Intercity mobility lays the foundation for capital flow,information flow,and knowledge flow,etc.,and is important for promoting regional integration.Although many scholars have studied intercity mobility in extensive ...Intercity mobility lays the foundation for capital flow,information flow,and knowledge flow,etc.,and is important for promoting regional integration.Although many scholars have studied intercity mobility in extensive well-developed urban agglomerations,few studies have examined the characteristics of intercity mobility at the county level and its impact on regionalization in western China.This study takes the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration(GPUA)as a case to study the geographical law of intercity mobility and then explore its impact on regionalization.The results obtained show that intercity mobility network exhibits a hub and spoke patterns focusing on major municipal districts at the county level.We also found a corridor effect that counties with higher travel volumes are mostly located along the trunk high speed railway(HSR)lines.Unlike previous studies,the distribution of intercity mobility is more concentrated than that of population and exhibits a super-linear behavior rule.There are the differences in gravity law for overall trips,weekday trips,weekend trips,and holiday trips.With the decrease of travel duration,the effect of attraction of destination is weakening,but the influence of distance decay is increasing.Finally,the spatial organization is still administrative-centric and is dominated by intraprefecture and intra-provincial development.Moreover,the coupled degree between network-based regionalization and attribute-based regionalization shows a decreasing trend from administrative via cultural to physical factors.These findings enrich the research on the intercity mobility and the regionalization in inland developing urban agglomerations.展开更多
Abrupt temperature volatility has detrimental effects on daily activities,macroeconomic growth,and human health.Predicting abrupt temperature volatility and thus diminishing its negative impacts can be achieved by exp...Abrupt temperature volatility has detrimental effects on daily activities,macroeconomic growth,and human health.Predicting abrupt temperature volatility and thus diminishing its negative impacts can be achieved by exploring homogeneous regions of temperature volatility and analyzing the driving factors.To investigate the regionalization of temperature volatility in China's mainland,a network constructed by the cosine similarity of temperature volatility series from China's mainland was embedded in hyperbolic space.Subsequently,we partitioned the network on the hyperbolic map using the critical gap method and then found eight regions in all.Ultimately,a network of communities was constructed while the interaction among communities was quantified.This yields a perspective of temperature volatility regionalization that can accurately reflect factors including altitude,climate type,and the geographic location of mountains.Further analysis demonstrates that the regionalization in the hyperbolic map is distinct from provinces and has a realistic basis:communities in southwest China show strong correlations due to the temperature sensitivity to altitude,and communities in northern China show a convergence in the area of Dingxi,Gansu,mainly owing to the strong temperature sensitivity to climate types.As a consequence,node distributions and community divisions in the hyperbolic map can offer new insights into the regionalization of temperature volatility in China's mainland.The results demonstrate the potential of hyperbolic embedding of complex networks in forecasting future node associations in real-world data.展开更多
The increasing relevance and importance of zoning regional biotic factors and environmental variables to scientists and management agencies are fully introduced. Comprehensive research into regional differentiation of...The increasing relevance and importance of zoning regional biotic factors and environmental variables to scientists and management agencies are fully introduced. Comprehensive research into regional differentiation of ecosystems, nevertheless, remains comparatively neglected. A rounded eco-regionalization System in terms of regional ecosystem properties and distribution can supply powerful tools for rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources, solution of regional environmental problems, and conservation of biodiversity. In this paper, ideas on nature, theoretical foundation and methods available to eco-regionalization are presented Finally, a new ecoregionalization system of China based on specific principles of ecological division is prepared.展开更多
To provide materials for the selection of plant species for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the farming-pastoral zone in northern China, where the eco-environment has been already deteriorated by over-far...To provide materials for the selection of plant species for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the farming-pastoral zone in northern China, where the eco-environment has been already deteriorated by over-farming and over-grazing, the suitable trees, shrubs and herbages were examined, screened and identified under the guidance of four principles of taking precedence for ecological conservation, being beneficial to economic production, matching species (trees, shrubs and herbages) with the site, and giving consideration to the integrity of local administrative division. According to the key ecological factors that determine species growth and distribution in the zone, i.e., the lowest daily mean temperature in a year, annual accumulated temperature, and water regimes represented by the moist index, the ratio between annual rainfall and accumulated temperature (>0 degreesC), as well as the soil type influenced by climate, surface substances and landform, the farming-pastoral zone was regionalized into seven parts: ( I) Western Songliao Plain and Da Hinggan Mountain Region; (II) Upper Liaohe River Sandy Region; (III) Mid-Eastern Nei Mongol Plateau and Northwestern Heibei Mountain Region; (IV) Luliang, Taihang and Yanshan Mountain Region; ( V) Ordos Plateau Sandy Region; (VI) Northern Shaanxi to Eastern Gansu Loess Plateau Region; and (VII) Mid Gansu to Eastern Qinghai Plateau Loess Region. And the suitable trees, shrubs and herbages for each region were selected and tabularly introduced in detail.展开更多
An ecological regionalization index system was established for Bashang inland lake wetland based on ecological and environmental factors,with landform,geomorphy,vegetation types and climate as primary indices,micro-la...An ecological regionalization index system was established for Bashang inland lake wetland based on ecological and environmental factors,with landform,geomorphy,vegetation types and climate as primary indices,micro-landform,vegetation type,soil type,climate,ecosystem types,wetland features and human activities as secondary indices. Based on these index systems,the area was divided into three eco-environment regions and nine sub eco-environment regions. An eco-regional map of Bashang inland lake wetland was drawn by using GIS. The ecological characteristics,existing problems and control measures of each region were described. This study will supply guidance for the construction of local ecological environment and regulation of industrial structure,promoting sustainable development of Bashang inland lake wetland.展开更多
