Based on the concept of sustainable design,we are committed to seeking innovative solutions and designinga complete express packaging recycling machine.The device consists of a vibration device,a compression device,a ...Based on the concept of sustainable design,we are committed to seeking innovative solutions and designinga complete express packaging recycling machine.The device consists of a vibration device,a compression device,a winding device and an electronic control system to promote the recycling of resources and environmental protection.This device can further improve the recycling efficiency and feasibility.It provides new ideas and solutions for the express industry and promotes the development of sustainable design in the field of express packaging recycling and reuse devices.展开更多
Recycling-oriented alloy design is a crucial part of material sustainability,as it reduces the need for raw material extraction and minimises environmental impact.This requires that scraps be reused or repurposed effe...Recycling-oriented alloy design is a crucial part of material sustainability,as it reduces the need for raw material extraction and minimises environmental impact.This requires that scraps be reused or repurposed effectively,even when the scraps are co-mingled and have higher costs for further sorting and separation.In this work,we explore an alloy design concept by creating a compositionally flexible domain that can recycle multiple alloy grades and yet maintain relatively consistent properties across chemical variations.This is demonstrated through the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn system to identify compositionally flexible austenitic stainless steels(CF-ASS)and accommodate the recycling of mixed austenitic stainless steel scraps.Alloys within the nominal composition spaces exhibit relatively consistent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance despite significant variations in different alloy compositions.We illustrate how we can utilise the compositionally flexible austenitic stainless steels to recycle mixed 200 and 300-series stainless steel and ferronickel scraps,demonstrating its practical viability.While this demonstration focuses on the stainless steel system,the underlying principles can be extended to other systems related to mixed scrap recycling.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density,high operating voltage,and long cycle life.However,green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs ...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density,high operating voltage,and long cycle life.However,green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs contain heavy metals such as Co,Ni,and Mn and organic compounds inside,which seriously threaten human health and the environment.In this work,we review the current status of spent LIB recycling,discuss the traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery processes,and summarize the existing short-process recovery technologies such as salt-assisted roasting,flotation processes,and direct recycling.Finally,we analyze the problems and potential research prospects of the current recycling process,and point out that the multidisciplinary integration of recycling will become the mainstream technology for the development of spent LIBs.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are critical for the rapid growth of electric vehicles(EVs),but their inherent lifespan leads to numerous retirements and resource challenges.The efficacy of conventional recycling technique...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are critical for the rapid growth of electric vehicles(EVs),but their inherent lifespan leads to numerous retirements and resource challenges.The efficacy of conventional recycling techniques is increasingly compromised by their high energy consumption and secondary pollution,rendering them less responsive to greener and more sustainable requirement of rapid development.Thus,the direct recycling process emerged and was considered as a more expedient and convenient method of recycling compared to the conventional recycling modes that are currently in study.However,due to the reliance on the indispensable sintering process,direct recycling still faces considerable challenges,motivating researchers to explore faster,greener,and more cost-effective strategies for LIBs recycling,Inspiringly,Joule heating recycling(JHR),an emerging technique,offers rapid,efficient impurity removal and material regeneration with minimal environmental impact,addressing limitations of existing methods.This method reduces the time for direct recycling of spent LIBs by a factor of at least three orders of magnitude and exhibits significant potential for future industrial production.Unfortunately,due to the lack of systematic organization and reporting,this next generation approach to direct recycling of spent LIBs has not yet gained much interest.To facilitate a more profound comprehension of rising flash recycling strategy,in this study,JHR is distinguished into two distinctive implementation pathways(including flash Joule heating and carbon thermal shock),designed to accommodate varying pretreatment stages and diverse spent LIBs materials.Subsequently,the advantages of the recently developed JHR of spent LIBs in terms of material performance,environmental friendliness,and economic viability are discussed in detail.Ultimately,with the goal of achieving more attractive society effects,the future direction of JHR of spent LIBs and its potential for practical application are proposed and envisaged.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg)alloys are widely used lightweight structural materials for automobiles and help reduce carbon emissions.However,their use increases the production of Mg alloy scrap,which is recycled at a much lower rate...Magnesium(Mg)alloys are widely used lightweight structural materials for automobiles and help reduce carbon emissions.However,their use increases the production of Mg alloy scrap,which is recycled at a much lower rate than aluminum,and its greater complexity poses challenges to existing recycling processes.Although vacuum distillation can be used to recycle Mg alloy scrap,this requires optimizing and maximizing metal recirculation,but there has been no thermodynamic analysis of this process.In this study,the feasibility and controllability of separating inclusions and 23 metal impurities were evaluated,and their distribution and removal limits were quantified.Thermodynamic analyses and experimental results showed that inclusions and impurity metals of separation coefficient lgβ_(i)≤-5,including Cu,Fe,Co,and Ni below 0.001 ppm,could be removed from the matrix.All Zn entered the recycled Mg,while impurities with-1<lgβ_(i)<-5 such as Li,Ca,and Mn severely affected the purity of the recycled Mg during the later stage of distillation.Therefore,an optimization strategy for vacuum distillation recycling:lower temperatures and higher system pressures for Zn separation in the early stage,and the early termination of the recovery process in the later stage or a continuous supply of raw melt can also prevent contamination during recycling.The alloying elements Al and Zn in Mg alloy scrap can be further recovered and purified by vacuum distillation when economically feasible,to maximize the recycling of metal resources.展开更多
Recycling plastic waste into triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)presents a sustainable approach to energy harvesting,self-powered sensing,and environmental remediation.This study investigates the recycling of polyviny...Recycling plastic waste into triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)presents a sustainable approach to energy harvesting,self-powered sensing,and environmental remediation.This study investigates the recycling of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)pipe waste polymers into nanofibers(NFs)optimized for TENG applications.We focused on optimizing the morphology of recycled PVC polymer to NFs and enhancing their piezoelectric properties by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles(NPs).The optimized PVC/0.5 wt%ZnO NFs were tested with Nylon-6 NFs,and copper(Cu)electrodes.The Nylon-6 NFs exhibited a power density of 726.3μWcm^(-2)—1.13 times higher than Cu and maintained 90%stability after 172800 cycles,successfully powering various colored LEDs.Additionally,a 3D-designed device was developed to harvest energy from biomechanical movements such as finger tapping,hand tapping,and foot pressing,making it suitable for wearable energy harvesting,automatic switches,and invisible sensors in surveillance systems.This study demonstrates that recycling polymers for TENG devices can effectively address energy,sensor,and environmental challenges.展开更多
