Cultural ecosystem services(CES),which encompass recreational and aesthetic values,contribute to human wellbeing and yet are often underrepresented in forest management planning due to challenges in quantifying these ...Cultural ecosystem services(CES),which encompass recreational and aesthetic values,contribute to human wellbeing and yet are often underrepresented in forest management planning due to challenges in quantifying these services.This study introduces the Recreational and Aesthetic Values of Forested Landscapes(RAFL)index,a novel framework combining six measurable recreational and aesthetic components:Stewardship,Naturalness,Complexity,Visual Scale,Historicity,and Ephemera.The RAFL index was integrated into a Linear Programming(LP)Resource Capability Model(RCM)to assess trade-offs between CES and other ecosystem services,including timber production,wildfire resistance,and biodiversity.The approach was applied in a case study in Northern Portugal,comparing two forest management scenarios:Business as Usual(BAU),dominated by eucalyptus plantations,and an Alternative Scenario(ALT),focused on the conversion to native species:cork oak,chestnut,and pedunculate oak.Results revealed that the ALT scenario consistently achieved higher RAFL values,reflecting its potential to enhance CES,while also supporting higher biodiversity and wildfire resilience compared to the BAU scenario.Results highlighted further that management may maintain steady timber production and wildfire regulatory services while addressing concerns with CES.This study provides a replicable methodology for quantifying CES and integrating them into forest management frameworks,offering actionable insights for decision-makers.The findings highlight the effectiveness of the approach in designing landscape mosaics that provide CES while addressing the need to supply provisioning and regulatory ecosystem services.展开更多
In this study,CiteSpace software is used to carry out visual analysis on the three-dimensional research literature on urban recreation space from the perspective of compact city theory in the past 20 years,exploring t...In this study,CiteSpace software is used to carry out visual analysis on the three-dimensional research literature on urban recreation space from the perspective of compact city theory in the past 20 years,exploring the scientific development trend and research hotspots in this field.The results show that the number of published documents shows a fluctuating upward trend,and the significant growth rate reflects the role of policy orientation in promoting the concept of compact city.The co-occurrence analysis of keywords reveals the research hotspots of“compact city”,“recreation space”and“urban park”,while the emergence of new keywords such as“vertical city”and“spatial justice”indicates the new trend of recent research.The cluster analysis and timeline map further show the evolution of research themes,with“compact city”being the largest cluster and having rich connections with other themes such as“urban design”and“urban park”.展开更多
In recent years,with the acceleration of urbanization and the introduction of the concept of a park city,the construction of city parks has received increasing attention.This paper selects three representative city pa...In recent years,with the acceleration of urbanization and the introduction of the concept of a park city,the construction of city parks has received increasing attention.This paper selects three representative city parks in the main urban area of Chongqing as the research objects,sorts out relevant policy plans and cutting-edge theories,and understands and analyzes the current construction situation and development environment of city parks in the main urban area of Chongqing.Based on visitor opinions and feedback,the main influencing factors of recreation experience are summarized,and corresponding strategies are proposed based on the actual situation,hoping to provide a reference for the construction of city parks in Chongqing.展开更多
Reservoirs provide a variety of services with economic values across multiple sectors. As demands for reservoir services continue to grow and precipitation patterns evolve, it becomes ever more important to consider t...Reservoirs provide a variety of services with economic values across multiple sectors. As demands for reservoir services continue to grow and precipitation patterns evolve, it becomes ever more important to consider the integrated suite of values and tradeoffs that attend changes in water uses and availability. Section 316 (b) of the Clean Water Act requires that owners of certain water cooled power plants evaluate technologies and operational measures that can reduce their impacts to aquatic organisms. The studies must discuss the social costs and benefits of alternative technologies including cooling towers (79 Fed. Reg. 158, 48300 - 48439). Cooling towers achieve their effect through evaporation. This manuscript estimates the property value, recreation, and hydroelectric generation impacts that could result from the evaporative water loss associated with installing cooling towers at the McGuire Nuclear Generating Station (McGuire) located on Lake Norman, North Carolina. Although this study specifically evaluates the effects of evaporative water loss from cooling towers, its methods are applicable to estimating the economic benefits and costs of a new water user or reduced water input in any complex reservoir system that supports steam electric generation, hydroelectric generation, residential properties, recreation, irrigation, and municipal water use.展开更多