The high efficient eco-agricultural zone in Eco-economic Region of Poyang Lake was divided into three different areas. 12 indicators including per capita cultivated land,forest coverage,comprehensive utilization rate ...The high efficient eco-agricultural zone in Eco-economic Region of Poyang Lake was divided into three different areas. 12 indicators including per capita cultivated land,forest coverage,comprehensive utilization rate of straw,the ratio of the effective irrigation area to the arable land,amount of pesticide usage per unit area of arable land,the output value ratio of planting industry,the output value ratio of forestry and fruit industry,the output value ratio of stock farming,the output value ratio of fishery,the proportion of sown area of crop,proportion of sown area of oil plants and the proportion of sown area of vegetable were screened to construct the indicator system of regionalization of high efficient eco-agriculture. The average index values of the high efficient eco-agricultural regionalization of three regions were obtained,the development direction of the efficient eco-agriculture construction of three areas were analyzed according to the natural resources characteristics f eco-agricultural and requirements of high efficient eco-agricultural development of the regions.展开更多
The famous ’Hu Line’, proposed by Hu Huanyong in 1935, divided China into two regions(southeast and northwest) of comparable area size but drastically different in population. However, the classic Hu Line was derive...The famous ’Hu Line’, proposed by Hu Huanyong in 1935, divided China into two regions(southeast and northwest) of comparable area size but drastically different in population. However, the classic Hu Line was derived manually in absence of reliable census data and computational technologies of modern days. It has been subject to criticism of lack of scientific rigor and accuracy. This research uses a GIS-automated regionalization method, termed REDCAP(Regionalization with Dynamically Constrained Agglomerative Clustering and Partitioning), to reconstruct the demarcation line based on the 2010 county-level census data in China. The results show that the logarithmic transformation of population density is a better measure of attributive homogeneity in derived regions than density itself, and produces two regions of nearly identical area size and greater contrast in population. Specifically, the revised Hu Line by Hu Huanyong in 1990 had the southeast region with 94.4% of total population and 42.9% of total land, and our delineation line yields a southeast region with 97.4% population and 50.8% land. Therefore, the population density ratio of the two regions is 27.1 by our line, much higher than the ratio of 22.4 by the Hu Line, and thus outperforms the Hu Line in deriving regions of maximum density contrast with comparable area size. Furthermore, more regions are delineated to further advance our understanding of population distribution disparity in China.展开更多
According to the natural ecology and socio-economic conditions in Henan Province, a land use regionalization index system with 6 factors and 24 factor layers was constructed by combining with the characteristics of la...According to the natural ecology and socio-economic conditions in Henan Province, a land use regionalization index system with 6 factors and 24 factor layers was constructed by combining with the characteristics of land use in Henan Province. Expert scoring method was used to determine the weights of the indicators. Based on the similarities and differences of these factors in the index system at county （city, district） levels, hierarchical clustering method was used to make the quantitative analysis to the land use regionalization in Henan Province. And constrastive analysis and qualitative analysis were made to the regionalization scheme by combining with the acutal conditions in the counties （cities, districts）, and finally, Henan Province was classified into 6 regions.展开更多
As the important reserve land resources for food production,saline-alkali land should play a significant role to ensure the national food security in the context of global food crisis. The western Songnen Plain is one...As the important reserve land resources for food production,saline-alkali land should play a significant role to ensure the national food security in the context of global food crisis. The western Songnen Plain is one of main distribution regions of saline-alkali land in China,with great potential in agricultural development. In this study,the extent,transformation,spatial distribution and temporal change of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain during 1954–2005 were investigated by using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis methods. Saline-alkali land change was detected from a temporal series of topographic maps in 1954,satellite images of Landsat MSS in 1976,Landsat TM/ETM in 1988,2000 and 2005 through artificial visual interpretation. The results indicated a significant expansion in saline-alkali land area and aggravation in salinization. The area of saline-alkali land had increased from 401.48×103 ha in 1954 to 1 097.45×103 ha in 2005. While the ratio of light,moderate and serious salinized land areas changed from 6.72︰2.92︰1.00 to 1.25︰1.06︰1.00 in the study period. Grassland,cropland,swampland and water body were the major land use and land cover types from which saline-alkali land transformed. And the secondary salinization occured mainly in Da′an City,Tongyu County,Changling County,Daqing City,Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County and Zhaoyuan County. Finally,seven large ecoregions and 14 corresponding sub-ecoregions were delineated out based on spatio-temopral dynamic characteristics of saline-alkali land and geo-relational environmental attributes. According to the results,measures of amelioration and ways of development of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain were put forward.展开更多
Along with the highly speedy development of economy and society in the developed area in China,with the sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizers,industrial wastewater and ...Along with the highly speedy development of economy and society in the developed area in China,with the sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizers,industrial wastewater and domestic sewage,the water environment has been deteriorated continuously and then become a restricting factor to regional development.For harmonizing the relationship between economic development and water environment,many countries have been attempting water environmental function zoning so as to provide a scientific basis for the basin management.However,focusing mainly on water body,these researches ignored the spatial relation between water and land as well as the restricted function of water environment on regional industrial layout.So previous index system adapted only to the environmental genes but excluded the stress genes of socio-economic development.This paper,thus,taking both the sensitivity and pressure of water environment into consideration,discusses the methods of constraint regionalization of water environment,including how to divide the assessed units,choose and manage the assessed elements.Then,as a case study,Jiangsu Province is divided into four types of areas by the method of quadrant analysis,i.e.,high-pressure and high-sensitivity area （HP-HS Area）,high-pressure and low-sensitivity area （HP-LS Area）,low-pressure and high-sensitivity area （LP-HS Area） and low-pressure and low-sensitivity area （LP-LS Area）.Finally,this paper presents the schemes of industrial layout and the policy of industrial development direction respectively,which are very important bases for harmonizing the industrial development and the bearing capacity of water environment.展开更多
The comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography is based on the rules governing regional differentiation of Chinese physical geographic factors.Based on regional differences and similarities in human fact...The comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography is based on the rules governing regional differentiation of Chinese physical geographic factors.Based on regional differences and similarities in human factors,this study divides the whole country into two levels of relatively independent,complete and organically linked human geographic units.As a fundamental,comprehensive,cutting-edge,practical and important task,the comprehensive regionalization of human geography highlights the characteristics,regional and sub-regional features,complexity and variety of spatial differences between factors of Chinese human geography.It is capable of promoting the development of human geography based on local conditions,providing basic scientific support to national and local development strategies,such as the Belt and Road Strategy,new urbanization and environmental awareness,and creating a sound geopolitical environment in key areas.Using results from existing physical and human geographic zoning studies,and in accordance with the principles of synthesis,dominant factors,the relative consistency of the natural environment,the relative consistency of social and economic development,the consistency of the regional cultural landscape,the continuity of spatial distribution and the integrity of county-level administrative divisions,and taking as its basis the division of human geography into 10 major factors(nature,economy,population,culture,ethnicity,agriculture,transportation,urbanization,the settlement landscape and administrative divisions),this paper constructs an index system for the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography through a combination of top-down and bottom-up zoning and spatial clustering analysis.In this study,Chinese human geography is divided into eight regions and 66 sub-regions.The eight human geography regions are(Ⅰ)Northeast China,(Ⅱ)North China,(Ⅲ)East China,(Ⅳ)Central China,(Ⅴ)South China,(Ⅵ)Northwest China,(Ⅶ)Southwest China,and(Ⅷ)Qinghai and Tibet.This zoning proposal fills gaps in studies involving the non-comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography.Each human geography region and sub-region has different topographical climatic,ecological,population,urbanization,economic development,settlement landscape,regional cultural and ethno-religious attributes.This proposal on the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography dovetails closely with previous studies on comprehensive regionalization in Chinese physical geography,Chinese economic zoning,and Chinese agricultural zoning.It shows that,under the dual roles of nature and humans,there are certain rules of regional differentiation that govern the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography.展开更多
This research quantitatively recognized the wind speed change using wind speed trend and trend of wind speed variability from 1961 to 2012 and regionalized the wind speed change on a county-level basis.The mean wind s...This research quantitatively recognized the wind speed change using wind speed trend and trend of wind speed variability from 1961 to 2012 and regionalized the wind speed change on a county-level basis.The mean wind speed observation data and linear fitting method were used.The findings suggested that level-I regionalization includes six zones according to wind speed trend value in different regions,viz.Northeast ChinaeNorth China substantial declining zone,EasteCentral China declining zone,Southeast China slightly declining zone,Southwest China very slightly declining zone,Northwest China declining zone,and QinghaieTibetan Plateau slightly declining zone.Level-II regionalization divides China into twelve regions based on trend of wind speed variability and the level-I regionalization results.展开更多
Geomorphological regionalization(geomor-region)and geomorphological type(geomor-type)classification are two core components in the geomorphologic research.Although remarkable achievements have been made in the study o...Geomorphological regionalization(geomor-region)and geomorphological type(geomor-type)classification are two core components in the geomorphologic research.Although remarkable achievements have been made in the study of geomor-region,many deficiencies still exist,such as the inconsistency of landform indicators,the small quantity of division orders,disparities of geomorphological characteristics,differences of mapping results,and the small scale of zoning maps.Requirements for improved national geomor-regions are therefore needed for the purpose of an enhanced national geo-information system.Based on theories of geomor-region in China including plate tectonics,crustal features,endogenic and exogenic forced geomorphological features,and regional differentiations of geomor-type,a three-order(major-region,sub-region,and small-region)research program on China’s geomor-regions is proposed on the basis of previous 2013 geomor-region system.The major contents of the new geomor-region scheme are:(1)principles of the national multi-order geomor-regions;(2)hierarchical indicator systems of geomor-regions including characteristics of the terrain ladder under the control of tectonic setting,combinations of regional macro-form types,combinations of endogenic and exogenic forces and basic types of morphology,combinations of regional morphological types,and combinations of regional micro-morphological types;(3)naming rules and coding methods of geomor-regions;and(4)precise positioning techniques and methods of multi-order geomor-region divisions based on multi-source data.Using the new geomor-region theory and division methodology,the partition of national three-order geomor-regions of China was successfully constructed.The geomor-region system divided China into six first-order major-regions,36 second-order sub-regions,and 136 third-order small-regions.In addition,a database and management information system of the national geomor-regions were established.This research has an important guiding significance for promoting the development of China’s regional geomorphology and for practical applications based on geomor-regions.展开更多
In order to provide a scientific basis for rice yield estimation and improve the accuracy of yield estimation in Zhejiang Province, regionalization indices for rice yield estimation by remote sensing (RS) in the provi...In order to provide a scientific basis for rice yield estimation and improve the accuracy of yield estimation in Zhejiang Province, regionalization indices for rice yield estimation by remote sensing (RS) in the province were determined by considering the special features of yield estimation by RS, and based on analysis of the natural conditions of Zhejiang Province. The indices determined included rice cropping system, agroclimate, landform, surface feature structure and rice yield level, where rice planting system was considered as the main one. Then regionalization for rice yield estimation by RS was completed by spatial neighboring analysis with the Geographical information System (GIS) technology combined with using of tree algorithm. The province was divided into two regions, i. e., the single-cropping rice region which was subdivided into 3 regions including those in mountains of northwest Zhejiang, water network area of north Zhejiang and mountains of south Zhejiang, and double-cropping rice region which was subdivided into 5 regions including those on plain of north Zhejiang, coastal plains and hills of southeast Zhejiang, Jin-Qu Basin of middle Zhejiang, hills of east Zhejiang, and hills and mountains of northwest Zhejiang. This regionalization took the county borders as the region boundaries, kept the regions connective and made the administrative regions integrity and, then, could meet the requirements of rice yield estimation by RS, showing that the results were quite satisfying.展开更多
The regionalization of climate in China is based on a three-level classification in terms of lasting days for accumulated temperature （AT）,aridity index,and July mean temperature.Based on daily meteorological observ...The regionalization of climate in China is based on a three-level classification in terms of lasting days for accumulated temperature （AT）,aridity index,and July mean temperature.Based on daily meteorological observational data from 756 stations,trends and interdecadal variation in indices for classifying temperature zones,moisture regions and climatic subregions in the period 1961-2010 are discussed.Results reveal that the nationwide AT ≥ 10℃C （AT10） and its lasting days are basically increasing,while aridity in northern Xinjiang is decreasing.The increasing trend of July mean temperature in North China is found to be notably larger than in South China.In terms of their national averages,a marked step increase of AT10 and its lasting period,as well as July mean temperature occurred around 1997,while the aridity index presents no such clear change.By comparing regionalization areas for 1998-2010 with those for 1961-97,it is found that the semi-humid,semi-dry and dry regions in the sub-temperate zone,as well as the humid region in the middle subtropical zone,have experienced substantial shrinkage in terms of area.In contrast,the areas of semi-dry and dry regions in the warm temperate zone,as well as the humid region in the south subtropical zone,present drastically increasing trends.Owing to the influence of such step changes that took place in 1997,that particular point in time should be given close attention in future studies regarding the regionalization of climate in China.展开更多