Electrical energy can be harvested from the rotational kinetic energy of moving bodies,consisting of both mechanical and kinetic energy as a potential power source through electromagnetic induction,similar to wind ene...Electrical energy can be harvested from the rotational kinetic energy of moving bodies,consisting of both mechanical and kinetic energy as a potential power source through electromagnetic induction,similar to wind energy applications.In industries,rotational bodies are commonly present in operations,yet this kinetic energy remains untapped.This research explores the energy generation characteristics of two rotational body types,disk-shaped and cylinder-shaped under specific experimental setups.The hardware setup included a direct current(DC)motor driver,power supply,DC generator,mechanical support,and load resistance,while the software setup involved automation testing tools and data logging.Electromagnetic induction was used to harvest energy,and experiments were conducted at room temperature(25℃)with controlled variables like speed and friction.Results showed the disk-shaped body exhibited higher energy efficiency than the cylinder-shaped body,largely due to lower mechanical losses.The disk required only two bearings,while the cylinder required four,resulting in lower bearing losses for the disk.Additionally,the disk experienced only air friction,whereas the cylinder encountered friction from a soft,uneven rubber material,increasing surface contact losses.Under a 40 W resistive load,the disk demonstrated a 17.1%energy loss due to mechanical friction,achieving up to 15.55 J of recycled energy.Conversely,the cylinder body experienced a 48.05%energy loss,delivering only 51.95%of energy to the load.These insights suggest significant potential for designing efficient energy recycling systems in industrial settings,particularly in manufacturing and processing industries where rotational machinery is prevalent.Despite its lower energy density,this system could be beneficially integrated with energy storage solutions,enhancing sustainability in industrial practices.展开更多
The recycling and resource utilization of high-value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is a critical challenge for achieving sustainable development.While conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgic...The recycling and resource utilization of high-value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is a critical challenge for achieving sustainable development.While conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods dominate the industry,they suffer from significantdrawbacks,including high pollution,excessive energy consumption,and suboptimal metal purity.In contrast,electrochemical recycling technology,leveraging electro-driven chemical reactions and selective ion migration,offers a promising alternative by minimizing acid/alkali usage and simplifying recovery processes,thereby enabling greener,more efficient,and energy-saving metal extraction.Based on the structural integrity of cathode materials during recycling,this review categorizes electrochemical approaches into indirect and direct recycling methods.Key aspects such as production purity,ion separation efficiency,and energy consumption in spent LIB recycling are critically examined.Furthermore,this review systematically evaluates electrodialysis and electrolysis techniques,highlighting their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,from a green production perspective,we discuss prospects for cost-effective and environmentally benign LIB recycling strategies,providing insights to guide the advancement of sustainable battery recycling technologies.展开更多
Electroplating sludge(ES),a byproduct of the electroplating industry,is a significant environmental concern due to its high content of soluble heavy metals(HMs).The significance of spinel formation from ES lies in its...Electroplating sludge(ES),a byproduct of the electroplating industry,is a significant environmental concern due to its high content of soluble heavy metals(HMs).The significance of spinel formation from ES lies in its potential for HMs enrichment and environmental remediation,offering a sustainable solution for hazardous waste management.The article delves into themultifaceted recycling of HMs-rich spinel fromES,encompassing its synthesis,metal enrichment,and thermodynamic stability.The pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes for spinel synthesis were discussed,with a focus on the critical role of thermodynamic data in predicting the stability and formation of spinel structures.The crystallographic and magnetic properties of spinels,with their applications in environmental remediation and energy storage are highlighted.The article provides a comprehensive reviewon the recycling of HMs-rich spinel fromES,offering a means to recycle HMs,mitigate ecological harm,and contribute to a circular economy through the recovery and application of valuable materials.The selective leaching of metals from ES also faces challenges,which was limited by the separation,purification steps and high energy consumption.This high energy consumption is a significant operational cost and also contributes to environmental concerns related to carbon emissions.It is essential to address the challenges through continued research and development,improved technologies,and supportive regulatory frameworks.展开更多
Subducting slabs transport carbon to deep mantle depths and release it into the overlying mantle wedge and lithospheric mantle through multiple mechanisms,including mechanical removal via diapirism,metamorphic decarbo...Subducting slabs transport carbon to deep mantle depths and release it into the overlying mantle wedge and lithospheric mantle through multiple mechanisms,including mechanical removal via diapirism,metamorphic decarbonization,carbonate dissolution and parting melting.Identifying the dominant carbon recycling mechanism responsible for carbonation of subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)remains challenging,yet it is critical for understanding the genesis of post-collisional carbonatites and associated rare earth element deposits.To address this issue,we investigate the Li isotopic systematics of typical post-collisional carbonatite-alkalic complexes from Mianning-Dechang(MD),Southeast Xizang.Our results show that the less-evolved magmas(lamprophyres)have mantle-like or slightly lowerδ^(7)Li values(0.3‰–3.6‰)with limited variability,contrasting sharply with the widerδ^(7)Li range observed in associated carbonatites and syenites.We interpret this dichotomy as reflecting distinct processes:while the variable and anomalousδ^(7)Li values in differentiated rocks(carbonatites and syenites)were caused by late-stage magmatic-hydrothermal processes(including biotite fractionation,fluid exsolution and hydrothermal alteration),the lamprophyres retain the primary Li isotopic signature of their mantle source.Together with their arc-like trace element and EM1-EM2-type Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures,such mantle-like or slightly lowerδ^(7)Li values of the lamprophyres preclude carbon derivation from high-δ^(7)Li reservoirs(altered oceanic crust,serpentinites)and recycling of sedimentary carbon through metamorphic decarbonization or dissolution.Instead,these features indicate that the carbon was predominantly transported into the mantle source via partial melting of subducted carbonate-bearing sediments.This study demonstrates that Li isotopes can serve as a tracer for identifying the mechanism of carbon recycling in collision zones.展开更多
