Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus,this study explores the commonality and individuality,as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and Br...Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus,this study explores the commonality and individuality,as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and British countries in the use of refusal language strategies by combining manual and graphical data analyses.It is found that Chinese people use more indirect ways of using refusal speech acts,and British and American countries use more direct ways of using refusal speech acts.In addition to this,both Chinese and British countries use non-verbal behavior to reject speech as a way of protecting the positive face of the addressee and reducing the threatening behavior to the face of the other party.This study also found that the ambivalent relationship between the emergence of refusal language strategies in both China and Britain is related to their personal psychological state,social values,and personal face.The results of this study have some values for sociology as well as pragmatics,which is conducive to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.展开更多
Edward Hall offers us an effective means of examining cultural similarities and differences,that is the classification of high-context and low-context culture.The paper attempts to analyze a case of a Chinese refusal ...Edward Hall offers us an effective means of examining cultural similarities and differences,that is the classification of high-context and low-context culture.The paper attempts to analyze a case of a Chinese refusal from the perspective of highcontext and low-context communication and explores the differences between the two types of communication.展开更多
The present study analyzes ten English refusal letters of two subcategories based on Swales' genre analysis model and finds that difference exists in the generic features of the two subcategorized types. Teachers ...The present study analyzes ten English refusal letters of two subcategories based on Swales' genre analysis model and finds that difference exists in the generic features of the two subcategorized types. Teachers should reveal the underlying rationale behind linguistic features of a specific genre so that students can not only identify genre but also apply it appropriately.展开更多
This paper tries to analyze Philip Larkin's poem"High Window"from a deconstructive perspective. It is to show that in the poem the key words/signifiers are always under erasure, and thus the chain of sig...This paper tries to analyze Philip Larkin's poem"High Window"from a deconstructive perspective. It is to show that in the poem the key words/signifiers are always under erasure, and thus the chain of signification is endless since the poem is self-deconstructing. Then, the paper argues that the linguistic features of the poem paradoxically meaningful in the sense that it reflects the poet's skepticism and anxiety.展开更多
This paper is to present a typology of refusal strategies which may be employed in the analysis of refusal performance from a discourse approach.Some previous research carried out is reviewed in order to classify non-...This paper is to present a typology of refusal strategies which may be employed in the analysis of refusal performance from a discourse approach.Some previous research carried out is reviewed in order to classify non-native speakers' production of this speech act.Then,the suggested taxonomy will be described in a systematized way from an interlanguage pragmatic perspective and within a conversational analysis framework.Finally,it is emphasized that effective communicative competence plays an important role in the production of this face-threatening speech act of refusing.展开更多
Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children...Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children. In producing their utterance, children are supposed to be affected by their parents. As a result of different educational background of their parents, children may produce different utterances including refusal. Children from different parents＇ educational background vary their refusal. The tendency that the higher parents＇ educational background will result the more polite refusal produced by children is not proved.展开更多
The theory of politeness and face-saving proposed by Brown and Levinson （1978, 1987） has been up to now the most influential politeness model. Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory contains three basic notions： f...The theory of politeness and face-saving proposed by Brown and Levinson （1978, 1987） has been up to now the most influential politeness model. Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory contains three basic notions： face, FTAs （face threatening acts）, and politeness strategies. According to the authors, ＂face＂ refers to the public self-image of a person. Negative face shows the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others. Positive face shows the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by others. It plays a leading role in the study of speech acts Brown and Levinson introduced five super strategies for politeness in relation to FTAs： bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record, and don＇t do the FTAs. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory and strategies展开更多