As one of the five most important spheres affecting climate systems globally, the cryosphere not only exerts crucial impacts on natural environment, but also plays a key role in guaranteeing the goods and services pro...As one of the five most important spheres affecting climate systems globally, the cryosphere not only exerts crucial impacts on natural environment, but also plays a key role in guaranteeing the goods and services provision of the oasis in the cold and arid regions. However, there is a lack of synthesized knowledge about the contributions and profitability on socio-economic aspects of the cryospheric services (CSs). To cope with this key and urgent sustainable development issues, this study constructs a comprehensive regionalization research system that integrates the natural and socio-economic aspects for cryospheric characteristics with emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches. Guided by the supply- demand equilibrium model and the service maximization model, the research system consists of establishing a classification system for CSs, identifying the spatial distribution pattern of CSs, and constructing the comprehensive regionalization of CSs, which finally divides the research area into relatively independent, complete, and organically linked CS units of multiple spatial levels. By setting up a bridge between the CSs with socio-economic needs, it has profound and practical significance and implications for implementing the sustainable utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection.展开更多
This study uses six censuses (1953,1964,1982,1990,2000,and 2010) at the county level since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China to examine the changes of population density pattern in China's Mainland...This study uses six censuses (1953,1964,1982,1990,2000,and 2010) at the county level since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China to examine the changes of population density pattern in China's Mainland over time.Based on the Gini coefficient,the change of disparity in population density followed a “U-shaped” trend,i.e.,decreasing during 1953–1982 and increasing during 1982–2010.The shrinking disparity in the pre-reform periods was largely attributable to various ill-conceived political movements,and the enlarging gap in population growth rates in the post-reform era reflected a natural outcome of urbanization,which will continue in the foreseeable future.In addition,this research employs a GIS-automated regionalization method,REDCAP,to uncover a natural demarcation line like the classic “Hu Line” that divides China into two regions of similar area sizes but a strong contrast in population.The results show that the regionalization-derived lines were largely consistent with the Hu Line over time.Therefore,the disparity between the high-density southeast and low-density northwest regions is likely due to differing physical environments that form a natural barrier.Any public policy to overcome this barrier at a large scale is destined to be a vain attempt.展开更多
Formulation of different ecological zone plans according to the corresponding protection targets and the necessity of proper conservation policy is one of the measures to achieve the goal of ecological conservation in...Formulation of different ecological zone plans according to the corresponding protection targets and the necessity of proper conservation policy is one of the measures to achieve the goal of ecological conservation in China.In order to clarify the interrelation among key ecological zone plans,this paper carried out the research on spatial relation of priority areas of biodiversity conservation and three key ecological areas(key ecological function areas,key regions of ecological service function,national nature reserves)and the research on ecological conditions,based on multi-scale ecological spatial theme information,which incorporates elements like ecological quality and type,and by the aid of spatial information analysis and GIS modeling.The results showed a contrastively fine spatial consistency with 68.8%of priority areas of biodiversity conservation overlapping with three key ecological areas.Although the environment in priority areas of biodiversity conservation were in good conditions,protection pressure is also increasing,powerful supervision and protection should not be ignored.The environmental conditions in the overlapping areas,as a whole,were superior to those in the non-overlapping areas.Since two areas have different characteristics,targeted protection measures should be formulated based on this difference,which will be very important for biodiversity conservation in priority areas of biodiversity conservation.展开更多
This paper compartmentalizes regional land use of rural settlements in China by employing a hierarchical clustering method.The statistic data are sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC) and the d...This paper compartmentalizes regional land use of rural settlements in China by employing a hierarchical clustering method.The statistic data are sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC) and the data of land use change from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China(MLRC).The population of rural settlement decreases from the southeast to the northwest of China and the density of rural settlement decreases from the east to the west of China.Land-use scale of rural settlement,the proportion of one-storey houses and the average household area decrease from the north to the south of China.The ratio of area of cultivated land to rural settlement is high in the northeast and southwest of China but low in the southeast of China.The land use regionalization of rural settlement can be divided into four regions,namely:the northern region of China,Qinghai-Tibet,Yunnan-Guizhou,and the middle and eastern region of China.The northern region of China and the middle and eastern region of China can be further divided into nine sub-regions:Xinjiang,Northeast China,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,North China,the south of the Changjiang(Yantze) River and Sichuan Basin,Jiangsu-Shanghai,South China,the Loess Plateau,and Guangxi.In consideration of the significant regional differences,it is proposed that different policies should be implemented regarding the utilization and management of rural settlements.展开更多