Parkinson's disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the aggregation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)and dysregulated synaptic vesicle(SV)recycling.Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis is the targe...Parkinson's disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the aggregation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)and dysregulated synaptic vesicle(SV)recycling.Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis is the target of PD therapy.However,the identification of effective anti-ferroptosis treatments remains elusive.This study explores the therapeutic potential of low-intensity ultrasound(US)in modulating SV recycling and anti-ferroptosis in cellular and animal models of PD.We demonstrate that optimized US stimulation(610 kHz,0.2 W/cm2)activates Piezo1 channel-mediated fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis,which promotes SV recycling and synaptic function,presenting with increased frequency and amplitude of both spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents.Repaired SV recycling in turn reduces the accumulation ofα-syn expression and ferroptotic cell death.These findings support the potential of noninvasive ultrasonic neuromodulation as a therapeutic strategy for PD and lead to meaningful health outcomes for the aging population.展开更多
Poly(L-lactide)(PLLA)is one of the best candidates as a bio-based plastic material for circular economy because of its biodegradability sustainability,recyclability,and good thermal and mechanical properties.The indus...Poly(L-lactide)(PLLA)is one of the best candidates as a bio-based plastic material for circular economy because of its biodegradability sustainability,recyclability,and good thermal and mechanical properties.The industrial production of PLLA is mainly from tin(II)_(2)-ethylhexanoate[Sn(Oct)_(2)]-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization(ROP)of L-LA in melt and bulk conditions at high temperatures(150-200℃).Despite the huge efforts devoted to the development of organometallics with low toxicity and many highly active catalysts under mild laboratory conditions,very few candidates can compete with Sn(Oct)_(2) under industrially relevant conditions.Herein,we report novel zinc complexes bearing phenylimino-pyridine-phenolate ligands as efficient catalysts for L-LA polymerization under both mild and industrially relevant conditions,with a turnover frequency as high as 6200 h^(-1).The best performing catalyst competed well with Sn(Oct)_(2) under industrial conditions and afforded colorless and semicrystalline PLLA.In addition,preliminary depolymerization experiments suggested that the new catalysts can also be used for the chemical recycling of commercial PLLA directly to L-LA with high selectivity under bulk and melt conditions.展开更多
Membrane technology has thus far played an essential role in promoting environmental sustainability through improving the quality of water.Taking into account the current growth rate of membrane products along with th...Membrane technology has thus far played an essential role in promoting environmental sustainability through improving the quality of water.Taking into account the current growth rate of membrane products along with the market capacity,a tremendous rise in the amount of end-of-life(EoL)membranes is inevitable.In 2022,the global records of EoL membranes reached 35,000 tons.Recycling and resource utilization of EoL membranes is a viable option and hold significant promises for energy conservation and carbon neutralization.The present work provides an extensive overview of the latest progress in the field in relation with the prominent application cases.Furthermore,the avenues for the contributions of membrane recycling treatment technology within the framework of“carbon neutrality”are discussed with emphasis on permeability,pollutant interception capacity,and other relevant factors associated with the recycled membranes.This review strives to summarize the recycling and efficient utilization of EoL membranes,aiming at providing technical support to reduce operational costs and promote the low-carbon development of membrane technology.展开更多
Metallurgical slag is a waste or by-product of the metallurgical process,and its improper disposal can pose negative environmental impacts,including groundwater and soil contamination.The composition and properties of...Metallurgical slag is a waste or by-product of the metallurgical process,and its improper disposal can pose negative environmental impacts,including groundwater and soil contamination.The composition and properties of metallurgical slag are complex,which is usually difficult to use or process directly and requires special treatment and utilization methods.Taking converter slag and blast furnace slag as examples,the research frontiers and development potential were primarily discussed and analyzed in three aspects:the recycling within and outside metallurgical slag plants,the extraction and utilization of thermal energy from metallurgical slag,and the functionalization and social application of metallurgical slag.The metallurgical slag waste heat recovery includes chemical methods and physical methods.Among them,the physical method currently most used was centrifugal granulation to recover heat.Chemical laws could recover hydrogen through the waste heat of metallurgical slag,which could save fuel and reduce CO_(2) generated by fuel combustion.Metallurgical slag is rich in alkaline metal oxides,which can undergo a carbonation reaction with CO_(2) to achieve carbon sequestration in metallurgical slag.Elements such as iron,phosphorus,and silicon contained in metallurgical slag could be used in soil conditioners,cement raw materials,and wastewater treatment.For example,the phosphorus element in the slag could be extracted by melt modification followed by acid leaching and used as a raw material for phosphate fertilizer.Therefore,under the background of China’s carbon neutrality goal,it is important to develop the key technologies of waste heat utilization of metallurgical slag and carbon sequestration of metallurgical slag.展开更多
To solve the problems of traditional garbage classification relying on manual work,low recognition accuracy,and unhygienic contact-based disposal,an inductive intelligent garbage recycling system based on a micro-cont...To solve the problems of traditional garbage classification relying on manual work,low recognition accuracy,and unhygienic contact-based disposal,an inductive intelligent garbage recycling system based on a micro-controller is designed.The system takes STM32F103ZET6 as the core,integrates speech recognition,visual recognition,and infrared induction modules,and adopts a dual recognition fusion strategy of“speech priority+visual verification”to realize con-tactless induction lid opening,accurate garbage classification,and remote status monitoring functions.Speech recognition completes keyword matching through the LD3320 module,visual recognition realizes image feature extraction and classification based on the BP neural network,and the ESP8266 module is responsible for uploading device status to the Cloud platform.It is applicable to multiple scenarios such as households and communities,effectively improving the efficiency and convenience of garbage classification,and has good practical value.展开更多