This study was designed to explore the issue of request-refusal strategies in Chinese setting by establishing a corpus of vedio clips of contemporary Chinese teledramas on the basis of an overview of previous studies ...This study was designed to explore the issue of request-refusal strategies in Chinese setting by establishing a corpus of vedio clips of contemporary Chinese teledramas on the basis of an overview of previous studies on Chinese refusal strategies. In the present study, we chose 3,970 short sequences of video clips from 35 Chinese teledramas which vividly described the Chinese people＇s life in the contemporary times. Taking the two variables of power and distance as reference points, nine situations were designed in this study. Elaborate refusal strategies were consecutively elicited in the nine situations of the 35 contemporary Chinese teledrama serials from the perspective of social power in the study.展开更多
The present study aimed to account for the different degrees of IL refusal development in terms of the amount of exposure to TL in class. The refusing responses to various elicitations were collected by means of the w...The present study aimed to account for the different degrees of IL refusal development in terms of the amount of exposure to TL in class. The refusing responses to various elicitations were collected by means of the written DCT, the oral DCT and the role-play and were processed by employing component analysis. The comparison of refusal components between Group A （with full exposure） and Group B （with partial exposure） presents that the exposure in class does facilitate the development of IL refusal competence. The findings in this study bring some pedagogical implications for L2 teachers and academic inspirations to the researchers in IL pragmatic acquisition.展开更多
The present study is a comparison study of research instrument in the field of interlanguage pragmatics. Sixty-two Chinese EFL university students participated in the study. Written DCT and oral role-plays were design...The present study is a comparison study of research instrument in the field of interlanguage pragmatics. Sixty-two Chinese EFL university students participated in the study. Written DCT and oral role-plays were designed in four stimulus types of refusal strategies--refusals to invitations, suggestions, offers and requests. Chi-square test and frequency were used for quantitative data and transcription of the tests was used for the qualitative data. The results show that there is no significant difference between the two tests in terms of strategies choices, but written DCT can produce a longer sentence while oral role-plays can yield a more natural expression.展开更多
This essay concentrates on the differences in one cross-cultural pragmatics within one speech acts-refusal in both Chinese culture and American culture.Some background theories are introduced at the beginning,followed...This essay concentrates on the differences in one cross-cultural pragmatics within one speech acts-refusal in both Chinese culture and American culture.Some background theories are introduced at the beginning,followed by specific pragmatics situations of refusal.At the end of the essay,some concepts of cross-cultural pragmatics speech acts teaching are also discussed.展开更多
Refusals are frequently performed in our daily lives.Based on the speech act theory of Austin and Searle,with the theoretical frame of the politeness theory put forward by Brown and Levinson,It presents a comparative ...Refusals are frequently performed in our daily lives.Based on the speech act theory of Austin and Searle,with the theoretical frame of the politeness theory put forward by Brown and Levinson,It presents a comparative study of speech acts of refusal in Chinese and American English.The results show that refusals vary in directness with situations and cultures;On the one hand,both languages employ the three directness types,namely the direct refusal speech act,ability of negation and indirect refusal speech act,and prefer indirect refusals.The situational variability of directness in both languages follows a similar trend.On the other hand,Americans are more direct than Chinese.Furthermore,Chinese shows the lower degree of situational variation in the use of the three directness types.People' s choices of refusal strategies are influenced by social power and social distance.From all these evidence,we maintain that the cross-linguistic differences are due to basic differences in cultural values.展开更多
This paper discusses the implicit function of refusal expressions that has been used by Chinese native speakers when responding to people’s offerings.By analyzing three conversations regarding how Chinese people have...This paper discusses the implicit function of refusal expressions that has been used by Chinese native speakers when responding to people’s offerings.By analyzing three conversations regarding how Chinese people have accepted people’s offerings during different time periods(1960’s,1980’s,and 2000’s),the author argues that the verbal refusal in reacting to people’s offerings(especially gifts)does not literally mean“No,I don’t want it.”Instead,it is a way to show humility,politeness,and respect to the gift giver,and it functions as an implicit form of acceptance.By referring to three excerpts chosen from The Book of Rites(Liji禮記),the author demonstrates the Chinese cultural values and cultural themes,focusing on what Chinese people say and do to show respect and politeness when dealing with gifts or other friendliness related offerings.The paper finds two pedagogical implications:1)it is the instructor’s responsibility to highlight the verbal and non-verbal behaviors that both native speakers and language learners do not ordinarily notice in language class,and 2)the repetitive contextualized performances in different levels of learning are necessary and play crucial roles in teaching and learning.展开更多
