulator of interferon genes inhibitor H151 effectively suppressed interferon regulatory factor 7 activation in BV2 microglia exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and inhibited transformation of mouse BV2 microglia into the neurotoxic M1 phenotype.In addition,si RNA-mediated knockdown of interferon regulatory factor 7 expression in BV2 microglia reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase,tumor necrosis factorα,CD16,CD32,and CD86 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory markers ARG1 and YM1.Taken together,our findings indicate that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.展开更多
Regulatory T cells(Treg cells)are a specialized subset of CD4+T cells defined by expression of the lineage-specifying transcription factor FOXP3 and a potent capacity to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.The modern...Regulatory T cells(Treg cells)are a specialized subset of CD4+T cells defined by expression of the lineage-specifying transcription factor FOXP3 and a potent capacity to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.The modern concept of Tregs was catalyzed by Shimon Sakaguchi's identification of CD4+CD25+suppressive T cells and subsequent work establishing FOXP3 as a central determinant of Treg cell development and function;together with landmark FOXP3 genetic discoveries by Mary E.Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell,these advances transformed understanding of immune homeostasis and were recognized by the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Under normal physiological conditions,FOXP3+Treg cells restrain autoreactive lymphocytes,prevent excessive inflammation,and shape antigen-presenting cell activity through contact-dependent pathways and suppressive cytokines,thereby protecting tissues from immune-mediated damage.Disruption of Treg abundance,stability,or suppressive capacity can therefore lead to immune dysregulation and disease.Over the past two decades,Treg cells have become a major focus of immunology because their roles are highly context-dependent.In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases,impaired Treg cell function or insufficient Treg activity contributes to loss of tolerance and persistent tissue injury,supporting therapeutic approaches designed to enhance Treg cell number,stability,and suppressive potency.In contrast,many cancers exploit Treg cells by promoting their expansion,activation,and recruitment into the tumor microenvironment(TME),where they blunt antitumor immunity by suppressing cytotoxic T-cell priming and effector function,limiting dendritic cell activation,and fostering immune escape.In both settings,immune checkpoint pathways critically influence Treg cell biology.Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4,emerging checkpoints and costimulatory receptors,including TIGIT,TIM-3,LAG-3,and OX40,modulate Treg cell generation,stability,and suppressive functions,thereby shaping the balance between tolerance and immunity.Meanwhile,immunometabolic adaptations further tune Treg cell fitness and function in inflamed tissues and tumors;lipid utilization and mitochondrial programs,among other metabolic axes,enable Treg cells to persist in nutrient-and oxygen-restricted microenvironments,while microenvironmental stress can drive functional remodeling or fragility in a subset-dependent manner.In this review,we summarize the discovery and defining biological features of Treg cells,highlight core suppressive mechanisms and regulatory circuits,and synthesize evidence for the dual roles of Treg cells in preventing autoimmunity yet enabling tumor immune evasion.We further outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at augmenting Treg cell activity to restore tolerance in autoimmune disease,or selectively depleting,functionally inhibiting,and reprogramming tumor-resident Treg cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy.Overall we discuss how deeper insight into Treg heterogeneity,checkpoint control,and immunometabolic regulation may enable more precise Treg celldirected interventions and inform next-generation immunotherapeutic combinations across immune-mediated and malignant diseases.展开更多
Kang et al.published a research article on the treatment of ischemic stroke using engineered Treg cells(Kang et al.,Prog Biochem Biophys,2025,52(4):946-956.DOI:10.16476/j.pibb.2025.0019).Their study mainly explores th...Kang et al.published a research article on the treatment of ischemic stroke using engineered Treg cells(Kang et al.,Prog Biochem Biophys,2025,52(4):946-956.DOI:10.16476/j.pibb.2025.0019).Their study mainly explores the immunoregulatory role of regulatory T(Treg)cells in ischemic stroke,providing an innovative therapeutic strategy.Neuroinflammation is a major driver of secondary injury after stroke.Existing treatments focus on vascular recanalization while neglecting immune regulation.Their study proposes to modulate neuroinflammation through in vitro-induced Treg cells,offering a novel approach distinct from traditional thrombolysis and endovascular interventions.展开更多
Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a chronic autoimmune disease.Defects in the regulatory T cells(Treg cells)play a key role in breaking immune tolerance in SLE patients.This study investigates the causes of impaired...Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a chronic autoimmune disease.Defects in the regulatory T cells(Treg cells)play a key role in breaking immune tolerance in SLE patients.This study investigates the causes of impaired Treg cell function in SLE patients.Peripheral blood from 56 SLE patients and 33 healthy donors was used to assess Treg cell proportions among CD4^(+)T cells and plasma cytokine levels.Treg cells and naïve CD4^(+)T cells from healthy individuals were isolated,cultured under various conditions,and analyzed for phenotype and signal transduction mechanisms using flow cytometry,RT-qPCR,Western blotting,and calcium signaling assays.In SLE patients,the proportion of CD4^(+)CD25^(+)Foxp3^(+)and CD4^(+)Foxp3^(+)Treg cells decreased.Plasma CXCL11 levels were elevated in lupus patients.CXCL11 expression inversely correlated with Treg cell proportions and positively correlated with disease severity.CXCL11 impaired immune function and inhibited Treg cell differentiation.We present a novel pathological pathway in SLE,wherein CXCL11 impedes the immunosuppressive functions of Treg cells.