Recycling postconsumer beverage cartons reduces carbon emissions by minimizing both direct emissions from disposal via incineration or landfills,and by reducing the demand for producing virgin materials.However,the co...Recycling postconsumer beverage cartons reduces carbon emissions by minimizing both direct emissions from disposal via incineration or landfills,and by reducing the demand for producing virgin materials.However,the contribution that recycling beverage carton could make to China’s carbon reduction ambitions remains unknown.This study establishes a framework for evaluating the carbon emissions reduction potential of recycling postconsumer beverage cartons from a life-cycle perspective and calculates the potential carbon reductions for 31 Chinese provinces,including trajectories for 2030.We identify key factors that could greatly influence the total emissions reduction potential across all provinces,including the proportion of paperboard used and the emission factor of primary aluminum production.We show the incineration rate and electricity emission factor explain variations among provinces when recycling volumes are held constant.Integrated direct extrusion recycling technology has a greater dependence on electricity than the separating method and is therefore more significantly affected by the electricity emission factor.In 2030,recycling under one of five shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios considered shows the highest potential for carbon emissions reduction(median=21304 tons of CO_(2) equivalents).This study provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to quantify subsidy levels and design long-term plans for beverage carton recycling to promote a circular economy.展开更多
Phthalate(PAEs)and Bisphenols(BPs)are plasticizers or additives in consumer products.They are typical endocrine disruptors,and potential health hazards may occur when people are exposed to them through inhalation,inge...Phthalate(PAEs)and Bisphenols(BPs)are plasticizers or additives in consumer products.They are typical endocrine disruptors,and potential health hazards may occur when people are exposed to them through inhalation,ingestion,and dermal contact.The current research on inhalation exposure pays limited attention to the particle distribution of PAEs and BPs in air,although particulate-bound pollutants are usually size-dependent.In this study,we discussed the size resolution of PAEs and BPs in air particles from city waste recycling plants.With paired urine samples of the workers,we also compared the internal and external exposure of PAEs and BPs and related potential health risks.The particulatebound PAEs and BPs concentrated mainly on coarse particles(Dp>2.1μm),with a bimodal distribution,and the peak particle size ranged from 9–10 to 4.7–5.85μm,respectively.Model calculation revealed that the deposition fluxes of PAEs in different respiratory regions followed the sequence of head airways(167±92.8 ng/h)>alveolar region(18.9±9.96 ng/h)>tracheobronchial region(9.20±5.22 ng/h),and the similar trends went for BPs.The daily intakes of PAEs and BPs via dust ingestion were higher than those fromrespiratory inhalation and dermal contact,with mean value of 96 and 0.88 ng/(kg-bw day),respectively.For internal exposure,the estimated daily intakes of PAEs for waste recycling workers were higher than those in e-waste dismantling workers,while the exposure levels of bisphenols were comparable.Overall,the potential health risks from inhalation exposure to particulate-bound PAEs and BPs were low.展开更多
Direct recycling methods offer a non-destructive way to regenerate degraded cathode material.The materials to be recycled in the industry typically constitute a mixture of various cathode materials extracted from a wi...Direct recycling methods offer a non-destructive way to regenerate degraded cathode material.The materials to be recycled in the industry typically constitute a mixture of various cathode materials extracted from a wide variety of retired lithium-ion batteries.Bridging the gap,a direct recycling method using a low-temperature sintering process is reported.The degraded cathode mixture of LMO(LiMn_(2)O_(4))and NMC(LiNiCoMnO_(2))extracted from retired LIBs was successfully regenerated by the proposed method with a low sintering temperature of 300℃ for 4 h.Advanced characterization tools were utilized to validate the full recovery of the crystal structure in the degraded cathode mixture.After regeneration,LMO/NMC cathode mixture shows an initial capacity of 144.0mAh g^(-1) and a capacity retention of 95.1%at 0.5 C for 250 cycles.The regenerated cathode mixture also shows a capacity of 83 mAh g-1 at 2 C,which is slightly higher compared to the pristine material.As a result of the direct recycling process,the electrochemical performance of degraded cathode mixture is recovered to the same level as the pristine material.Life-cycle assessment results emphasized a 90.4%reduction in energy consumption and a 51%reduction in PM2.5 emissions for lithium-ion battery packs using a direct recycled cathode mixture compared to the pristine material.展开更多
Industrial processes often involve rotating machinery that generates substantial kinetic energy,much of which remains untapped.Harvesting rotational kinetic energy offers a promising solution to reduce energy waste an...Industrial processes often involve rotating machinery that generates substantial kinetic energy,much of which remains untapped.Harvesting rotational kinetic energy offers a promising solution to reduce energy waste and improve energy efficiency in industrial applications.This research investigates the potential of electromagnetic induction for harvesting rotational kinetic energy from industrial machinery.A comparative study was conducted between disk and cylinder-shaped rotational bodies to evaluate their energy efficiency under various load conditions.Experimental results demonstrated that the disk body exhibited higher energy efficiency,primarily due to lower mechanical losses compared to the cylinder body.A power management circuit was developed to regulate and store the harvested energy,integrating voltage,current,and speed sensors along with a charge controller for battery storage.The experimental setup successfully converted rotational kinetic energy into usable electrical power,with the disk achieving up to 16.33 J of recycled energy,outperforming the cylinder.The disk body demonstrated higher energy recovery efficiency compared to the cylinder,particularly under the 40 W resistive load condition.These findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing energy recycling systems in industrial settings to enhance sustainability,reduce energy consumption,and minimize waste.Future research should focus on optimizing power management systems and improving energy harvesting efficiency to enable wider adoption of energy recycling technologies in various industrial applications.展开更多
The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aroused considerable interest among the general public,industry professionals,and academic researchers,driven by its environmental,resource recovery,and economic b...The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aroused considerable interest among the general public,industry professionals,and academic researchers,driven by its environmental,resource recovery,and economic benefits,particularly for those used in new energy vehicles.However,recycling spent automotive LIBs for industrial production remains challenging due to technical feasibility,recycling efficiency,economic viability,and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically analyze the status of spent automotive LIBs recycling,and provide an overall review of the full-chain recycling processes for technical evaluation and selection.Firstly,it carefully describes the pre-treatment process,which includes discharging,disassembly,inspection,crushing,pyrolysis,and sieving of LIBs.Subsequently,it examines the principal technologies in extracting valuable metals,including pyro-metallurgy,hydro-metallurgy,microbial metallurgy,mechanical chemistry,and electrochemical deposition.A comprehensive analysis of the operation,mechanism,efficiency,and economics is provided,helping readers understand the technical advantages,disadvantages,and applicable scenarios of each process.Furthermore,it also considers novel environmentally-friendly processes,such as direct regeneration and direct synthesis,and analyzes their potential and limitations in the resource recycling field.Finally,differentiated comprehensive recycling strategies are proposed for typical spent automotive LIBs,aiming at providing effective guidance and recommendations for industrial investors and practitioners,and promoting sustainable development of the comprehensive recycling industry.展开更多
基金Yingkou Institute of Technology school level scientificresearch project(Grant:ZDIL202302).