Urban parks are an important part of urban recreational spaces,and the development of analysis framework of recreational behavior and space is helpful for the design of urban parks to better meet the activity and usag...Urban parks are an important part of urban recreational spaces,and the development of analysis framework of recreational behavior and space is helpful for the design of urban parks to better meet the activity and usage requirements of visitors.In this paper,Xiaohong Stone Carving Park in Nanjing was taken as the research object to explore the relationship between landscape space and user behavior for design feedback.The orthographic image technology of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)and machine deep learning were used to analyze users behavior activities in the park,and the spatial characteristics of each node in the park were evaluated by semantic differential scale to explore the potential causes of behavior activities.The results showed that①there were significant differences in the number of visitors on holidays and working days,and young people and children were the main users.②The users activity of the park differed greatly on the inner and outer tour roads,and the users showed stronger willingness to stay on the inner tour roads.Recreational activities received more attention than cultural ones.③The overall distribution of users was significantly affected by hydrophilicity,and the recreational behavior and activity type were affected by multiple factors which include the hydrophilicity,safety,accessibility of cultural relics and the amount of recreational facilities.Finally,the enhanced strategies such as improving the cultural tour system,establishing hydrophilic safety belts and optimizing recreational facilities were put forward.展开更多
The rural recreation industry in Chongqing Municipality has a vast market and bright developing prospects.However,many problems emerge in its developing process.Aiming to this,the study analyzes the developing status ...The rural recreation industry in Chongqing Municipality has a vast market and bright developing prospects.However,many problems emerge in its developing process.Aiming to this,the study analyzes the developing status and tendency of the rural recreation industry in Chongqing,and proposes the problems exiting in the rural recreation consumption,and finally puts forward some suggestions.展开更多
The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpath...The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks （Bieszczady National Park, Bahia G6ra National Park, Goree National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland） and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as man- hour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park （BG： 19~ 35＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N） to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park （B： 22~ 40＇ E, 49~ lo＇ N）. In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park （M： 21025＇ E, 49~ 30＇ N）, Gorce National Park （G： 20~ lo＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N）, B） recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.展开更多
By taking city parks of Jingzhou City as an example,city parks,as primary places for citizens' daily forest recreation,should present a certain recreational environment feature under the comprehensive effect of na...By taking city parks of Jingzhou City as an example,city parks,as primary places for citizens' daily forest recreation,should present a certain recreational environment feature under the comprehensive effect of nature,humanity,facilities,location and historical evolution.Through the empirical analysis of recreationists' behaviors in city parks with different environmental characters,it has obtained the differences of recreationists in composition,staying time and contents of recreational activities in different city parks,and that recreationists appear to adapt to the environmental characters.Recreational attractions and demands have manifested their perception towards the environmental characters of city parks.The distribution of recreational satisfaction has demonstrated that experience value of recreationists and environmental characters of city parks are consistent.展开更多
The development status and significance of recreational agriculture in Hainan were analyzed.By introducing advantages of Hainan Island in political institution,natural resources and humanistic resources,it was propose...The development status and significance of recreational agriculture in Hainan were analyzed.By introducing advantages of Hainan Island in political institution,natural resources and humanistic resources,it was proposed that special topographical scenery,Qiong Opera(Hainan Opera),tropical plants,rare animal species,customs of Li and Miao nationalities,and agricultural product resources could be applied in the development of recreational agriculture,and many activities of recreational agriculture could be organized.展开更多
Based on the requirements that Hainan has unique natural conditions and humanistic environment, using Google Sketchup as the development tool, a conceptual park of modern tropical recreational agriculture was prelimin...Based on the requirements that Hainan has unique natural conditions and humanistic environment, using Google Sketchup as the development tool, a conceptual park of modern tropical recreational agriculture was preliminarily designed. The development mode of featured and recreational agriculture in Hainan was discussed, in order to search for a better and more humanistic development mode of recreational agriculture in Hainan.展开更多
The definition and type of recreational belt around metropolis were introduced,the development principles of recreational spot around small and middle cities were analyzed.With Baoding City as an example,the empirical...The definition and type of recreational belt around metropolis were introduced,the development principles of recreational spot around small and middle cities were analyzed.With Baoding City as an example,the empirical analysis was conducted,and the development models of recreational spot around metropolis in Baoding City were put forward.展开更多