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To examine the T helper 17(Th17)/regulatory T(Treg)immune balance in passive Heymann nephritis(PHN)rats with dampness syndrome(DS).METHODS:Rats were divided into four groups:normal control(NC),PHN model,PHN+...OBJECTIVE:To examine the T helper 17(Th17)/regulatory T(Treg)immune balance in passive Heymann nephritis(PHN)rats with dampness syndrome(DS).METHODS:Rats were divided into four groups:normal control(NC),PHN model,PHN+DS model,and DS model.The DS model was created by administering lard,a 60%cold sucrose solution,and Chinese Baijiu viagavage.In contrast,PHN was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting anti-Fx1A serum into the tail vein.The general condition of the rats was assessed,while the levels of urine protein,albumin,and serum creatinine were measured using commercially available kits.Pathological renal damage was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin,periodic acid-schiff,and periodic acid-silver methenamine staining,while podocyte damage was assessed through immunohistochemistry.The proportions of Th17 cells and Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified by flow cytometry.Plasma cytokine levels of interleukin 17,transforming growth factor-β1,and interleukin 6 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:This study demonstrated a significant increase in proteinuria and total cholesterol levels in PHN rats with DS,along with more severe histopathological kidney damage.DS exacerbated podocyte damage in PHN rats.Additionally,the number of Treg cells was significantly reduced,while the ratio of Th17/Treg cells was significantly elevated in PHN rats with DS.CONCLUSION:In conclusion,the findings of our study indicate that the presence of DS exacerbates renal injury in PHN,a rat model used to simulate experimental membranous nephropathy.This observation may be closely linked to the exacerbation of the Th17/Treg imbalance and podocyte injury in PHN rats induced by DS.展开更多
BACKGROUND Postoperative intestinal paralysis is common in gastrointestinal surgery,and the study of electroacupuncture mechanisms is of great significance.AIM To explore the neuroimmune regulatory mechanism of electr...BACKGROUND Postoperative intestinal paralysis is common in gastrointestinal surgery,and the study of electroacupuncture mechanisms is of great significance.AIM To explore the neuroimmune regulatory mechanism of electroacupuncture at the Zusanli acupoint(ST36)in postoperative intestinal paralysis following gastrointestinal surgery.METHODS A total of 156 patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University between January 2022 and October 2024 for postoperative intestinal paralysis following gastrointestinal surgery were randomly divided into two groups:A control group and an electroacupuncture group,with 75 patients in each.The control group received conventional Western medical treatment,while the electroacupuncture group received electroacupuncture in addition to this,at the bilateral Zusanli acupoints.Both groups received treatment for 7 days.Clinical efficacy,gastrointestinal function recovery,and gastrointestinal hormone[motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS)],neurotransmitter[vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP),nitric oxide(NO)],and inflammatory cytokine[tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),serum interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)]levels were compared between the two groups before and seven days after treatment.Adverse reactions were also recorded.RESULTS The electroacupuncture group demonstrated a higher overall treatment effectiveness rate and faster recovery of bowel sounds,as well as faster first defecation and first flatus than the control group(P<0.05).After seven days of treatment,MTL and GAS levels were significantly higher and VIP,NO,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1βlevels were significantly lower in the electroacupuncture group than in the control group(P<0.05).No adverse reactions were observed in either group during treatment.CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture at the Zusanli acupoint can enhance clinical efficacy,promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function,and regulate the neuroimmune microenvironment in patients with intestinal paralysis after gastrointestinal surgery.This mechanism may involve excitation of the vagus nerve and activation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway through electroacupuncture stimulation of the Zusanli acupoint.展开更多
Fruit trees face various adverse environmental factors,such as extreme hydrothermal changes,soil salinization and low precipitation,leading to different types of stress.High temperature is one of the main factors affe...Fruit trees face various adverse environmental factors,such as extreme hydrothermal changes,soil salinization and low precipitation,leading to different types of stress.High temperature is one of the main factors affecting the growth of fruit trees,and an appropriate ambient temperature is a necessary condition for the normal growth and development of fruit trees.Since the 20th century,due to the intensification of the greenhouse effect and global warming,there has been a significant increase in the occurrence and duration of extreme hot weather in summer has been occurring frequently and for longer durations.Thus,the growth and production of fruit trees are affected by severe hightemperature stress.Therefore,this paper primarily summarized the impacts of high-temperature stress on fruit growth and development,flowering,fruiting,fruit setting and quality.It also discussed the physiological and biochemical responses of fruit trees to high-temperature stress,research progress on the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways underlying fruit tree resistance to heat or high temperature,and research on the investigation of relevant metabolites of fruit trees under stress conditions.The future research directions were discussed,and prospects and potential difficulties were proposed to serve a reference for further investigation on the high-temperature tolerance of fruit trees.展开更多