文摘Based on the concept of sustainable design,we are committed to seeking innovative solutions and designinga complete express packaging recycling machine.The device consists of a vibration device,a compression device,a winding device and an electronic control system to promote the recycling of resources and environmental protection.This device can further improve the recycling efficiency and feasibility.It provides new ideas and solutions for the express industry and promotes the development of sustainable design in the field of express packaging recycling and reuse devices.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2023YFB3712403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52201112,52071066,U22A20106,and U22A20173).
文摘Recycling-oriented alloy design is a crucial part of material sustainability,as it reduces the need for raw material extraction and minimises environmental impact.This requires that scraps be reused or repurposed effectively,even when the scraps are co-mingled and have higher costs for further sorting and separation.In this work,we explore an alloy design concept by creating a compositionally flexible domain that can recycle multiple alloy grades and yet maintain relatively consistent properties across chemical variations.This is demonstrated through the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn system to identify compositionally flexible austenitic stainless steels(CF-ASS)and accommodate the recycling of mixed austenitic stainless steel scraps.Alloys within the nominal composition spaces exhibit relatively consistent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance despite significant variations in different alloy compositions.We illustrate how we can utilise the compositionally flexible austenitic stainless steels to recycle mixed 200 and 300-series stainless steel and ferronickel scraps,demonstrating its practical viability.While this demonstration focuses on the stainless steel system,the underlying principles can be extended to other systems related to mixed scrap recycling.
基金financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374293)Zhongyuan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project,China(No.224200510025)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(No.2022RC1123)One of the authors,Hong-bo ZENG,gratefully acknowledges the support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)and the Canada Research Chairs Program.
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density,high operating voltage,and long cycle life.However,green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs contain heavy metals such as Co,Ni,and Mn and organic compounds inside,which seriously threaten human health and the environment.In this work,we review the current status of spent LIB recycling,discuss the traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery processes,and summarize the existing short-process recovery technologies such as salt-assisted roasting,flotation processes,and direct recycling.Finally,we analyze the problems and potential research prospects of the current recycling process,and point out that the multidisciplinary integration of recycling will become the mainstream technology for the development of spent LIBs.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3904800)the National Outstanding Young Scientists Fund(No.5a2125002)+7 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(No.22476073)the Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Research and Development Program(Nos.20223BBG74006 and 20243BBI91001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M751282)the “Thousand Talents Program”of Jiangxi Province(S_(2)021GDQN2161)the Key Project of Ganzhou City Research and Development Program(No.2023PGX17350)the Science&Technology Talent Lifting Project of Hunan Province(No.2022TJ-N16)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province China(No.2024JJ4022,2023JJ30277)the Open-End Fund for National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization(ES_(2)02480184)。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are critical for the rapid growth of electric vehicles(EVs),but their inherent lifespan leads to numerous retirements and resource challenges.The efficacy of conventional recycling techniques is increasingly compromised by their high energy consumption and secondary pollution,rendering them less responsive to greener and more sustainable requirement of rapid development.Thus,the direct recycling process emerged and was considered as a more expedient and convenient method of recycling compared to the conventional recycling modes that are currently in study.However,due to the reliance on the indispensable sintering process,direct recycling still faces considerable challenges,motivating researchers to explore faster,greener,and more cost-effective strategies for LIBs recycling,Inspiringly,Joule heating recycling(JHR),an emerging technique,offers rapid,efficient impurity removal and material regeneration with minimal environmental impact,addressing limitations of existing methods.This method reduces the time for direct recycling of spent LIBs by a factor of at least three orders of magnitude and exhibits significant potential for future industrial production.Unfortunately,due to the lack of systematic organization and reporting,this next generation approach to direct recycling of spent LIBs has not yet gained much interest.To facilitate a more profound comprehension of rising flash recycling strategy,in this study,JHR is distinguished into two distinctive implementation pathways(including flash Joule heating and carbon thermal shock),designed to accommodate varying pretreatment stages and diverse spent LIBs materials.Subsequently,the advantages of the recently developed JHR of spent LIBs in terms of material performance,environmental friendliness,and economic viability are discussed in detail.Ultimately,with the goal of achieving more attractive society effects,the future direction of JHR of spent LIBs and its potential for practical application are proposed and envisaged.
文摘Magnesium(Mg)alloys are widely used lightweight structural materials for automobiles and help reduce carbon emissions.However,their use increases the production of Mg alloy scrap,which is recycled at a much lower rate than aluminum,and its greater complexity poses challenges to existing recycling processes.Although vacuum distillation can be used to recycle Mg alloy scrap,this requires optimizing and maximizing metal recirculation,but there has been no thermodynamic analysis of this process.In this study,the feasibility and controllability of separating inclusions and 23 metal impurities were evaluated,and their distribution and removal limits were quantified.Thermodynamic analyses and experimental results showed that inclusions and impurity metals of separation coefficient lgβ_(i)≤-5,including Cu,Fe,Co,and Ni below 0.001 ppm,could be removed from the matrix.All Zn entered the recycled Mg,while impurities with-1<lgβ_(i)<-5 such as Li,Ca,and Mn severely affected the purity of the recycled Mg during the later stage of distillation.Therefore,an optimization strategy for vacuum distillation recycling:lower temperatures and higher system pressures for Zn separation in the early stage,and the early termination of the recovery process in the later stage or a continuous supply of raw melt can also prevent contamination during recycling.The alloying elements Al and Zn in Mg alloy scrap can be further recovered and purified by vacuum distillation when economically feasible,to maximize the recycling of metal resources.
基金supported by the research projects AP23486880 from the Ministry of Higher EducationScience of the Republic of Kazakhstan and 111024CRP2010,20122022FD4135 from Nazarbayev University.
文摘Recycling plastic waste into triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)presents a sustainable approach to energy harvesting,self-powered sensing,and environmental remediation.This study investigates the recycling of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)pipe waste polymers into nanofibers(NFs)optimized for TENG applications.We focused on optimizing the morphology of recycled PVC polymer to NFs and enhancing their piezoelectric properties by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles(NPs).The optimized PVC/0.5 wt%ZnO NFs were tested with Nylon-6 NFs,and copper(Cu)electrodes.The Nylon-6 NFs exhibited a power density of 726.3μWcm^(-2)—1.13 times higher than Cu and maintained 90%stability after 172800 cycles,successfully powering various colored LEDs.Additionally,a 3D-designed device was developed to harvest energy from biomechanical movements such as finger tapping,hand tapping,and foot pressing,making it suitable for wearable energy harvesting,automatic switches,and invisible sensors in surveillance systems.This study demonstrates that recycling polymers for TENG devices can effectively address energy,sensor,and environmental challenges.