Ecological shelter zones reconstruction is an ecosystem restoration and conservation project aimed to the ecological safety of nations, regions and basins. Reconstruction of ecological shelter zones of the upper reach...Ecological shelter zones reconstruction is an ecosystem restoration and conservation project aimed to the ecological safety of nations, regions and basins. Reconstruction of ecological shelter zones of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River became one of the most important tasks of Western Development strategy. This article, taking Zhaotong as an example, studies the functional regionalization of ecological shelter zones. The study supplies a case for functional regionalization of small and medium regions whose main tasks are environment reservation. With the guidance of theories of functional regionalization, and based on the analysis of Zhaotong＇s natural, ecological and socioeconomic factors, the paper suggests five principles for factors selection. These principles include： （1） reversing order evaluation; （2） selecting main factors; （3） keeping the integrality of administrative regions of towns; and （4） making the products acceptable by local government. To analyze spatial status of selected factors, LUCC data in 2002, 1：50,000 relief maps and town-unit socioeconomic statistical data in 2004 are used. RS and GIS tools are also applied to melt traditional and modern geographical methods. This would be useful to functional regionalization research in mountainous areas. As a conclusion, the leading functional regions of ecological conservation or economic development are suggested, respectively. Zhaotong city is divided into two-level functional regions. The first-level includes three leading functional regions and they will lead developing direction of sub-regions. The second-level includes eight sub-regions, which are policy implemented regions, and will supply guidance to Zhaotong＇s ecological shelter zones reconstruction.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42371189)Central University Basic Research Fund of China(No.24ZYYB017)。
文摘Intercity mobility lays the foundation for capital flow,information flow,and knowledge flow,etc.,and is important for promoting regional integration.Although many scholars have studied intercity mobility in extensive well-developed urban agglomerations,few studies have examined the characteristics of intercity mobility at the county level and its impact on regionalization in western China.This study takes the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration(GPUA)as a case to study the geographical law of intercity mobility and then explore its impact on regionalization.The results obtained show that intercity mobility network exhibits a hub and spoke patterns focusing on major municipal districts at the county level.We also found a corridor effect that counties with higher travel volumes are mostly located along the trunk high speed railway(HSR)lines.Unlike previous studies,the distribution of intercity mobility is more concentrated than that of population and exhibits a super-linear behavior rule.There are the differences in gravity law for overall trips,weekday trips,weekend trips,and holiday trips.With the decrease of travel duration,the effect of attraction of destination is weakening,but the influence of distance decay is increasing.Finally,the spatial organization is still administrative-centric and is dominated by intraprefecture and intra-provincial development.Moreover,the coupled degree between network-based regionalization and attribute-based regionalization shows a decreasing trend from administrative via cultural to physical factors.These findings enrich the research on the intercity mobility and the regionalization in inland developing urban agglomerations.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12275179,12005079,and 41975100),the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21ZR1443900),Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20220511),the funding for Scientific Research Startup of Jiangsu University(Grant No.4111710001),and the Joint Research Project for Meteorological Capacity Improvement(Grant No.22NLTSZ004).
文摘Abrupt temperature volatility has detrimental effects on daily activities,macroeconomic growth,and human health.Predicting abrupt temperature volatility and thus diminishing its negative impacts can be achieved by exploring homogeneous regions of temperature volatility and analyzing the driving factors.To investigate the regionalization of temperature volatility in China's mainland,a network constructed by the cosine similarity of temperature volatility series from China's mainland was embedded in hyperbolic space.Subsequently,we partitioned the network on the hyperbolic map using the critical gap method and then found eight regions in all.Ultimately,a network of communities was constructed while the interaction among communities was quantified.This yields a perspective of temperature volatility regionalization that can accurately reflect factors including altitude,climate type,and the geographic location of mountains.Further analysis demonstrates that the regionalization in the hyperbolic map is distinct from provinces and has a realistic basis:communities in southwest China show strong correlations due to the temperature sensitivity to altitude,and communities in northern China show a convergence in the area of Dingxi,Gansu,mainly owing to the strong temperature sensitivity to climate types.As a consequence,node distributions and community divisions in the hyperbolic map can offer new insights into the regionalization of temperature volatility in China's mainland.The results demonstrate the potential of hyperbolic embedding of complex networks in forecasting future node associations in real-world data.
文摘The increasing relevance and importance of zoning regional biotic factors and environmental variables to scientists and management agencies are fully introduced. Comprehensive research into regional differentiation of ecosystems, nevertheless, remains comparatively neglected. A rounded eco-regionalization System in terms of regional ecosystem properties and distribution can supply powerful tools for rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources, solution of regional environmental problems, and conservation of biodiversity. In this paper, ideas on nature, theoretical foundation and methods available to eco-regionalization are presented Finally, a new ecoregionalization system of China based on specific principles of ecological division is prepared.
文摘To provide materials for the selection of plant species for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the farming-pastoral zone in northern China, where the eco-environment has been already deteriorated by over-farming and over-grazing, the suitable trees, shrubs and herbages were examined, screened and identified under the guidance of four principles of taking precedence for ecological conservation, being beneficial to economic production, matching species (trees, shrubs and herbages) with the site, and giving consideration to the integrity of local administrative division. According to the key ecological factors that determine species growth and distribution in the zone, i.e., the lowest daily mean temperature in a year, annual accumulated temperature, and water regimes represented by the moist index, the ratio between annual rainfall and accumulated temperature (>0 degreesC), as well as the soil type influenced by climate, surface substances and landform, the farming-pastoral zone was regionalized into seven parts: ( I) Western Songliao Plain and Da Hinggan Mountain Region; (II) Upper Liaohe River Sandy Region; (III) Mid-Eastern Nei Mongol Plateau and Northwestern Heibei Mountain Region; (IV) Luliang, Taihang and Yanshan Mountain Region; ( V) Ordos Plateau Sandy Region; (VI) Northern Shaanxi to Eastern Gansu Loess Plateau Region; and (VII) Mid Gansu to Eastern Qinghai Plateau Loess Region. And the suitable trees, shrubs and herbages for each region were selected and tabularly introduced in detail.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Research and Development Plan Project of Hebei Province (07276706D)Science and Technology Plan Project of Hebei Academy of Science (10104)~~
文摘An ecological regionalization index system was established for Bashang inland lake wetland based on ecological and environmental factors,with landform,geomorphy,vegetation types and climate as primary indices,micro-landform,vegetation type,soil type,climate,ecosystem types,wetland features and human activities as secondary indices. Based on these index systems,the area was divided into three eco-environment regions and nine sub eco-environment regions. An eco-regional map of Bashang inland lake wetland was drawn by using GIS. The ecological characteristics,existing problems and control measures of each region were described. This study will supply guidance for the construction of local ecological environment and regulation of industrial structure,promoting sustainable development of Bashang inland lake wetland.