Background:Many studies have examined the role of genes,proteins,andmicroribonucleic acids(miRNAs)in colorectal cancer(CRC).However,these studies did not establish the regulatory relationships among multi-omics,and on...Background:Many studies have examined the role of genes,proteins,andmicroribonucleic acids(miRNAs)in colorectal cancer(CRC).However,these studies did not establish the regulatory relationships among multi-omics,and only a few have investigated the key genes involved in the transition from colorectal adenoma to CRC.In this study,we established regulatory networks of target gene-miRNA-transcription factors(TFs)to elucidate the pathogenesis of CRC.Methods:Data from 70 patients with CRC were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.Bioinformatics analyses were used to identify the hub genes involved in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.We conducted prognostic evaluations,analyzed gene co-expression patterns,assessed immune cell infiltration,and performed Mendelian randomization.A gene-miRNA-TF network was constructed and further analyzed.Results:Periostin(POSTN),thrombospondin 2(THBS2),collagen alpha-2 type I(COL1A2),and other molecules were found to interact and play key roles in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.The 3 genes-11 miRNAs-6 TFs regulatory network we constructed was involved in this process through various pathways and interactions with immune cells.Several molecules in this network affected the final prognosis of patients with CRC.THBS2 showed a causal genetic relationship with neutrophils(p=0.035,odds ratio=1.020[95% confidence interval=1.001-1.039]).Therefore,bleomycin and other drugs may potentially improve the prognosis of patients with CRC.Conclusions:The 3 genes-11 miRNAs-6 TFs regulatory network may provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of CRC.Additionally,some of these molecules may affect patient prognosis,serving as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.THBS2 may promote neutrophil infiltration into CRC tissues by increasing neutrophil levels in the blood.展开更多
Toxin–antitoxin(TA)systems,which are prevalent in bacteria and archaea,play diverse roles in bacterial physiology and have been proposed to be significant in stress adaptation.Despite the extensive characterization o...Toxin–antitoxin(TA)systems,which are prevalent in bacteria and archaea,play diverse roles in bacterial physiology and have been proposed to be significant in stress adaptation.Despite the extensive characterization of numerous TA systems in various bacteria,the investigation of these systems within Streptococcus suis is still limited.Here,we systematically analyzed the type Ⅱ TA systems of 95 S.suis genomes available in the GenBank database using TAfinder.A total of 612 putative type Ⅱ TA systems were retrieved and classified into 10 categories by phylogenetic analysis.Notably,an elevated occurrence of these TA systems was observed among the important prevalent serotypes 2,4,5,9,14,Chz,NCL1,and NCL3 strains.The following study identified the activities of TA systems using 2 strategies and confirmed the regulatory effect of HigBA on the type Ⅶ secretion system in S.suis by measuringβ-galactosidase activity and transcriptional changes.Moreover,we unveiled a hitherto uncharacterized,highly prevalent novel TA system,with the composition of antitoxin–toxin–antitoxin(SS-ATA),which regulates the downstream two-component signaling system.Altogether,this study systematically analyzed the type Ⅱ TA systems within S.suis,highlighting the widespread distribution of Hig BA and SS-ATA as important regulatory elements in S.suis.展开更多
Myogenic regulatory factors(MRFs)serve as crucial transcription factors that regulate muscle development and differentiation.Although MRFs have been extensively studied across various species,their specific role in th...Myogenic regulatory factors(MRFs)serve as crucial transcription factors that regulate muscle development and differentiation.Although MRFs have been extensively studied across various species,their specific role in the muscle development of silver pomfret(Pampus argenteus)has not been fully understood.To elucidate the role of MRFs in the muscle development of silver pomfret,we characterized the muscle growth pattern during the rapid growth phase of this organism(60–120 days post-hatching,Dph).The analysis revealed a distinct transition in growth mechanisms:Hyperplasia dominated muscle development before 90 Dph,whereas hypertrophy became predominant thereafter.The period between 80–90 Dph was a critical transition stage in the muscle growth pattern.Subsequently,five MRF family members,namely,myogenic determination 1(MyoD1),MyoD2,myogenic factor 5(Myf5),Myf6,and myogenin(MyoG),were initially identified in silver pomfret.MRFs exhibited evolutionary conservation and were specifically expressed in the muscle of the silver pomfret.Differential expressions of MRFs were observed across various stages of rapid growth and among individuals with differing growth rates.Upon the addition of exogenous regulatory factors,insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF)-1 and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1)in vitro,MRFs exhibited the most significant upregulation in response to 100 ng/mL of IGF-1.Conversely,Myf5 demonstrated the most pronounced down-regulation at 100 ng/mL of TGF-β1.For the remaining genes,the most effective suppression was achieved with 1 ng/mL of TGF-β1.These findings indicate the crucial role played by MRFs in the regulation of muscle growth and development.This study not only provides new insights into the functional roles of MRFs in fish muscle development but also establishes a foundation for the optimization of silver pomfret aquaculture strategies through the modulation of these factors.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To examine the effects of the Jianpi Yifei Tongluo recipe(健脾益肺通络方剂,JYTR)on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)within an animal model and to elucidate its anti-inflammatory mechanisms.METHODS:...OBJECTIVE:To examine the effects of the Jianpi Yifei Tongluo recipe(健脾益肺通络方剂,JYTR)on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)within an animal model and to elucidate its anti-inflammatory mechanisms.METHODS:In this study,we utilized cigarette smoke(CS)exposure and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced models of COPD in rats to evaluate the effects of the JYTR on airway inflammation.