基金The APC was funded by Research Management Center, Multimedia University, Malaysia.
文摘Electrical energy can be harvested from the rotational kinetic energy of moving bodies,consisting of both mechanical and kinetic energy as a potential power source through electromagnetic induction,similar to wind energy applications.In industries,rotational bodies are commonly present in operations,yet this kinetic energy remains untapped.This research explores the energy generation characteristics of two rotational body types,disk-shaped and cylinder-shaped under specific experimental setups.The hardware setup included a direct current(DC)motor driver,power supply,DC generator,mechanical support,and load resistance,while the software setup involved automation testing tools and data logging.Electromagnetic induction was used to harvest energy,and experiments were conducted at room temperature(25℃)with controlled variables like speed and friction.Results showed the disk-shaped body exhibited higher energy efficiency than the cylinder-shaped body,largely due to lower mechanical losses.The disk required only two bearings,while the cylinder required four,resulting in lower bearing losses for the disk.Additionally,the disk experienced only air friction,whereas the cylinder encountered friction from a soft,uneven rubber material,increasing surface contact losses.Under a 40 W resistive load,the disk demonstrated a 17.1%energy loss due to mechanical friction,achieving up to 15.55 J of recycled energy.Conversely,the cylinder body experienced a 48.05%energy loss,delivering only 51.95%of energy to the load.These insights suggest significant potential for designing efficient energy recycling systems in industrial settings,particularly in manufacturing and processing industries where rotational machinery is prevalent.Despite its lower energy density,this system could be beneficially integrated with energy storage solutions,enhancing sustainability in industrial practices.
基金supported by the National Key Research & Development Program of China (2022YFB3805300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20411)+1 种基金Major Science and Technology Innovation Projects in Shandong Province(2022CXGC020415)the support provided by the Joint-Laboratory of the University of Science and Technology of China and East China Engineering Science and Technology Co.,Ltd
文摘The recycling and resource utilization of high-value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is a critical challenge for achieving sustainable development.While conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods dominate the industry,they suffer from significantdrawbacks,including high pollution,excessive energy consumption,and suboptimal metal purity.In contrast,electrochemical recycling technology,leveraging electro-driven chemical reactions and selective ion migration,offers a promising alternative by minimizing acid/alkali usage and simplifying recovery processes,thereby enabling greener,more efficient,and energy-saving metal extraction.Based on the structural integrity of cathode materials during recycling,this review categorizes electrochemical approaches into indirect and direct recycling methods.Key aspects such as production purity,ion separation efficiency,and energy consumption in spent LIB recycling are critically examined.Furthermore,this review systematically evaluates electrodialysis and electrolysis techniques,highlighting their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,from a green production perspective,we discuss prospects for cost-effective and environmentally benign LIB recycling strategies,providing insights to guide the advancement of sustainable battery recycling technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52370158 and 22006053)Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2024A04J0821)Guangdong Provincial Education Science Planning Project(Higher Education Special Project)(No.2023GXJK108).
文摘Electroplating sludge(ES),a byproduct of the electroplating industry,is a significant environmental concern due to its high content of soluble heavy metals(HMs).The significance of spinel formation from ES lies in its potential for HMs enrichment and environmental remediation,offering a sustainable solution for hazardous waste management.The article delves into themultifaceted recycling of HMs-rich spinel fromES,encompassing its synthesis,metal enrichment,and thermodynamic stability.The pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes for spinel synthesis were discussed,with a focus on the critical role of thermodynamic data in predicting the stability and formation of spinel structures.The crystallographic and magnetic properties of spinels,with their applications in environmental remediation and energy storage are highlighted.The article provides a comprehensive reviewon the recycling of HMs-rich spinel fromES,offering a means to recycle HMs,mitigate ecological harm,and contribute to a circular economy through the recovery and application of valuable materials.The selective leaching of metals from ES also faces challenges,which was limited by the separation,purification steps and high energy consumption.This high energy consumption is a significant operational cost and also contributes to environmental concerns related to carbon emissions.It is essential to address the challenges through continued research and development,improved technologies,and supportive regulatory frameworks.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42263006)Open Fund from the Jiangxi Province,China(Grant No.20224ACB203011 and 2020101003)East China University of Technology(DHYC-202401 and 1410000874).
文摘Subducting slabs transport carbon to deep mantle depths and release it into the overlying mantle wedge and lithospheric mantle through multiple mechanisms,including mechanical removal via diapirism,metamorphic decarbonization,carbonate dissolution and parting melting.Identifying the dominant carbon recycling mechanism responsible for carbonation of subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)remains challenging,yet it is critical for understanding the genesis of post-collisional carbonatites and associated rare earth element deposits.To address this issue,we investigate the Li isotopic systematics of typical post-collisional carbonatite-alkalic complexes from Mianning-Dechang(MD),Southeast Xizang.Our results show that the less-evolved magmas(lamprophyres)have mantle-like or slightly lowerδ^(7)Li values(0.3‰–3.6‰)with limited variability,contrasting sharply with the widerδ^(7)Li range observed in associated carbonatites and syenites.We interpret this dichotomy as reflecting distinct processes:while the variable and anomalousδ^(7)Li values in differentiated rocks(carbonatites and syenites)were caused by late-stage magmatic-hydrothermal processes(including biotite fractionation,fluid exsolution and hydrothermal alteration),the lamprophyres retain the primary Li isotopic signature of their mantle source.Together with their arc-like trace element and EM1-EM2-type Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures,such mantle-like or slightly lowerδ^(7)Li values of the lamprophyres preclude carbon derivation from high-δ^(7)Li reservoirs(altered oceanic crust,serpentinites)and recycling of sedimentary carbon through metamorphic decarbonization or dissolution.Instead,these features indicate that the carbon was predominantly transported into the mantle source via partial melting of subducted carbonate-bearing sediments.This study demonstrates that Li isotopes can serve as a tracer for identifying the mechanism of carbon recycling in collision zones.
基金supported by the National Science Found for Young Scientists of China(82101339 and 22206051)the General Program of Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province(BK20221205)the General Program of Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(20 KJB320034).