With the investigation of the current situation of tourism activities and characteristics of recreational tourism spatial layout in Huaihua,problems in tourism spatial layout are pointed out,that is,indistinct divisio...With the investigation of the current situation of tourism activities and characteristics of recreational tourism spatial layout in Huaihua,problems in tourism spatial layout are pointed out,that is,indistinct division of tourism functions,comparatively bad relevance in the "point-axle" spatial structure,and comparatively bad horizontal and vertical coherence in tourism space.It is suggested to rationally construct tourism spatial layout in Huaihua City after the model of spatial layered structure of recreational sightseeing,that is,the model of setting Huaihua City as the center,and from the inside out with three layers of recreational island within the city,recreational sites around the city and recreational sites at towns and villages away from the city through the spatial layout of point,axis and plane.展开更多
Recreational fishery is the combination of traditional fishery and modern leisure activities.Development of recreational fishery resources must be based on related resources,but the present research on recreational fi...Recreational fishery is the combination of traditional fishery and modern leisure activities.Development of recreational fishery resources must be based on related resources,but the present research on recreational fishery is mainly confined to the development of leisure projects,the definition of connotation and scope of recreational fishery resources is rather vague,and there is no precise classification and evaluation system.According to the resources attributes,resources functions,and tourism resources classification,investigation and evaluation standard,recreational fishery resources include a number of different types.Expert Scoring Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process can be used to determine the evaluation factors of recreational fishery resources and their weights,and then make comprehensive evaluation on recreational fishery resources of different regions and types,so as to improve the scientific nature of recreational fishery development.展开更多
Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilit...Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilities but also on the development and management of recreational resources. Taking Shanghai as a sample of destinaton and origin of urban recreationists, the author did his study based on data from comprehensive travel measurement and users' survey, including field questionnaire survey, mailing questionnaire survey, home survey, and cordon monitonng. To analyze traveing models of urban recreationists in Shanghai, the author used techniques of Recreational Activity Space (RAS) and the Use Curve (UC) Analysis. Rogarding Shanghai as an origin, the author first discussed types and characteristics of the RASs which are presented by isotourist lines in the proper and outskirts of Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta and the China's Mainland respectively. These RASs reflect the trave directional bias of Shanghainese. Then the author regarded Shanghai as a deshnahon and analyzed the RASs of tounsts from Otier provinces, which demonstrated the attractiveness of and distance decay of Shanghai. He found that a U-shaped UC model existed in the distance decay under the influence of attractiveness and distance. Finally, the author suggested, that the availability, periodicity and attractiveness, besides distance, are the basic mechanisms that affect the urban recreationists' traveling models in a city such as Shanghai.展开更多
Urban forests are confronted with high using pressure because of the increasing demand for recreation and accessibility of these settings. For that purpose, defining and managing recreational carrying capacity is cons...Urban forests are confronted with high using pressure because of the increasing demand for recreation and accessibility of these settings. For that purpose, defining and managing recreational carrying capacity is considered as significant in ensuring ecological value’s and recreational satisfaction’s continuity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the carrying capacity of Erzurum Urban Forest with respect to Level of Service (LOS) as a new management technique that focuses on service quality and visitor satisfaction. The data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire conducted with 166 visitors on weekends and holidays during summer season of the year 2014. Data were analyzed by dimensions/indicators of recreational satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics with intent to identify tolerance range of visitors. The contribution and relative importance of each of the indicators to the overall satisfaction were analyzed by using Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM). The results indicated that the four indicators were at the greatest degree;“distance from picnic spot to toilets” and “quantity of children’s playground facilities” were decease of overall satisfaction while “distance from picnic spot to parking” and “level of shade at picnic spot” had a positive contribution to the overall satisfaction. The outputs from these analyses were used to calculate LOS. It was revealed that the level of service (0.40) in Erzurum Urban Forest was below the moderate level. Planning and managing strategies for optimizing the LOS were developed and discussed by considering these results.展开更多