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to various groups:control,model,budesonide,synbiotics,and low,medium,and high JYTR.Pulmonary function was gauged using an animal volumetric tracer.Pathological alterations in lung tissue were examined under a light microscope.To ascertain cytokine production,we conducted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests,and we employed Western blotting to measure the expression levels of interferon regulatory factor 4(IRF4),arginase 1(Arg1),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor,alpha(IKB-α),and P65.RESULTS:Compared to the control group,rats in the COPD model group exhibited significantly compromised pulmonary function and severe inflammatory pathology in the lungs.Treatment with budesonide,synbiotics,and the JYTR markedly improved pulmonary function and diminished the production of inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-β),tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6).These improvements were particularly notable in the budesonide group and the high-dose JYTR group.Additionally,the JYTR increased the expression of IRF4 and upregulated the protein expression of Arg1,while concurrently downregulating the protein expression of iNOS,phosphorylated IKB-α,and phosphorylated P65.CONCLUSION:Our current study reveals that JYTR can mitigate inflammatory lung injury,enhance lung function,and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines induced by CS or LPS exposure in COPD model rats.The mechanism behind its anti-inflammatory effect likely involves the regulation of IRF4 expression and M2 polarization through the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway.展开更多
Through in-depth analysis of recent domestic research,this review elaborates on the mechanisms of garlic polysaccharides in regulating poultry gut microbiota balance,strengthening intestinal barrier function,and enhan...Through in-depth analysis of recent domestic research,this review elaborates on the mechanisms of garlic polysaccharides in regulating poultry gut microbiota balance,strengthening intestinal barrier function,and enhancing intestinal immunity.It also discusses their practical application effects in poultry farming,existing problems,and future research directions,aiming to provide comprehensive and in-depth theoretical support for promoting the widespread application of garlic polysaccharides in healthy poultry farming.展开更多
Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology...Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a primary malignant tumor of the liver and one of the most common malignant tumors,as well as the third leading cause of cancer-related death.In recent years,immune checkpoint inhibitor...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a primary malignant tumor of the liver and one of the most common malignant tumors,as well as the third leading cause of cancer-related death.In recent years,immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a key strategy in cancer treatment.However,anti-programmed cell death 1/programmed death ligand 1 therapies,one of the main immunotherapeutic approaches,only elicit a response in only approximately 20%of advanced HCC.This suggests that there may be other immune checkpoints playing important roles in HCC immunotherapy.Recent studies have highlighted Signal regulatory protein alpha(SIRPα)is a phagocytic checkpoint in macrophages and other immune cells,as a promising novel therapeutic target in tumor immunotherapy.This review summarizes current progress on SIRPαin HCC and identifies key challenges for future related research.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
文摘The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070656)。
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is fundamental for advancing agricultural productivity and food security.In mechanism,cis-regulatory elements(including promoters,enhancers,silencers,and insulators)are key DNA sequences whose activities determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of nearby genes(Yocca and Edger,2022;Schmitz et al.,2022).
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,No.2021J02035(to WX).
文摘Regulated cell death is a form of cell death that is actively controlled by biomolecules.Several studies have shown that regulated cell death plays a key role after spinal cord injury.Pyroptosis and ferroptosis are newly discovered types of regulated cell deaths that have been shown to exacerbate inflammation and lead to cell death in damaged spinal cords.Autophagy,a complex form of cell death that is interconnected with various regulated cell death mechanisms,has garnered significant attention in the study of spinal cord injury.This injury triggers not only cell death but also cellular survival responses.Multiple signaling pathways play pivotal roles in influencing the processes of both deterioration and repair in spinal cord injury by regulating pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and autophagy.Therefore,this review aims to comprehensively examine the mechanisms underlying regulated cell deaths,the signaling pathways that modulate these mechanisms,and the potential therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury.Our analysis suggests that targeting the common regulatory signaling pathways of different regulated cell deaths could be a promising strategy to promote cell survival and enhance the repair of spinal cord injury.Moreover,a holistic approach that incorporates multiple regulated cell deaths and their regulatory pathways presents a promising multi-target therapeutic strategy for the management of spinal cord injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857 and U21A20218)the China Agricultural University Corresponding Support Research Joint Fund(GSAU-DKZY-2024-001)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program in Gansu Province,China(24ZDNA008and23JRRA1407)the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University,China(Gaufx-03Y10).