文摘The high efficient eco-agricultural zone in Eco-economic Region of Poyang Lake was divided into three different areas. 12 indicators including per capita cultivated land,forest coverage,comprehensive utilization rate of straw,the ratio of the effective irrigation area to the arable land,amount of pesticide usage per unit area of arable land,the output value ratio of planting industry,the output value ratio of forestry and fruit industry,the output value ratio of stock farming,the output value ratio of fishery,the proportion of sown area of crop,proportion of sown area of oil plants and the proportion of sown area of vegetable were screened to construct the indicator system of regionalization of high efficient eco-agriculture. The average index values of the high efficient eco-agricultural regionalization of three regions were obtained,the development direction of the efficient eco-agriculture construction of three areas were analyzed according to the natural resources characteristics f eco-agricultural and requirements of high efficient eco-agricultural development of the regions.
文摘The famous ’Hu Line’, proposed by Hu Huanyong in 1935, divided China into two regions(southeast and northwest) of comparable area size but drastically different in population. However, the classic Hu Line was derived manually in absence of reliable census data and computational technologies of modern days. It has been subject to criticism of lack of scientific rigor and accuracy. This research uses a GIS-automated regionalization method, termed REDCAP(Regionalization with Dynamically Constrained Agglomerative Clustering and Partitioning), to reconstruct the demarcation line based on the 2010 county-level census data in China. The results show that the logarithmic transformation of population density is a better measure of attributive homogeneity in derived regions than density itself, and produces two regions of nearly identical area size and greater contrast in population. Specifically, the revised Hu Line by Hu Huanyong in 1990 had the southeast region with 94.4% of total population and 42.9% of total land, and our delineation line yields a southeast region with 97.4% population and 50.8% land. Therefore, the population density ratio of the two regions is 27.1 by our line, much higher than the ratio of 22.4 by the Hu Line, and thus outperforms the Hu Line in deriving regions of maximum density contrast with comparable area size. Furthermore, more regions are delineated to further advance our understanding of population distribution disparity in China.
基金Supported by the Study on the Farmland Quality Evolution and Protection Mechanism based on Rapid Urbanization~~
文摘According to the natural ecology and socio-economic conditions in Henan Province, a land use regionalization index system with 6 factors and 24 factor layers was constructed by combining with the characteristics of land use in Henan Province. Expert scoring method was used to determine the weights of the indicators. Based on the similarities and differences of these factors in the index system at county （city, district） levels, hierarchical clustering method was used to make the quantitative analysis to the land use regionalization in Henan Province. And constrastive analysis and qualitative analysis were made to the regionalization scheme by combining with the acutal conditions in the counties （cities, districts）, and finally, Henan Province was classified into 6 regions.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40771162)Key Item of Knowledge Innova-tion Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX2-SW-320-1)
文摘As the important reserve land resources for food production,saline-alkali land should play a significant role to ensure the national food security in the context of global food crisis. The western Songnen Plain is one of main distribution regions of saline-alkali land in China,with great potential in agricultural development. In this study,the extent,transformation,spatial distribution and temporal change of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain during 1954–2005 were investigated by using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis methods. Saline-alkali land change was detected from a temporal series of topographic maps in 1954,satellite images of Landsat MSS in 1976,Landsat TM/ETM in 1988,2000 and 2005 through artificial visual interpretation. The results indicated a significant expansion in saline-alkali land area and aggravation in salinization. The area of saline-alkali land had increased from 401.48×103 ha in 1954 to 1 097.45×103 ha in 2005. While the ratio of light,moderate and serious salinized land areas changed from 6.72︰2.92︰1.00 to 1.25︰1.06︰1.00 in the study period. Grassland,cropland,swampland and water body were the major land use and land cover types from which saline-alkali land transformed. And the secondary salinization occured mainly in Da′an City,Tongyu County,Changling County,Daqing City,Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County and Zhaoyuan County. Finally,seven large ecoregions and 14 corresponding sub-ecoregions were delineated out based on spatio-temopral dynamic characteristics of saline-alkali land and geo-relational environmental attributes. According to the results,measures of amelioration and ways of development of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain were put forward.
基金Important Direction Program of Knowledge Innovation Project,CAS,No.KZCX2-YW-339National Scienceand Technology Pillar Program,No.2008BAH31B06
文摘Along with the highly speedy development of economy and society in the developed area in China,with the sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizers,industrial wastewater and domestic sewage,the water environment has been deteriorated continuously and then become a restricting factor to regional development.For harmonizing the relationship between economic development and water environment,many countries have been attempting water environmental function zoning so as to provide a scientific basis for the basin management.However,focusing mainly on water body,these researches ignored the spatial relation between water and land as well as the restricted function of water environment on regional industrial layout.So previous index system adapted only to the environmental genes but excluded the stress genes of socio-economic development.This paper,thus,taking both the sensitivity and pressure of water environment into consideration,discusses the methods of constraint regionalization of water environment,including how to divide the assessed units,choose and manage the assessed elements.Then,as a case study,Jiangsu Province is divided into four types of areas by the method of quadrant analysis,i.e.,high-pressure and high-sensitivity area （HP-HS Area）,high-pressure and low-sensitivity area （HP-LS Area）,low-pressure and high-sensitivity area （LP-HS Area） and low-pressure and low-sensitivity area （LP-LS Area）.Finally,this paper presents the schemes of industrial layout and the policy of industrial development direction respectively,which are very important bases for harmonizing the industrial development and the bearing capacity of water environment.
基金Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41590840, No.41590842,Acknowledgements The authors thank the following people for their valuable suggestions and guidance in the course of writing this paper: Professor Zheng Du, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Professor Li Wenhua, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering+8 种基金 Professor Song Changqing from Beijing Normal University Professor Kong Deyong from the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development Professor Mao Hanying from the International Eurasian Academy of Sciences Professor Cai Yunlong from Peking University Professor Zhou Shangyi from Beijing Normal University Professor Wu Shaohong from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Professor Zhang Guoyou from the Geographical Society of China Professor He Shujin, Managing Director of the Editorial Office of Acta Geographica Sinica and Professor Shen Yuming from Capital Normal University.