The growing attention on urban tourism was very widespread. There are two angles to study urban tourism: supply-side and demand-side. And the supply-side of the tourism remains very important. The RBD (Recreation Busi...The growing attention on urban tourism was very widespread. There are two angles to study urban tourism: supply-side and demand-side. And the supply-side of the tourism remains very important. The RBD (Recreation Business District) is a useful framework to understand the components of urban tourism and how they fit together. The paper begins with a review on the RBD and the spatial structure of tourism in urban areas and then attempts to develop a more general understanding of the spatial structure evolution of RBDs in a tourist-historic city-Suzhou. The spatial structures and functions of the RBDs in Suzhou are examined, based on field observations, interviews with city officials and industry leaders, and a review of available documents. The urban tourism of Suzhou has developed in a range of contexts, that various types of RBDs have emerged as a result of different urban development strategies. The spatial structure has evolved from the past "Single-cored Structure" to "Double-cored Structure" at present, and then to "Chain Structure" in the future. The spatial form and evolution of RBD in Suzhou are closely relative with its urban spatial expansion. Urban area dispersal is the prerequisite of the emergence of the RBD. Planning and constructing the RBD becomes a new impetus to urban growth or renewal. Finally, a number of strategies for planning and developing the RBD in Suzhou are suggested. The different RBDs should adopt different strategies. Intensification can be the possible strategy for the RBDs in the ancient city. Accreting with the urban theme park or engrafting on the Jinji Lake is suggested respectively for the RBD in the Suzhou New District and the Suzhou Industrial Park.展开更多
The emergence and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) and pathogens in the environment are serious global health concern. However, information about the occurrence of ARGs and pathogens in recreational wat...The emergence and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) and pathogens in the environment are serious global health concern. However, information about the occurrence of ARGs and pathogens in recreational water is still limited. Accordingly, we investigated the occurrence of six ARGs and human pathogens in three recreational lakes, and the correlations between ARGs and one mobile genetic element(intI1) were analyzed. The quantitative PCR results showed that the concentration of ARGs ranged from 4.58 × 10~0 to 5.0 × 10~5 copies/mL in water and from 5.78 × 10~3 to 5.89 × 10~8 copies/g dry weight(dw)in sediment. Sul1 exhibited the highest level among the five quantifiable ARGs. The concentrations of sul1, bla_(-TEM), and tetX exhibited significant positive correlations with intI1(p < 0.05), indicating that intI1 may be involved in their proliferation. The detection frequencies of ARGs ranged from 75%–10~0%, indicating the prevalence of these risks in this region. The concentration of Escherichia coli, Aeromonas spp., Mycobacterium avium,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica ranged from 10~3 to 10~5 copies/10~0 mL in water and 10~4–10~6 copies/g dw in sediment. In total, 25% of the samples harbored all pathogen genes, indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in recreational lakes.Furthermore, the next-generation sequencing results showed that 68 genera of pathogens were present, among which Aeromonas, Mycobacterium, and Pseudomonas were the dominant ones in this region, posing a considerable potential health risk to public health. Overall, the widespread distribution of ARGs and pathogens underscores the need to better monitor and mitigate their propagation in recreational lakes and the associated risks to human health.展开更多
Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from ...Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires, online survey, documentation and field investigations （2007）. In order to achieve sound information, relevant data from different management departments, owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected. A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established, and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied. The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors, e.g. tourism attractions and environmental conditions, policy and spatial governance, consumption demand and preference, land price and availability. Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas. Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility. Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas. Meanwhile, recreational business clusters have appeared in sub- urbs influenced by mass recreation market growth. Controlled by the land price, commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity. Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more hu- man-oriented. A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis, which can guide urban planning and designing, land-use planning and recreation resource development.展开更多
Glaciers, with their unique and spectacular appearances and rich and varied terrain, have received widespread attention and become important tourist attractions. This paper uses the travel cost method to estimate the ...Glaciers, with their unique and spectacular appearances and rich and varied terrain, have received widespread attention and become important tourist attractions. This paper uses the travel cost method to estimate the recreational value of the glacier tourism resources of Yulong Snow Mountain(also called Jade Dragon Snow Mountain), which is the most developed glacier tourist attraction in China. First-hand information was obtained through field surveys, and the travel costs of visitors visiting the Yulong Snow Mountain glacier were calculated before the method was applied to evaluate the recreational value of the focal glacier resource. The results show that the Yulong Snow Mountain consumer surplus associated with its glacier resources in 2016 ranged from 645.59-3439.10 million CNY, and the total recreational value ranged from 1.97-8.17 billion CNY. Approaches allocating travel costs across multiple recreational sites, however, can vary, and there is large difference in estimated results depending on used approaches. Nevertheless, the results of the analysis can help understand the socio-economic value of glacier resources and provide a reference for their development and protection.展开更多