Aim: To review and investigate the negative perceptions influencing the refusal of flu vaccination in the older adult population age older than 60-year-old. Methods: This literature review focus on the qualitative stu...Aim: To review and investigate the negative perceptions influencing the refusal of flu vaccination in the older adult population age older than 60-year-old. Methods: This literature review focus on the qualitative studies or qualitative data from the mix-design research. A structural search of databases was performed for qualitative studies or mix-design research containing qualitative methods which were published in English between 2011 and 2021. There are eight studies selected in total, including 6 pure qualitative studies and 2 mixed-design studies with qualitative research methods. Only the qualitative data would be analyzed during this literature review. Results: Five descriptive themes emerged: “Insufficient promotion for influenza vaccination by healthcare professionals”, “Anti-vaccination influence”, “Insufficient local policies for encouraging influenza vaccination in elders”, “The negative personal experience of influenza vaccination” and “The negative perception of influenza vaccination from social network”. And one analytical theme was developed: “The cultural influence of influenza vaccination”. “Anti-vaccination influence” was the most significant theme out of the others, as this theme contained the greatest number of correlations to the other themes. Discussion: The six themes synthesized from the reviewed studies have correlations between them. The theme of anti-vaccine influence was the most significant theme with the evidence of the greatest number of correlations with the other theme. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors strengthen the effect of anti-vaccine perception in older adults, leading to refusal of influenza vaccination in older people population. Conclusion: The government should design new strategies for promoting influenza vaccination among older adults and acknowledge their needs culturally and financially. The cooperation of alternative medicine and mainstream western medicine maybe help for promoting influenza vaccination among older adults who adopted alternative medicine. Moreover, healthcare professionals also play a vital role in improving the influenza vaccination ratio in older adults as older adults are likely to follow the vaccination advice from healthcare professionals.展开更多
Background:Adolescent depression and school refusal(SR)are prevalent and important global concerns that need to be understood and addressed.Cross-sectional associations have been reported but prospective relationships...Background:Adolescent depression and school refusal(SR)are prevalent and important global concerns that need to be understood and addressed.Cross-sectional associations have been reported but prospective relationships between them remain unclear.This longitudinal study investigated the bidirectional relationships between these two problems among Chinese adolescents.Methods:A longitudinal study was conducted in Taizhou,China,surveying students of three junior high schools,three senior high schools,and one vocational high school.A total of 3882 students completed the questionnaire at baseline(T1);3167 of them completed an identical follow-up questionnaire after 6 months(T2).Depression was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9)and SR via the modified Chinese version of The School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised(SRAS-R).Cross-lagged panel modeling(CLPM)analysis was conducted to test the reciprocal relationships,adjusting for socio-demographic factors.Multiple group analysis was conducted to test whether the CLPM differed by gender and grade.Results:Statistically significant bidirectional relationships were found.A higher level of SR assessed at T1 is prospectively associated with a higher level of depression at T2(β=0.07,p=0.006);a higher level of depression at T1 also is prospectively associated with a higher level of SR at T2(β=0.14,p<0.001).Such models differed significantly by neither gender nor grade.Conclusion:SR and depression should be seen as each other’s mutually reinforcing association.The bidirectional relationships potentially result in a vicious cycle.Early interventions may target both problems concurrently.Future studies may involve more time points and test some mediators.展开更多
This paper examines the phenomenon of sociocultural transfer and its motivating factors within the realization patterns of speech act refusal by Chinese EFL learners. EFL refusal data were collected using a written da...This paper examines the phenomenon of sociocultural transfer and its motivating factors within the realization patterns of speech act refusal by Chinese EFL learners. EFL refusal data were collected using a written data collection test (DCT), which was designed and then followed by semi-structured interviews. Using semantic formulas as units of analysis, EFL refusal responses were compared with similar data elicited from native speakers of English. The results show two areas in which sociocultural transfer is existent in EFL learners' speech: options of selecting semantic formulas and content of semantic formulas. Each was found to reflect cultural values transferred from Chinese to English. Furthermore, based on the interview data, it was found that learners' social system and political factors, traditional socio-psychological ideology and economy possibly motivate sociocultural transfer.展开更多