文摘Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping is mainly attributed to the large amount of purchased resources such as water and fertilizer,plastic film,and mechanical power.These lead to a decline in cultivated land quality and exacerbate intercrops'premature root and canopy senescence.So,the application of traditional intercropping faces major challenges in crop production.This paper analyzes the manifestations,occurrence mechanisms,and agronomic regulatory pathways of crop senescence.The physiological and ecological characteristics of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are reviewed in this paper.The main agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are based on above-and blow-ground interactions,including collocation of crop varieties,spatial arrangement,water and fertilizer management,and tillage and mulch practices.Future research fields of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence should focus on the aspects of selecting and breeding special varieties,application of molecular biology techniques,and developing or applying models to predict and evaluate the root and canopy senescence process of intercrops.Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of different research results could provide a basis for enhancing intercropping delay root and canopy senescence through adopting innovative technologies for regulating the physio-ecological characteristics of intercrops.This would support developing and adopting high-yield,efficient,and sustainable intercropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas with high population density,limited land,and abundant light and heat resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171429,81771384a grant from Wuxi Municipal Health Commission,No.1286010241190480(all to YS)。
文摘Interferon regulatory factor 7 plays a crucial role in the innate immune response.However,whether interferon regulatory factor 7-mediated signaling contributes to Parkinson's disease remains unknown.Here we report that interferon regulatory factor 7 is markedly up-regulated in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease and co-localizes with microglial cells.Both the selective cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase inhibitor RU.521 and the stimulator of interferon genes inhibitor H151 effectively suppressed interferon regulatory factor 7 activation in BV2 microglia exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and inhibited transformation of mouse BV2 microglia into the neurotoxic M1 phenotype.In addition,si RNA-mediated knockdown of interferon regulatory factor 7 expression in BV2 microglia reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase,tumor necrosis factorα,CD16,CD32,and CD86 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory markers ARG1 and YM1.Taken together,our findings indicate that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
文摘Regulatory T cells(Treg cells)are a specialized subset of CD4+T cells defined by expression of the lineage-specifying transcription factor FOXP3 and a potent capacity to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.The modern concept of Tregs was catalyzed by Shimon Sakaguchi's identification of CD4+CD25+suppressive T cells and subsequent work establishing FOXP3 as a central determinant of Treg cell development and function;together with landmark FOXP3 genetic discoveries by Mary E.Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell,these advances transformed understanding of immune homeostasis and were recognized by the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Under normal physiological conditions,FOXP3+Treg cells restrain autoreactive lymphocytes,prevent excessive inflammation,and shape antigen-presenting cell activity through contact-dependent pathways and suppressive cytokines,thereby protecting tissues from immune-mediated damage.Disruption of Treg abundance,stability,or suppressive capacity can therefore lead to immune dysregulation and disease.Over the past two decades,Treg cells have become a major focus of immunology because their roles are highly context-dependent.In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases,impaired Treg cell function or insufficient Treg activity contributes to loss of tolerance and persistent tissue injury,supporting therapeutic approaches designed to enhance Treg cell number,stability,and suppressive potency.In contrast,many cancers exploit Treg cells by promoting their expansion,activation,and recruitment into the tumor microenvironment(TME),where they blunt antitumor immunity by suppressing cytotoxic T-cell priming and effector function,limiting dendritic cell activation,and fostering immune escape.In both settings,immune checkpoint pathways critically influence Treg cell biology.Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4,emerging checkpoints and costimulatory receptors,including TIGIT,TIM-3,LAG-3,and OX40,modulate Treg cell generation,stability,and suppressive functions,thereby shaping the balance between tolerance and immunity.Meanwhile,immunometabolic adaptations further tune Treg cell fitness and function in inflamed tissues and tumors;lipid utilization and mitochondrial programs,among other metabolic axes,enable Treg cells to persist in nutrient-and oxygen-restricted microenvironments,while microenvironmental stress can drive functional remodeling or fragility in a subset-dependent manner.In this review,we summarize the discovery and defining biological features of Treg cells,highlight core suppressive mechanisms and regulatory circuits,and synthesize evidence for the dual roles of Treg cells in preventing autoimmunity yet enabling tumor immune evasion.We further outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at augmenting Treg cell activity to restore tolerance in autoimmune disease,or selectively depleting,functionally inhibiting,and reprogramming tumor-resident Treg cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy.Overall we discuss how deeper insight into Treg heterogeneity,checkpoint control,and immunometabolic regulation may enable more precise Treg celldirected interventions and inform next-generation immunotherapeutic combinations across immune-mediated and malignant diseases.
文摘Kang et al.published a research article on the treatment of ischemic stroke using engineered Treg cells(Kang et al.,Prog Biochem Biophys,2025,52(4):946-956.DOI:10.16476/j.pibb.2025.0019).Their study mainly explores the immunoregulatory role of regulatory T(Treg)cells in ischemic stroke,providing an innovative therapeutic strategy.Neuroinflammation is a major driver of secondary injury after stroke.Existing treatments focus on vascular recanalization while neglecting immune regulation.Their study proposes to modulate neuroinflammation through in vitro-induced Treg cells,offering a novel approach distinct from traditional thrombolysis and endovascular interventions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071838)the Key Medical Discipline Construction Unit of Jiangsu Province(No.JSDW202205)+1 种基金the Research Hospital of Jiangsu Province(No.YJXYY202204)Natural Science Foundation of Nantong City(No.JC2023053).