As the main sites of urban residents’ recreational activity in a mass leisure era,urban public recreational space (UPRS) is the primary component of urban public spatial systems.To satisfy current demands for the con...As the main sites of urban residents’ recreational activity in a mass leisure era,urban public recreational space (UPRS) is the primary component of urban public spatial systems.To satisfy current demands for the construction of livable cities and to meet the challenges of UPRS development in an urbanizing context,a scientific and systematic review of the latest developments in UPRS research is important for developing this field.Based on 1264 papers from the China National Knowledge Internet and the Web of Science from 1985 to 2018,this study examined research developments on UPRS in China.Through a quantitative literature analysis,we divided UPRS-related research in China into three stages of development: the starting period (1985–2000),the growth period (2001–2009),and the consolidation period (2010–2018).Next,we identified nine “hot” research topics on UPRS and reviewed developments in each of these.These topics were the classification of UPRS,spatial structure and layout,comprehensive evaluation,planning and development,the impacts of UPRS development,spatial–temporal evolution laws and mechanisms,space imagery features,sustainable utilization,and governmental decision making on UPRS.We also systematically reviewed the research methods and spatial scales used in UPRS-related studies in China.In response to deficiencies in existing research,we put forward several suggestions regarding future research: Chinese UPRS studies should focus on basic theoretical research;construct a new research system that accounts for Chinese characteristics,based on interdisciplinary and multilevel spatial integration;develop a humanistic philosophy and build management systems for UPRS that can lead to the development of world-class cities based on a global vision.展开更多
基金supported by the Forest Research Centre,a research unit funded by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia I.P.(FCT),Portugal(UIDB/00239/2020)the Associated Laboratory TERRA(LA/P/0092/2020)+4 种基金Additional funding was provided through the Ph.D.grant awarded to Dagm Abate(UI/BD/151525/2021)by two key projects:H2020-MSCA-RISE-2020/101007950,titled“DecisionES-Decision Support for the Supply of Ecosystem Services under Global Change,”funded by the Marie Curie International Staff Exchange Scheme,H2020-LCGD-2020-3/101037419,titled“FIRE-RES-Innovative technologies and socio-ecological economic solutions for fireresilient territories in Europe,”funded by the EU Horizon 2020—Research and Innovation Framework Programmesupported by a project MODFIRE—a multiple criteria approach to integrate wildfire behavior in forest management planning with reference PCIF/MOS/0217/2017a contract from Dr.Susete Marques in the scope of Norma Transitoria—DL57/2016/CP1382/CT15a grant from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia(FCT),Portugal to Dr.Guerra-Hernandez(CEECIND/02576/2022).
文摘Cultural ecosystem services(CES),which encompass recreational and aesthetic values,contribute to human wellbeing and yet are often underrepresented in forest management planning due to challenges in quantifying these services.This study introduces the Recreational and Aesthetic Values of Forested Landscapes(RAFL)index,a novel framework combining six measurable recreational and aesthetic components:Stewardship,Naturalness,Complexity,Visual Scale,Historicity,and Ephemera.The RAFL index was integrated into a Linear Programming(LP)Resource Capability Model(RCM)to assess trade-offs between CES and other ecosystem services,including timber production,wildfire resistance,and biodiversity.The approach was applied in a case study in Northern Portugal,comparing two forest management scenarios:Business as Usual(BAU),dominated by eucalyptus plantations,and an Alternative Scenario(ALT),focused on the conversion to native species:cork oak,chestnut,and pedunculate oak.Results revealed that the ALT scenario consistently achieved higher RAFL values,reflecting its potential to enhance CES,while also supporting higher biodiversity and wildfire resilience compared to the BAU scenario.Results highlighted further that management may maintain steady timber production and wildfire regulatory services while addressing concerns with CES.This study provides a replicable methodology for quantifying CES and integrating them into forest management frameworks,offering actionable insights for decision-makers.The findings highlight the effectiveness of the approach in designing landscape mosaics that provide CES while addressing the need to supply provisioning and regulatory ecosystem services.
基金Sponsored by the Project of Sichuan Landscape and Recreation Research Center(JGYQ2020037).
文摘In this study,CiteSpace software is used to carry out visual analysis on the three-dimensional research literature on urban recreation space from the perspective of compact city theory in the past 20 years,exploring the scientific development trend and research hotspots in this field.The results show that the number of published documents shows a fluctuating upward trend,and the significant growth rate reflects the role of policy orientation in promoting the concept of compact city.The co-occurrence analysis of keywords reveals the research hotspots of“compact city”,“recreation space”and“urban park”,while the emergence of new keywords such as“vertical city”and“spatial justice”indicates the new trend of recent research.The cluster analysis and timeline map further show the evolution of research themes,with“compact city”being the largest cluster and having rich connections with other themes such as“urban design”and“urban park”.