In complex environments such as high dynamics and weak signals,a satellite signal compensation method based on prefabricated trajectory assistance and an improved adaptive Kalman filter is proposed for a 155 mm differ...In complex environments such as high dynamics and weak signals,a satellite signal compensation method based on prefabricated trajectory assistance and an improved adaptive Kalman filter is proposed for a 155 mm differential rotating rear-body control-guided projectile to address the situation of satellite signal flickering and loss in projectile navigation systems due to environmental limitations.First,establish the system state and measurement equation when receiving satellite signals normally.Second,a seven-degree-of-freedom external ballistic model is constructed,and the ideal trajectory output from the ballistic model is used to provide the virtual motion state of the projectile,which is input into a filter as a substitute observation when satellite signals are lost.Finally,an adaptive Kalman filter(AKF)is designed,the proposed adaptive Kalman filter can accurately adjust the estimation error covariance matrix and Kalman gain in real-time based on information covariance mismatch.The simulation results show that compared to the classical Kalman filter,it can reduce the average positioning error by more than 38.21%in the case of short-term and full-range loss of satellite signals,providing a new idea for the integrated navigation of projectiles with incomplete information under the condition of satellite signal loss.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘a...Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘any child aged<5 years who was enrolled in the microplans of RYK District as part of the National Immunization Days program in January 2017 and whose parents or guardians refused to receive OPV for these eligible children.”The age-and sex-matched controls(1:1)were obtained from the same locality.Ratios were calculated,and odds ratios(ORs)were determined at 95%confidence interval(CI)and p<0.05.Results:Among the 110 children,64(58%)were male(male to female ratio,1.4:1).The mean age was 29.5 months(range,0.26–60 months).Seventy-four(67.2%)children were living in urban areas and 29(26.3%)children were living in peri-urban and rural areas,while seven(6.3%)were considered nomads.A total of 72(65.2%)children were Punjabi speaking,33(30%)were Saraiki speaking,2(3.7%)were Urdu speaking,and 2(1.82%)were Balochi speaking.Repeated campaigns(n=91,82.7%)was the major reason for OPV refusal.Living at a distance>1 km from a healthcare facility was significantly associated(OR,2.5;95%CI,1.4–4.4;p<0.05)with OPV refusal,while prior visits by healthcare workers(OR,0.11;95%CI,0.06–0.22;p<0.05)and mother’education above primary level(OR,0.42;95%CI,0.24–0.73;p<0.05)were inversely associated with OPV refusal.Conclusion:On the basis of our recommendations,door-to-door social mobilization visits by healthcare workers to alleviate fear,misconception,and fatigue of repeated campaigns and strict accountability mechanism were developed by district government at pre-and intra-campaign levels.展开更多
Pandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade.The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation.This paper e...Pandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade.The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation.This paper examines the responses of the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA),import refusals,and subsequent trade impacts on the agricultural exports from the developing countries that were the epicenters of four pandemics in the past two decades.Using monthly data for the period 2002-2020,we find increased import refusals and amplified trade-impeding impacts on agricultural exports during pandemic outbreaks.Increased import refusals and the amplification of the trade-impeding effect of import refusals were especially large when China was the epicenter.We further examine possible differences in these results across products and FDA inspection methods,and the main conclusions remain robust.This paper offers a better understanding of the economic outcomes of pandemic outbreaks and provides policy suggestions for China.展开更多
文摘Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus,this study explores the commonality and individuality,as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and British countries in the use of refusal language strategies by combining manual and graphical data analyses.It is found that Chinese people use more indirect ways of using refusal speech acts,and British and American countries use more direct ways of using refusal speech acts.In addition to this,both Chinese and British countries use non-verbal behavior to reject speech as a way of protecting the positive face of the addressee and reducing the threatening behavior to the face of the other party.This study also found that the ambivalent relationship between the emergence of refusal language strategies in both China and Britain is related to their personal psychological state,social values,and personal face.The results of this study have some values for sociology as well as pragmatics,which is conducive to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.
文摘Edward Hall offers us an effective means of examining cultural similarities and differences,that is the classification of high-context and low-context culture.The paper attempts to analyze a case of a Chinese refusal from the perspective of highcontext and low-context communication and explores the differences between the two types of communication.