文摘Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a chronic autoimmune disease.Defects in the regulatory T cells(Treg cells)play a key role in breaking immune tolerance in SLE patients.This study investigates the causes of impaired Treg cell function in SLE patients.Peripheral blood from 56 SLE patients and 33 healthy donors was used to assess Treg cell proportions among CD4^(+)T cells and plasma cytokine levels.Treg cells and naïve CD4^(+)T cells from healthy individuals were isolated,cultured under various conditions,and analyzed for phenotype and signal transduction mechanisms using flow cytometry,RT-qPCR,Western blotting,and calcium signaling assays.In SLE patients,the proportion of CD4^(+)CD25^(+)Foxp3^(+)and CD4^(+)Foxp3^(+)Treg cells decreased.Plasma CXCL11 levels were elevated in lupus patients.CXCL11 expression inversely correlated with Treg cell proportions and positively correlated with disease severity.CXCL11 impaired immune function and inhibited Treg cell differentiation.We present a novel pathological pathway in SLE,wherein CXCL11 impedes the immunosuppressive functions of Treg cells.
基金Supported by the Special Project of State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Study of Sanqi Qushi Granules in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy (No. SZ2021ZZ36)a Cohort Study on the Pathogenesis and Evolution of Dampness Syndrome in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy and Its Material Basis (No. SZ2021ZZ09)+8 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China: Research on the Role of Damp Nephropathy based on the Metabolic Disorders-T helper 17/Regulatory T Imbalance Evil in the Progression of Membranous (No. 81974565)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project: Exploring the Mechanism of Treating Membranous Nephropathy based on Dampness from the Perspective of Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders (No. 2023A03J0746)Multi-omics Study to Explore the Material Basis of Dampness Syndrome in Membranous Nephropathy and the Intervention Mechanism of Sanqi Qushi Decoction (No. 2024A03J0117)a Multimodal Machine Learning Prediction Model based on Pathological Images, Transcriptomics and Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes to Explore the Prognosis-related lncRNA Molecules of Membranous Nephropathy and the Intervention Mechanism of Sanqi Qushi Decoction (No. 2025A03J4062)Research Project of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Construction of a Risk Management Prediction Model for Membranous Nephropathy Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology (No. YN2023HL03)Study on the Pathogenesis Evolution and Microbiological Mechanism of Membranous Nephropathy with Dampness Syndrome Based on the Changes of Tongue Coating Microecology (No. YN2023MB10)Post-doctoral Research Project of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine:Study on the Mechanism of Yinyang Shengmai Method in Regulating Myocardial Infarction in Diabetic Rats based on Ang/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Mediated Angiogenesis (No. 10814)Funding Project of Guangdong Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Study on the Mechanism of"Dampness Stagnation in Blood Collaterals"inducing Vascular Aging Based on Oxidative Stress-inflammation Crosstalk and Intervention of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 20233021)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project:Study on the Mechanism of Shenmai Injection in Promoting Angiogenesis after Myocardial Infarction in Rats with Qi and Yin Deficiency Type Diabetic Nephropathy (No. 2023M730810)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To examine the T helper 17(Th17)/regulatory T(Treg)immune balance in passive Heymann nephritis(PHN)rats with dampness syndrome(DS).METHODS:Rats were divided into four groups:normal control(NC),PHN model,PHN+DS model,and DS model.The DS model was created by administering lard,a 60%cold sucrose solution,and Chinese Baijiu viagavage.In contrast,PHN was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting anti-Fx1A serum into the tail vein.The general condition of the rats was assessed,while the levels of urine protein,albumin,and serum creatinine were measured using commercially available kits.Pathological renal damage was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin,periodic acid-schiff,and periodic acid-silver methenamine staining,while podocyte damage was assessed through immunohistochemistry.The proportions of Th17 cells and Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified by flow cytometry.Plasma cytokine levels of interleukin 17,transforming growth factor-β1,and interleukin 6 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:This study demonstrated a significant increase in proteinuria and total cholesterol levels in PHN rats with DS,along with more severe histopathological kidney damage.DS exacerbated podocyte damage in PHN rats.Additionally,the number of Treg cells was significantly reduced,while the ratio of Th17/Treg cells was significantly elevated in PHN rats with DS.CONCLUSION:In conclusion,the findings of our study indicate that the presence of DS exacerbates renal injury in PHN,a rat model used to simulate experimental membranous nephropathy.This observation may be closely linked to the exacerbation of the Th17/Treg imbalance and podocyte injury in PHN rats induced by DS.