文摘The comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography is based on the rules governing regional differentiation of Chinese physical geographic factors.Based on regional differences and similarities in human factors,this study divides the whole country into two levels of relatively independent,complete and organically linked human geographic units.As a fundamental,comprehensive,cutting-edge,practical and important task,the comprehensive regionalization of human geography highlights the characteristics,regional and sub-regional features,complexity and variety of spatial differences between factors of Chinese human geography.It is capable of promoting the development of human geography based on local conditions,providing basic scientific support to national and local development strategies,such as the Belt and Road Strategy,new urbanization and environmental awareness,and creating a sound geopolitical environment in key areas.Using results from existing physical and human geographic zoning studies,and in accordance with the principles of synthesis,dominant factors,the relative consistency of the natural environment,the relative consistency of social and economic development,the consistency of the regional cultural landscape,the continuity of spatial distribution and the integrity of county-level administrative divisions,and taking as its basis the division of human geography into 10 major factors(nature,economy,population,culture,ethnicity,agriculture,transportation,urbanization,the settlement landscape and administrative divisions),this paper constructs an index system for the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography through a combination of top-down and bottom-up zoning and spatial clustering analysis.In this study,Chinese human geography is divided into eight regions and 66 sub-regions.The eight human geography regions are(Ⅰ)Northeast China,(Ⅱ)North China,(Ⅲ)East China,(Ⅳ)Central China,(Ⅴ)South China,(Ⅵ)Northwest China,(Ⅶ)Southwest China,and(Ⅷ)Qinghai and Tibet.This zoning proposal fills gaps in studies involving the non-comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography.Each human geography region and sub-region has different topographical climatic,ecological,population,urbanization,economic development,settlement landscape,regional cultural and ethno-religious attributes.This proposal on the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography dovetails closely with previous studies on comprehensive regionalization in Chinese physical geography,Chinese economic zoning,and Chinese agricultural zoning.It shows that,under the dual roles of nature and humans,there are certain rules of regional differentiation that govern the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB955404,2012CB955402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41321001)
文摘This research quantitatively recognized the wind speed change using wind speed trend and trend of wind speed variability from 1961 to 2012 and regionalized the wind speed change on a county-level basis.The mean wind speed observation data and linear fitting method were used.The findings suggested that level-I regionalization includes six zones according to wind speed trend value in different regions,viz.Northeast ChinaeNorth China substantial declining zone,EasteCentral China declining zone,Southeast China slightly declining zone,Southwest China very slightly declining zone,Northwest China declining zone,and QinghaieTibetan Plateau slightly declining zone.Level-II regionalization divides China into twelve regions based on trend of wind speed variability and the level-I regionalization results.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41590845,No.41421001,No.41571388。
文摘Geomorphological regionalization(geomor-region)and geomorphological type(geomor-type)classification are two core components in the geomorphologic research.Although remarkable achievements have been made in the study of geomor-region,many deficiencies still exist,such as the inconsistency of landform indicators,the small quantity of division orders,disparities of geomorphological characteristics,differences of mapping results,and the small scale of zoning maps.Requirements for improved national geomor-regions are therefore needed for the purpose of an enhanced national geo-information system.Based on theories of geomor-region in China including plate tectonics,crustal features,endogenic and exogenic forced geomorphological features,and regional differentiations of geomor-type,a three-order(major-region,sub-region,and small-region)research program on China’s geomor-regions is proposed on the basis of previous 2013 geomor-region system.The major contents of the new geomor-region scheme are:(1)principles of the national multi-order geomor-regions;(2)hierarchical indicator systems of geomor-regions including characteristics of the terrain ladder under the control of tectonic setting,combinations of regional macro-form types,combinations of endogenic and exogenic forces and basic types of morphology,combinations of regional morphological types,and combinations of regional micro-morphological types;(3)naming rules and coding methods of geomor-regions;and(4)precise positioning techniques and methods of multi-order geomor-region divisions based on multi-source data.Using the new geomor-region theory and division methodology,the partition of national three-order geomor-regions of China was successfully constructed.The geomor-region system divided China into six first-order major-regions,36 second-order sub-regions,and 136 third-order small-regions.In addition,a database and management information system of the national geomor-regions were established.This research has an important guiding significance for promoting the development of China’s regional geomorphology and for practical applications based on geomor-regions.
基金Project (No. Y97#14-6-2) supported by the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for NationalDefence, China.
文摘In order to provide a scientific basis for rice yield estimation and improve the accuracy of yield estimation in Zhejiang Province, regionalization indices for rice yield estimation by remote sensing (RS) in the province were determined by considering the special features of yield estimation by RS, and based on analysis of the natural conditions of Zhejiang Province. The indices determined included rice cropping system, agroclimate, landform, surface feature structure and rice yield level, where rice planting system was considered as the main one. Then regionalization for rice yield estimation by RS was completed by spatial neighboring analysis with the Geographical information System (GIS) technology combined with using of tree algorithm. The province was divided into two regions, i. e., the single-cropping rice region which was subdivided into 3 regions including those in mountains of northwest Zhejiang, water network area of north Zhejiang and mountains of south Zhejiang, and double-cropping rice region which was subdivided into 5 regions including those on plain of north Zhejiang, coastal plains and hills of southeast Zhejiang, Jin-Qu Basin of middle Zhejiang, hills of east Zhejiang, and hills and mountains of northwest Zhejiang. This regionalization took the county borders as the region boundaries, kept the regions connective and made the administrative regions integrity and, then, could meet the requirements of rice yield estimation by RS, showing that the results were quite satisfying.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41175080)the R&D Special Fund for the Public Welfare Industry (meteorology) (Grant No. GYHY201106018)
文摘The regionalization of climate in China is based on a three-level classification in terms of lasting days for accumulated temperature （AT）,aridity index,and July mean temperature.Based on daily meteorological observational data from 756 stations,trends and interdecadal variation in indices for classifying temperature zones,moisture regions and climatic subregions in the period 1961-2010 are discussed.Results reveal that the nationwide AT ≥ 10℃C （AT10） and its lasting days are basically increasing,while aridity in northern Xinjiang is decreasing.The increasing trend of July mean temperature in North China is found to be notably larger than in South China.In terms of their national averages,a marked step increase of AT10 and its lasting period,as well as July mean temperature occurred around 1997,while the aridity index presents no such clear change.By comparing regionalization areas for 1998-2010 with those for 1961-97,it is found that the semi-humid,semi-dry and dry regions in the sub-temperate zone,as well as the humid region in the middle subtropical zone,have experienced substantial shrinkage in terms of area.In contrast,the areas of semi-dry and dry regions in the warm temperate zone,as well as the humid region in the south subtropical zone,present drastically increasing trends.Owing to the influence of such step changes that took place in 1997,that particular point in time should be given close attention in future studies regarding the regionalization of climate in China.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41690145).