文摘The present study analyzes ten English refusal letters of two subcategories based on Swales' genre analysis model and finds that difference exists in the generic features of the two subcategorized types. Teachers should reveal the underlying rationale behind linguistic features of a specific genre so that students can not only identify genre but also apply it appropriately.
文摘This paper tries to analyze Philip Larkin's poem"High Window"from a deconstructive perspective. It is to show that in the poem the key words/signifiers are always under erasure, and thus the chain of signification is endless since the poem is self-deconstructing. Then, the paper argues that the linguistic features of the poem paradoxically meaningful in the sense that it reflects the poet's skepticism and anxiety.
文摘This paper is to present a typology of refusal strategies which may be employed in the analysis of refusal performance from a discourse approach.Some previous research carried out is reviewed in order to classify non-native speakers' production of this speech act.Then,the suggested taxonomy will be described in a systematized way from an interlanguage pragmatic perspective and within a conversational analysis framework.Finally,it is emphasized that effective communicative competence plays an important role in the production of this face-threatening speech act of refusing.
文摘Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children. In producing their utterance, children are supposed to be affected by their parents. As a result of different educational background of their parents, children may produce different utterances including refusal. Children from different parents＇ educational background vary their refusal. The tendency that the higher parents＇ educational background will result the more polite refusal produced by children is not proved.
文摘The theory of politeness and face-saving proposed by Brown and Levinson （1978, 1987） has been up to now the most influential politeness model. Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory contains three basic notions： face, FTAs （face threatening acts）, and politeness strategies. According to the authors, ＂face＂ refers to the public self-image of a person. Negative face shows the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others. Positive face shows the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by others. It plays a leading role in the study of speech acts Brown and Levinson introduced five super strategies for politeness in relation to FTAs： bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record, and don＇t do the FTAs. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory and strategies
文摘This study was designed to explore the issue of request-refusal strategies in Chinese setting by establishing a corpus of vedio clips of contemporary Chinese teledramas on the basis of an overview of previous studies on Chinese refusal strategies. In the present study, we chose 3,970 short sequences of video clips from 35 Chinese teledramas which vividly described the Chinese people＇s life in the contemporary times. Taking the two variables of power and distance as reference points, nine situations were designed in this study. Elaborate refusal strategies were consecutively elicited in the nine situations of the 35 contemporary Chinese teledrama serials from the perspective of social power in the study.
文摘The present study aimed to account for the different degrees of IL refusal development in terms of the amount of exposure to TL in class. The refusing responses to various elicitations were collected by means of the written DCT, the oral DCT and the role-play and were processed by employing component analysis. The comparison of refusal components between Group A （with full exposure） and Group B （with partial exposure） presents that the exposure in class does facilitate the development of IL refusal competence. The findings in this study bring some pedagogical implications for L2 teachers and academic inspirations to the researchers in IL pragmatic acquisition.
文摘The present study is a comparison study of research instrument in the field of interlanguage pragmatics. Sixty-two Chinese EFL university students participated in the study. Written DCT and oral role-plays were designed in four stimulus types of refusal strategies--refusals to invitations, suggestions, offers and requests. Chi-square test and frequency were used for quantitative data and transcription of the tests was used for the qualitative data. The results show that there is no significant difference between the two tests in terms of strategies choices, but written DCT can produce a longer sentence while oral role-plays can yield a more natural expression.
文摘This essay concentrates on the differences in one cross-cultural pragmatics within one speech acts-refusal in both Chinese culture and American culture.Some background theories are introduced at the beginning,followed by specific pragmatics situations of refusal.At the end of the essay,some concepts of cross-cultural pragmatics speech acts teaching are also discussed.
文摘Refusals are frequently performed in our daily lives.Based on the speech act theory of Austin and Searle,with the theoretical frame of the politeness theory put forward by Brown and Levinson,It presents a comparative study of speech acts of refusal in Chinese and American English.The results show that refusals vary in directness with situations and cultures;On the one hand,both languages employ the three directness types,namely the direct refusal speech act,ability of negation and indirect refusal speech act,and prefer indirect refusals.The situational variability of directness in both languages follows a similar trend.On the other hand,Americans are more direct than Chinese.Furthermore,Chinese shows the lower degree of situational variation in the use of the three directness types.People' s choices of refusal strategies are influenced by social power and social distance.From all these evidence,we maintain that the cross-linguistic differences are due to basic differences in cultural values.