文摘BACKGROUND Postoperative intestinal paralysis is common in gastrointestinal surgery,and the study of electroacupuncture mechanisms is of great significance.AIM To explore the neuroimmune regulatory mechanism of electroacupuncture at the Zusanli acupoint(ST36)in postoperative intestinal paralysis following gastrointestinal surgery.METHODS A total of 156 patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University between January 2022 and October 2024 for postoperative intestinal paralysis following gastrointestinal surgery were randomly divided into two groups:A control group and an electroacupuncture group,with 75 patients in each.The control group received conventional Western medical treatment,while the electroacupuncture group received electroacupuncture in addition to this,at the bilateral Zusanli acupoints.Both groups received treatment for 7 days.Clinical efficacy,gastrointestinal function recovery,and gastrointestinal hormone[motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS)],neurotransmitter[vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP),nitric oxide(NO)],and inflammatory cytokine[tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),serum interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)]levels were compared between the two groups before and seven days after treatment.Adverse reactions were also recorded.RESULTS The electroacupuncture group demonstrated a higher overall treatment effectiveness rate and faster recovery of bowel sounds,as well as faster first defecation and first flatus than the control group(P<0.05).After seven days of treatment,MTL and GAS levels were significantly higher and VIP,NO,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1βlevels were significantly lower in the electroacupuncture group than in the control group(P<0.05).No adverse reactions were observed in either group during treatment.CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture at the Zusanli acupoint can enhance clinical efficacy,promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function,and regulate the neuroimmune microenvironment in patients with intestinal paralysis after gastrointestinal surgery.This mechanism may involve excitation of the vagus nerve and activation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway through electroacupuncture stimulation of the Zusanli acupoint.
基金supported by the“JBGS”Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province[Grant No.JBGS(2021)021]the Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System[Grant No.JATS(2022)510]。
文摘Fruit trees face various adverse environmental factors,such as extreme hydrothermal changes,soil salinization and low precipitation,leading to different types of stress.High temperature is one of the main factors affecting the growth of fruit trees,and an appropriate ambient temperature is a necessary condition for the normal growth and development of fruit trees.Since the 20th century,due to the intensification of the greenhouse effect and global warming,there has been a significant increase in the occurrence and duration of extreme hot weather in summer has been occurring frequently and for longer durations.Thus,the growth and production of fruit trees are affected by severe hightemperature stress.Therefore,this paper primarily summarized the impacts of high-temperature stress on fruit growth and development,flowering,fruiting,fruit setting and quality.It also discussed the physiological and biochemical responses of fruit trees to high-temperature stress,research progress on the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways underlying fruit tree resistance to heat or high temperature,and research on the investigation of relevant metabolites of fruit trees under stress conditions.The future research directions were discussed,and prospects and potential difficulties were proposed to serve a reference for further investigation on the high-temperature tolerance of fruit trees.
文摘Background:Many studies have examined the role of genes,proteins,andmicroribonucleic acids(miRNAs)in colorectal cancer(CRC).However,these studies did not establish the regulatory relationships among multi-omics,and only a few have investigated the key genes involved in the transition from colorectal adenoma to CRC.In this study,we established regulatory networks of target gene-miRNA-transcription factors(TFs)to elucidate the pathogenesis of CRC.Methods:Data from 70 patients with CRC were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.Bioinformatics analyses were used to identify the hub genes involved in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.We conducted prognostic evaluations,analyzed gene co-expression patterns,assessed immune cell infiltration,and performed Mendelian randomization.A gene-miRNA-TF network was constructed and further analyzed.Results:Periostin(POSTN),thrombospondin 2(THBS2),collagen alpha-2 type I(COL1A2),and other molecules were found to interact and play key roles in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.The 3 genes-11 miRNAs-6 TFs regulatory network we constructed was involved in this process through various pathways and interactions with immune cells.Several molecules in this network affected the final prognosis of patients with CRC.THBS2 showed a causal genetic relationship with neutrophils(p=0.035,odds ratio=1.020[95% confidence interval=1.001-1.039]).Therefore,bleomycin and other drugs may potentially improve the prognosis of patients with CRC.Conclusions:The 3 genes-11 miRNAs-6 TFs regulatory network may provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of CRC.Additionally,some of these molecules may affect patient prognosis,serving as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.THBS2 may promote neutrophil infiltration into CRC tissues by increasing neutrophil levels in the blood.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1800904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972650 and 32102673)+1 种基金the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX22_0780)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M682297)。
文摘Toxin–antitoxin(TA)systems,which are prevalent in bacteria and archaea,play diverse roles in bacterial physiology and have been proposed to be significant in stress adaptation.Despite the extensive characterization of numerous TA systems in various bacteria,the investigation of these systems within Streptococcus suis is still limited.Here,we systematically analyzed the type Ⅱ TA systems of 95 S.suis genomes available in the GenBank database using TAfinder.A total of 612 putative type Ⅱ TA systems were retrieved and classified into 10 categories by phylogenetic analysis.Notably,an elevated occurrence of these TA systems was observed among the important prevalent serotypes 2,4,5,9,14,Chz,NCL1,and NCL3 strains.The following study identified the activities of TA systems using 2 strategies and confirmed the regulatory effect of HigBA on the type Ⅶ secretion system in S.suis by measuringβ-galactosidase activity and transcriptional changes.Moreover,we unveiled a hitherto uncharacterized,highly prevalent novel TA system,with the composition of antitoxin–toxin–antitoxin(SS-ATA),which regulates the downstream two-component signaling system.Altogether,this study systematically analyzed the type Ⅱ TA systems within S.suis,highlighting the widespread distribution of Hig BA and SS-ATA as important regulatory elements in S.suis.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD2400103)the Major Project of Science,Technology and Innovation 2025 in Ningbo City(No.2021Z003)+3 种基金the Public Welfare Program of Ningbo City(Science and Technology Special Commissioner Project)(No.2022S204)the General Scientific Research Projects of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education(No.Y202249062)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42306114)the KC Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University。