文摘Parkinson's disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the aggregation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)and dysregulated synaptic vesicle(SV)recycling.Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis is the target of PD therapy.However,the identification of effective anti-ferroptosis treatments remains elusive.This study explores the therapeutic potential of low-intensity ultrasound(US)in modulating SV recycling and anti-ferroptosis in cellular and animal models of PD.We demonstrate that optimized US stimulation(610 kHz,0.2 W/cm2)activates Piezo1 channel-mediated fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis,which promotes SV recycling and synaptic function,presenting with increased frequency and amplitude of both spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents.Repaired SV recycling in turn reduces the accumulation ofα-syn expression and ferroptotic cell death.These findings support the potential of noninvasive ultrasonic neuromodulation as a therapeutic strategy for PD and lead to meaningful health outcomes for the aging population.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52222302)。
文摘Poly(L-lactide)(PLLA)is one of the best candidates as a bio-based plastic material for circular economy because of its biodegradability sustainability,recyclability,and good thermal and mechanical properties.The industrial production of PLLA is mainly from tin(II)_(2)-ethylhexanoate[Sn(Oct)_(2)]-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization(ROP)of L-LA in melt and bulk conditions at high temperatures(150-200℃).Despite the huge efforts devoted to the development of organometallics with low toxicity and many highly active catalysts under mild laboratory conditions,very few candidates can compete with Sn(Oct)_(2) under industrially relevant conditions.Herein,we report novel zinc complexes bearing phenylimino-pyridine-phenolate ligands as efficient catalysts for L-LA polymerization under both mild and industrially relevant conditions,with a turnover frequency as high as 6200 h^(-1).The best performing catalyst competed well with Sn(Oct)_(2) under industrial conditions and afforded colorless and semicrystalline PLLA.In addition,preliminary depolymerization experiments suggested that the new catalysts can also be used for the chemical recycling of commercial PLLA directly to L-LA with high selectivity under bulk and melt conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52322001,52070183,and 52330001)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFE0113800)the Excellent Member of the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y2023010).
文摘Membrane technology has thus far played an essential role in promoting environmental sustainability through improving the quality of water.Taking into account the current growth rate of membrane products along with the market capacity,a tremendous rise in the amount of end-of-life(EoL)membranes is inevitable.In 2022,the global records of EoL membranes reached 35,000 tons.Recycling and resource utilization of EoL membranes is a viable option and hold significant promises for energy conservation and carbon neutralization.The present work provides an extensive overview of the latest progress in the field in relation with the prominent application cases.Furthermore,the avenues for the contributions of membrane recycling treatment technology within the framework of“carbon neutrality”are discussed with emphasis on permeability,pollutant interception capacity,and other relevant factors associated with the recycled membranes.This review strives to summarize the recycling and efficient utilization of EoL membranes,aiming at providing technical support to reduce operational costs and promote the low-carbon development of membrane technology.
基金supported by the following funds:Guizhou Science and Technology Support Program Project[Grant No.Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Support(2025)General 079]Guizhou Provincial Department of Education’s"Top 100 Schools and Thousand Enterprises in Science andTechnology Research and Development"Project in 2025(Contract Number:Guizhou Education and Technology[2025]No.009)+6 种基金Hebei Province Innovation Ability Improvement Plan(No.23561001D)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.H2022209089)Open Fund Project of the Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education(Grant No.FMRUlab23-03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52074128)Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province(Nos.JYG2022001 and JQN2023008)Tangshan Talent Funding Project(No.A202202007),Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2023209107)Foundation of Tangshan Science and Technology Bureau(No.23150219A).
文摘Metallurgical slag is a waste or by-product of the metallurgical process,and its improper disposal can pose negative environmental impacts,including groundwater and soil contamination.The composition and properties of metallurgical slag are complex,which is usually difficult to use or process directly and requires special treatment and utilization methods.Taking converter slag and blast furnace slag as examples,the research frontiers and development potential were primarily discussed and analyzed in three aspects:the recycling within and outside metallurgical slag plants,the extraction and utilization of thermal energy from metallurgical slag,and the functionalization and social application of metallurgical slag.The metallurgical slag waste heat recovery includes chemical methods and physical methods.Among them,the physical method currently most used was centrifugal granulation to recover heat.Chemical laws could recover hydrogen through the waste heat of metallurgical slag,which could save fuel and reduce CO_(2) generated by fuel combustion.Metallurgical slag is rich in alkaline metal oxides,which can undergo a carbonation reaction with CO_(2) to achieve carbon sequestration in metallurgical slag.Elements such as iron,phosphorus,and silicon contained in metallurgical slag could be used in soil conditioners,cement raw materials,and wastewater treatment.For example,the phosphorus element in the slag could be extracted by melt modification followed by acid leaching and used as a raw material for phosphate fertilizer.Therefore,under the background of China’s carbon neutrality goal,it is important to develop the key technologies of waste heat utilization of metallurgical slag and carbon sequestration of metallurgical slag.
基金2024 Ministry of Education Supply-Demand Docking Employment and Education Projects(Project No.:2024101679202,Project No.:2024121116066)2023 Ministry of Education Supply-Demand Docking Employment and Education Projects(Project No.:2023122927732,Project No.:2023122925618)+1 种基金2024“Innovation Strong Institute Project”Construction Project(Project No.:2024CQ-29)Talent Project of the Open University of Guangdong:Research on key technologies for improving the performance of blockchain application platforms(Project No.:2021F001).
文摘To solve the problems of traditional garbage classification relying on manual work,low recognition accuracy,and unhygienic contact-based disposal,an inductive intelligent garbage recycling system based on a micro-controller is designed.The system takes STM32F103ZET6 as the core,integrates speech recognition,visual recognition,and infrared induction modules,and adopts a dual recognition fusion strategy of“speech priority+visual verification”to realize con-tactless induction lid opening,accurate garbage classification,and remote status monitoring functions.Speech recognition completes keyword matching through the LD3320 module,visual recognition realizes image feature extraction and classification based on the BP neural network,and the ESP8266 module is responsible for uploading device status to the Cloud platform.It is applicable to multiple scenarios such as households and communities,effectively improving the efficiency and convenience of garbage classification,and has good practical value.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant Nos.52100210 and 72061147003].