文摘This paper discusses the implicit function of refusal expressions that has been used by Chinese native speakers when responding to people’s offerings.By analyzing three conversations regarding how Chinese people have accepted people’s offerings during different time periods(1960’s,1980’s,and 2000’s),the author argues that the verbal refusal in reacting to people’s offerings(especially gifts)does not literally mean“No,I don’t want it.”Instead,it is a way to show humility,politeness,and respect to the gift giver,and it functions as an implicit form of acceptance.By referring to three excerpts chosen from The Book of Rites(Liji禮記),the author demonstrates the Chinese cultural values and cultural themes,focusing on what Chinese people say and do to show respect and politeness when dealing with gifts or other friendliness related offerings.The paper finds two pedagogical implications:1)it is the instructor’s responsibility to highlight the verbal and non-verbal behaviors that both native speakers and language learners do not ordinarily notice in language class,and 2)the repetitive contextualized performances in different levels of learning are necessary and play crucial roles in teaching and learning.
文摘Aim: To review and investigate the negative perceptions influencing the refusal of flu vaccination in the older adult population age older than 60-year-old. Methods: This literature review focus on the qualitative studies or qualitative data from the mix-design research. A structural search of databases was performed for qualitative studies or mix-design research containing qualitative methods which were published in English between 2011 and 2021. There are eight studies selected in total, including 6 pure qualitative studies and 2 mixed-design studies with qualitative research methods. Only the qualitative data would be analyzed during this literature review. Results: Five descriptive themes emerged: “Insufficient promotion for influenza vaccination by healthcare professionals”, “Anti-vaccination influence”, “Insufficient local policies for encouraging influenza vaccination in elders”, “The negative personal experience of influenza vaccination” and “The negative perception of influenza vaccination from social network”. And one analytical theme was developed: “The cultural influence of influenza vaccination”. “Anti-vaccination influence” was the most significant theme out of the others, as this theme contained the greatest number of correlations to the other themes. Discussion: The six themes synthesized from the reviewed studies have correlations between them. The theme of anti-vaccine influence was the most significant theme with the evidence of the greatest number of correlations with the other theme. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors strengthen the effect of anti-vaccine perception in older adults, leading to refusal of influenza vaccination in older people population. Conclusion: The government should design new strategies for promoting influenza vaccination among older adults and acknowledge their needs culturally and financially. The cooperation of alternative medicine and mainstream western medicine maybe help for promoting influenza vaccination among older adults who adopted alternative medicine. Moreover, healthcare professionals also play a vital role in improving the influenza vaccination ratio in older adults as older adults are likely to follow the vaccination advice from healthcare professionals.
基金funded by Science and Technology Program of Wenzhou(Y20220843).
文摘Background:Adolescent depression and school refusal(SR)are prevalent and important global concerns that need to be understood and addressed.Cross-sectional associations have been reported but prospective relationships between them remain unclear.This longitudinal study investigated the bidirectional relationships between these two problems among Chinese adolescents.Methods:A longitudinal study was conducted in Taizhou,China,surveying students of three junior high schools,three senior high schools,and one vocational high school.A total of 3882 students completed the questionnaire at baseline(T1);3167 of them completed an identical follow-up questionnaire after 6 months(T2).Depression was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9)and SR via the modified Chinese version of The School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised(SRAS-R).Cross-lagged panel modeling(CLPM)analysis was conducted to test the reciprocal relationships,adjusting for socio-demographic factors.Multiple group analysis was conducted to test whether the CLPM differed by gender and grade.Results:Statistically significant bidirectional relationships were found.A higher level of SR assessed at T1 is prospectively associated with a higher level of depression at T2(β=0.07,p=0.006);a higher level of depression at T1 also is prospectively associated with a higher level of SR at T2(β=0.14,p<0.001).Such models differed significantly by neither gender nor grade.Conclusion:SR and depression should be seen as each other’s mutually reinforcing association.The bidirectional relationships potentially result in a vicious cycle.Early interventions may target both problems concurrently.Future studies may involve more time points and test some mediators.