文摘Myogenic regulatory factors(MRFs)serve as crucial transcription factors that regulate muscle development and differentiation.Although MRFs have been extensively studied across various species,their specific role in the muscle development of silver pomfret(Pampus argenteus)has not been fully understood.To elucidate the role of MRFs in the muscle development of silver pomfret,we characterized the muscle growth pattern during the rapid growth phase of this organism(60–120 days post-hatching,Dph).The analysis revealed a distinct transition in growth mechanisms:Hyperplasia dominated muscle development before 90 Dph,whereas hypertrophy became predominant thereafter.The period between 80–90 Dph was a critical transition stage in the muscle growth pattern.Subsequently,five MRF family members,namely,myogenic determination 1(MyoD1),MyoD2,myogenic factor 5(Myf5),Myf6,and myogenin(MyoG),were initially identified in silver pomfret.MRFs exhibited evolutionary conservation and were specifically expressed in the muscle of the silver pomfret.Differential expressions of MRFs were observed across various stages of rapid growth and among individuals with differing growth rates.Upon the addition of exogenous regulatory factors,insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF)-1 and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1)in vitro,MRFs exhibited the most significant upregulation in response to 100 ng/mL of IGF-1.Conversely,Myf5 demonstrated the most pronounced down-regulation at 100 ng/mL of TGF-β1.For the remaining genes,the most effective suppression was achieved with 1 ng/mL of TGF-β1.These findings indicate the crucial role played by MRFs in the regulation of muscle growth and development.This study not only provides new insights into the functional roles of MRFs in fish muscle development but also establishes a foundation for the optimization of silver pomfret aquaculture strategies through the modulation of these factors.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China to Intestinal Microflora-Mediated Regulation of Breast Regression Protein 39/chitinase-3-like Protein 1 Signaling pathway in the Intervention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Invigorating Spleen Supplementing Lung and Relaxing Collaterals Method (No. 81804074)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To examine the effects of the Jianpi Yifei Tongluo recipe(健脾益肺通络方剂,JYTR)on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)within an animal model and to elucidate its anti-inflammatory mechanisms.METHODS:In this study,we utilized cigarette smoke(CS)exposure and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced models of COPD in rats to evaluate the effects of the JYTR on airway inflammation.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to various groups:control,model,budesonide,synbiotics,and low,medium,and high JYTR.Pulmonary function was gauged using an animal volumetric tracer.Pathological alterations in lung tissue were examined under a light microscope.To ascertain cytokine production,we conducted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests,and we employed Western blotting to measure the expression levels of interferon regulatory factor 4(IRF4),arginase 1(Arg1),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor,alpha(IKB-α),and P65.RESULTS:Compared to the control group,rats in the COPD model group exhibited significantly compromised pulmonary function and severe inflammatory pathology in the lungs.Treatment with budesonide,synbiotics,and the JYTR markedly improved pulmonary function and diminished the production of inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-β),tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6).These improvements were particularly notable in the budesonide group and the high-dose JYTR group.Additionally,the JYTR increased the expression of IRF4 and upregulated the protein expression of Arg1,while concurrently downregulating the protein expression of iNOS,phosphorylated IKB-α,and phosphorylated P65.CONCLUSION:Our current study reveals that JYTR can mitigate inflammatory lung injury,enhance lung function,and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines induced by CS or LPS exposure in COPD model rats.The mechanism behind its anti-inflammatory effect likely involves the regulation of IRF4 expression and M2 polarization through the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway.
文摘Through in-depth analysis of recent domestic research,this review elaborates on the mechanisms of garlic polysaccharides in regulating poultry gut microbiota balance,strengthening intestinal barrier function,and enhancing intestinal immunity.It also discusses their practical application effects in poultry farming,existing problems,and future research directions,aiming to provide comprehensive and in-depth theoretical support for promoting the widespread application of garlic polysaccharides in healthy poultry farming.
文摘Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.
基金Supported by the National Key Sci-Tech Special Project of China,No.2018ZX10302207the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,No.7222191+3 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,No.7244426the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Peking University,No.PKU2024XGK005the Peking University Medicine Seed Fund for Interdisciplinary Research,No.BMU2021MX007 and No.BMU2022MX001Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Peking University People’s Hospital Scientific Research Development Funds,No.RDY2020-06 and No.RDJ2022-14.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a primary malignant tumor of the liver and one of the most common malignant tumors,as well as the third leading cause of cancer-related death.In recent years,immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a key strategy in cancer treatment.However,anti-programmed cell death 1/programmed death ligand 1 therapies,one of the main immunotherapeutic approaches,only elicit a response in only approximately 20%of advanced HCC.This suggests that there may be other immune checkpoints playing important roles in HCC immunotherapy.Recent studies have highlighted Signal regulatory protein alpha(SIRPα)is a phagocytic checkpoint in macrophages and other immune cells,as a promising novel therapeutic target in tumor immunotherapy.This review summarizes current progress on SIRPαin HCC and identifies key challenges for future related research.