文摘Recycling postconsumer beverage cartons reduces carbon emissions by minimizing both direct emissions from disposal via incineration or landfills,and by reducing the demand for producing virgin materials.However,the contribution that recycling beverage carton could make to China’s carbon reduction ambitions remains unknown.This study establishes a framework for evaluating the carbon emissions reduction potential of recycling postconsumer beverage cartons from a life-cycle perspective and calculates the potential carbon reductions for 31 Chinese provinces,including trajectories for 2030.We identify key factors that could greatly influence the total emissions reduction potential across all provinces,including the proportion of paperboard used and the emission factor of primary aluminum production.We show the incineration rate and electricity emission factor explain variations among provinces when recycling volumes are held constant.Integrated direct extrusion recycling technology has a greater dependence on electricity than the separating method and is therefore more significantly affected by the electricity emission factor.In 2030,recycling under one of five shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios considered shows the highest potential for carbon emissions reduction(median=21304 tons of CO_(2) equivalents).This study provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to quantify subsidy levels and design long-term plans for beverage carton recycling to promote a circular economy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176071)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2023A1515011879).
文摘Phthalate(PAEs)and Bisphenols(BPs)are plasticizers or additives in consumer products.They are typical endocrine disruptors,and potential health hazards may occur when people are exposed to them through inhalation,ingestion,and dermal contact.The current research on inhalation exposure pays limited attention to the particle distribution of PAEs and BPs in air,although particulate-bound pollutants are usually size-dependent.In this study,we discussed the size resolution of PAEs and BPs in air particles from city waste recycling plants.With paired urine samples of the workers,we also compared the internal and external exposure of PAEs and BPs and related potential health risks.The particulatebound PAEs and BPs concentrated mainly on coarse particles(Dp>2.1μm),with a bimodal distribution,and the peak particle size ranged from 9–10 to 4.7–5.85μm,respectively.Model calculation revealed that the deposition fluxes of PAEs in different respiratory regions followed the sequence of head airways(167±92.8 ng/h)>alveolar region(18.9±9.96 ng/h)>tracheobronchial region(9.20±5.22 ng/h),and the similar trends went for BPs.The daily intakes of PAEs and BPs via dust ingestion were higher than those fromrespiratory inhalation and dermal contact,with mean value of 96 and 0.88 ng/(kg-bw day),respectively.For internal exposure,the estimated daily intakes of PAEs for waste recycling workers were higher than those in e-waste dismantling workers,while the exposure levels of bisphenols were comparable.Overall,the potential health risks from inhalation exposure to particulate-bound PAEs and BPs were low.
基金Financial support from the US National Science Foundation(CBET-2101129)is acknowledged.
文摘Direct recycling methods offer a non-destructive way to regenerate degraded cathode material.The materials to be recycled in the industry typically constitute a mixture of various cathode materials extracted from a wide variety of retired lithium-ion batteries.Bridging the gap,a direct recycling method using a low-temperature sintering process is reported.The degraded cathode mixture of LMO(LiMn_(2)O_(4))and NMC(LiNiCoMnO_(2))extracted from retired LIBs was successfully regenerated by the proposed method with a low sintering temperature of 300℃ for 4 h.Advanced characterization tools were utilized to validate the full recovery of the crystal structure in the degraded cathode mixture.After regeneration,LMO/NMC cathode mixture shows an initial capacity of 144.0mAh g^(-1) and a capacity retention of 95.1%at 0.5 C for 250 cycles.The regenerated cathode mixture also shows a capacity of 83 mAh g-1 at 2 C,which is slightly higher compared to the pristine material.As a result of the direct recycling process,the electrochemical performance of degraded cathode mixture is recovered to the same level as the pristine material.Life-cycle assessment results emphasized a 90.4%reduction in energy consumption and a 51%reduction in PM2.5 emissions for lithium-ion battery packs using a direct recycled cathode mixture compared to the pristine material.
文摘Industrial processes often involve rotating machinery that generates substantial kinetic energy,much of which remains untapped.Harvesting rotational kinetic energy offers a promising solution to reduce energy waste and improve energy efficiency in industrial applications.This research investigates the potential of electromagnetic induction for harvesting rotational kinetic energy from industrial machinery.A comparative study was conducted between disk and cylinder-shaped rotational bodies to evaluate their energy efficiency under various load conditions.Experimental results demonstrated that the disk body exhibited higher energy efficiency,primarily due to lower mechanical losses compared to the cylinder body.A power management circuit was developed to regulate and store the harvested energy,integrating voltage,current,and speed sensors along with a charge controller for battery storage.The experimental setup successfully converted rotational kinetic energy into usable electrical power,with the disk achieving up to 16.33 J of recycled energy,outperforming the cylinder.The disk body demonstrated higher energy recovery efficiency compared to the cylinder,particularly under the 40 W resistive load condition.These findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing energy recycling systems in industrial settings to enhance sustainability,reduce energy consumption,and minimize waste.Future research should focus on optimizing power management systems and improving energy harvesting efficiency to enable wider adoption of energy recycling technologies in various industrial applications.
基金financially supported by the Special Project of Tiandi Technology Co.,Ltd.(Project No.2023-TD-MS007)CUCDE Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd.(Project No.ZCHJ2024001)。
文摘The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aroused considerable interest among the general public,industry professionals,and academic researchers,driven by its environmental,resource recovery,and economic benefits,particularly for those used in new energy vehicles.However,recycling spent automotive LIBs for industrial production remains challenging due to technical feasibility,recycling efficiency,economic viability,and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically analyze the status of spent automotive LIBs recycling,and provide an overall review of the full-chain recycling processes for technical evaluation and selection.Firstly,it carefully describes the pre-treatment process,which includes discharging,disassembly,inspection,crushing,pyrolysis,and sieving of LIBs.Subsequently,it examines the principal technologies in extracting valuable metals,including pyro-metallurgy,hydro-metallurgy,microbial metallurgy,mechanical chemistry,and electrochemical deposition.A comprehensive analysis of the operation,mechanism,efficiency,and economics is provided,helping readers understand the technical advantages,disadvantages,and applicable scenarios of each process.Furthermore,it also considers novel environmentally-friendly processes,such as direct regeneration and direct synthesis,and analyzes their potential and limitations in the resource recycling field.Finally,differentiated comprehensive recycling strategies are proposed for typical spent automotive LIBs,aiming at providing effective guidance and recommendations for industrial investors and practitioners,and promoting sustainable development of the comprehensive recycling industry.