文摘As one of the five most important spheres affecting climate systems globally, the cryosphere not only exerts crucial impacts on natural environment, but also plays a key role in guaranteeing the goods and services provision of the oasis in the cold and arid regions. However, there is a lack of synthesized knowledge about the contributions and profitability on socio-economic aspects of the cryospheric services (CSs). To cope with this key and urgent sustainable development issues, this study constructs a comprehensive regionalization research system that integrates the natural and socio-economic aspects for cryospheric characteristics with emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches. Guided by the supply- demand equilibrium model and the service maximization model, the research system consists of establishing a classification system for CSs, identifying the spatial distribution pattern of CSs, and constructing the comprehensive regionalization of CSs, which finally divides the research area into relatively independent, complete, and organically linked CS units of multiple spatial levels. By setting up a bridge between the CSs with socio-economic needs, it has profound and practical significance and implications for implementing the sustainable utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection.
文摘This study uses six censuses (1953,1964,1982,1990,2000,and 2010) at the county level since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China to examine the changes of population density pattern in China's Mainland over time.Based on the Gini coefficient,the change of disparity in population density followed a “U-shaped” trend,i.e.,decreasing during 1953–1982 and increasing during 1982–2010.The shrinking disparity in the pre-reform periods was largely attributable to various ill-conceived political movements,and the enlarging gap in population growth rates in the post-reform era reflected a natural outcome of urbanization,which will continue in the foreseeable future.In addition,this research employs a GIS-automated regionalization method,REDCAP,to uncover a natural demarcation line like the classic “Hu Line” that divides China into two regions of similar area sizes but a strong contrast in population.The results show that the regionalization-derived lines were largely consistent with the Hu Line over time.Therefore,the disparity between the high-density southeast and low-density northwest regions is likely due to differing physical environments that form a natural barrier.Any public policy to overcome this barrier at a large scale is destined to be a vain attempt.
基金Under the auspices of Public Science and Technology Research Funds of Environment(No.201009021,2011467026,2012467044)National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2012BAH32B03)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41171318,41001160)
文摘Formulation of different ecological zone plans according to the corresponding protection targets and the necessity of proper conservation policy is one of the measures to achieve the goal of ecological conservation in China.In order to clarify the interrelation among key ecological zone plans,this paper carried out the research on spatial relation of priority areas of biodiversity conservation and three key ecological areas(key ecological function areas,key regions of ecological service function,national nature reserves)and the research on ecological conditions,based on multi-scale ecological spatial theme information,which incorporates elements like ecological quality and type,and by the aid of spatial information analysis and GIS modeling.The results showed a contrastively fine spatial consistency with 68.8%of priority areas of biodiversity conservation overlapping with three key ecological areas.Although the environment in priority areas of biodiversity conservation were in good conditions,protection pressure is also increasing,powerful supervision and protection should not be ignored.The environmental conditions in the overlapping areas,as a whole,were superior to those in the non-overlapping areas.Since two areas have different characteristics,targeted protection measures should be formulated based on this difference,which will be very important for biodiversity conservation in priority areas of biodiversity conservation.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41001108)
文摘This paper compartmentalizes regional land use of rural settlements in China by employing a hierarchical clustering method.The statistic data are sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC) and the data of land use change from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China(MLRC).The population of rural settlement decreases from the southeast to the northwest of China and the density of rural settlement decreases from the east to the west of China.Land-use scale of rural settlement,the proportion of one-storey houses and the average household area decrease from the north to the south of China.The ratio of area of cultivated land to rural settlement is high in the northeast and southwest of China but low in the southeast of China.The land use regionalization of rural settlement can be divided into four regions,namely:the northern region of China,Qinghai-Tibet,Yunnan-Guizhou,and the middle and eastern region of China.The northern region of China and the middle and eastern region of China can be further divided into nine sub-regions:Xinjiang,Northeast China,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,North China,the south of the Changjiang(Yantze) River and Sichuan Basin,Jiangsu-Shanghai,South China,the Loess Plateau,and Guangxi.In consideration of the significant regional differences,it is proposed that different policies should be implemented regarding the utilization and management of rural settlements.
基金National Natural＇Science Foundation of China, No.40401016
文摘Ecological shelter zones reconstruction is an ecosystem restoration and conservation project aimed to the ecological safety of nations, regions and basins. Reconstruction of ecological shelter zones of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River became one of the most important tasks of Western Development strategy. This article, taking Zhaotong as an example, studies the functional regionalization of ecological shelter zones. The study supplies a case for functional regionalization of small and medium regions whose main tasks are environment reservation. With the guidance of theories of functional regionalization, and based on the analysis of Zhaotong＇s natural, ecological and socioeconomic factors, the paper suggests five principles for factors selection. These principles include： （1） reversing order evaluation; （2） selecting main factors; （3） keeping the integrality of administrative regions of towns; and （4） making the products acceptable by local government. To analyze spatial status of selected factors, LUCC data in 2002, 1：50,000 relief maps and town-unit socioeconomic statistical data in 2004 are used. RS and GIS tools are also applied to melt traditional and modern geographical methods. This would be useful to functional regionalization research in mountainous areas. As a conclusion, the leading functional regions of ecological conservation or economic development are suggested, respectively. Zhaotong city is divided into two-level functional regions. The first-level includes three leading functional regions and they will lead developing direction of sub-regions. The second-level includes eight sub-regions, which are policy implemented regions, and will supply guidance to Zhaotong＇s ecological shelter zones reconstruction.