文摘This paper examines the phenomenon of sociocultural transfer and its motivating factors within the realization patterns of speech act refusal by Chinese EFL learners. EFL refusal data were collected using a written data collection test (DCT), which was designed and then followed by semi-structured interviews. Using semantic formulas as units of analysis, EFL refusal responses were compared with similar data elicited from native speakers of English. The results show two areas in which sociocultural transfer is existent in EFL learners' speech: options of selecting semantic formulas and content of semantic formulas. Each was found to reflect cultural values transferred from Chinese to English. Furthermore, based on the interview data, it was found that learners' social system and political factors, traditional socio-psychological ideology and economy possibly motivate sociocultural transfer.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62471048)Open Fund Project of Beijing Key Laboratory of High Dynamic Navigation TechnologyKey Laboratory Fund Project of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education
文摘In complex environments such as high dynamics and weak signals,a satellite signal compensation method based on prefabricated trajectory assistance and an improved adaptive Kalman filter is proposed for a 155 mm differential rotating rear-body control-guided projectile to address the situation of satellite signal flickering and loss in projectile navigation systems due to environmental limitations.First,establish the system state and measurement equation when receiving satellite signals normally.Second,a seven-degree-of-freedom external ballistic model is constructed,and the ideal trajectory output from the ballistic model is used to provide the virtual motion state of the projectile,which is input into a filter as a substitute observation when satellite signals are lost.Finally,an adaptive Kalman filter(AKF)is designed,the proposed adaptive Kalman filter can accurately adjust the estimation error covariance matrix and Kalman gain in real-time based on information covariance mismatch.The simulation results show that compared to the classical Kalman filter,it can reduce the average positioning error by more than 38.21%in the case of short-term and full-range loss of satellite signals,providing a new idea for the integrated navigation of projectiles with incomplete information under the condition of satellite signal loss.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘any child aged<5 years who was enrolled in the microplans of RYK District as part of the National Immunization Days program in January 2017 and whose parents or guardians refused to receive OPV for these eligible children.”The age-and sex-matched controls(1:1)were obtained from the same locality.Ratios were calculated,and odds ratios(ORs)were determined at 95%confidence interval(CI)and p<0.05.Results:Among the 110 children,64(58%)were male(male to female ratio,1.4:1).The mean age was 29.5 months(range,0.26–60 months).Seventy-four(67.2%)children were living in urban areas and 29(26.3%)children were living in peri-urban and rural areas,while seven(6.3%)were considered nomads.A total of 72(65.2%)children were Punjabi speaking,33(30%)were Saraiki speaking,2(3.7%)were Urdu speaking,and 2(1.82%)were Balochi speaking.Repeated campaigns(n=91,82.7%)was the major reason for OPV refusal.Living at a distance>1 km from a healthcare facility was significantly associated(OR,2.5;95%CI,1.4–4.4;p<0.05)with OPV refusal,while prior visits by healthcare workers(OR,0.11;95%CI,0.06–0.22;p<0.05)and mother’education above primary level(OR,0.42;95%CI,0.24–0.73;p<0.05)were inversely associated with OPV refusal.Conclusion:On the basis of our recommendations,door-to-door social mobilization visits by healthcare workers to alleviate fear,misconception,and fatigue of repeated campaigns and strict accountability mechanism were developed by district government at pre-and intra-campaign levels.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(No.71873H9)the Ministry of Education Social Science Fund(No.19JHQ060)Zhejiang University-IFPRI Center for International Development Studies.
文摘Pandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade.The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation.This paper examines the responses of the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA),import refusals,and subsequent trade impacts on the agricultural exports from the developing countries that were the epicenters of four pandemics in the past two decades.Using monthly data for the period 2002-2020,we find increased import refusals and amplified trade-impeding impacts on agricultural exports during pandemic outbreaks.Increased import refusals and the amplification of the trade-impeding effect of import refusals were especially large when China was the epicenter.We further examine possible differences in these results across products and FDA inspection methods,and the main conclusions remain robust.This paper offers a better understanding of the economic outcomes of pandemic outbreaks and provides policy suggestions for China.