基金Chongqing Graduate Research and Innovation Project,“Research on Residents’Satisfaction and Development Countermeasures of Mountain City Parks from the Perspective of‘Park City’-Taking the Main Urban Area of Chongqing as an Example”(Project No.:CYS240803)。
文摘In recent years,with the acceleration of urbanization and the introduction of the concept of a park city,the construction of city parks has received increasing attention.This paper selects three representative city parks in the main urban area of Chongqing as the research objects,sorts out relevant policy plans and cutting-edge theories,and understands and analyzes the current construction situation and development environment of city parks in the main urban area of Chongqing.Based on visitor opinions and feedback,the main influencing factors of recreation experience are summarized,and corresponding strategies are proposed based on the actual situation,hoping to provide a reference for the construction of city parks in Chongqing.
文摘Reservoirs provide a variety of services with economic values across multiple sectors. As demands for reservoir services continue to grow and precipitation patterns evolve, it becomes ever more important to consider the integrated suite of values and tradeoffs that attend changes in water uses and availability. Section 316 (b) of the Clean Water Act requires that owners of certain water cooled power plants evaluate technologies and operational measures that can reduce their impacts to aquatic organisms. The studies must discuss the social costs and benefits of alternative technologies including cooling towers (79 Fed. Reg. 158, 48300 - 48439). Cooling towers achieve their effect through evaporation. This manuscript estimates the property value, recreation, and hydroelectric generation impacts that could result from the evaporative water loss associated with installing cooling towers at the McGuire Nuclear Generating Station (McGuire) located on Lake Norman, North Carolina. Although this study specifically evaluates the effects of evaporative water loss from cooling towers, its methods are applicable to estimating the economic benefits and costs of a new water user or reduced water input in any complex reservoir system that supports steam electric generation, hydroelectric generation, residential properties, recreation, irrigation, and municipal water use.
文摘Urban parks are an important part of urban recreational spaces,and the development of analysis framework of recreational behavior and space is helpful for the design of urban parks to better meet the activity and usage requirements of visitors.In this paper,Xiaohong Stone Carving Park in Nanjing was taken as the research object to explore the relationship between landscape space and user behavior for design feedback.The orthographic image technology of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)and machine deep learning were used to analyze users behavior activities in the park,and the spatial characteristics of each node in the park were evaluated by semantic differential scale to explore the potential causes of behavior activities.The results showed that①there were significant differences in the number of visitors on holidays and working days,and young people and children were the main users.②The users activity of the park differed greatly on the inner and outer tour roads,and the users showed stronger willingness to stay on the inner tour roads.Recreational activities received more attention than cultural ones.③The overall distribution of users was significantly affected by hydrophilicity,and the recreational behavior and activity type were affected by multiple factors which include the hydrophilicity,safety,accessibility of cultural relics and the amount of recreational facilities.Finally,the enhanced strategies such as improving the cultural tour system,establishing hydrophilic safety belts and optimizing recreational facilities were put forward.
文摘The rural recreation industry in Chongqing Municipality has a vast market and bright developing prospects.However,many problems emerge in its developing process.Aiming to this,the study analyzes the developing status and tendency of the rural recreation industry in Chongqing,and proposes the problems exiting in the rural recreation consumption,and finally puts forward some suggestions.
文摘The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks （Bieszczady National Park, Bahia G6ra National Park, Goree National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland） and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as man- hour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park （BG： 19~ 35＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N） to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park （B： 22~ 40＇ E, 49~ lo＇ N）. In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park （M： 21025＇ E, 49~ 30＇ N）, Gorce National Park （G： 20~ lo＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N）, B） recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.
基金Supported by Doctors’ Initial Funding of Yangtze University~~
文摘By taking city parks of Jingzhou City as an example,city parks,as primary places for citizens' daily forest recreation,should present a certain recreational environment feature under the comprehensive effect of nature,humanity,facilities,location and historical evolution.Through the empirical analysis of recreationists' behaviors in city parks with different environmental characters,it has obtained the differences of recreationists in composition,staying time and contents of recreational activities in different city parks,and that recreationists appear to adapt to the environmental characters.Recreational attractions and demands have manifested their perception towards the environmental characters of city parks.The distribution of recreational satisfaction has demonstrated that experience value of recreationists and environmental characters of city parks are consistent.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Fund of the College of Applied Science and Technology,Hainan University(yykj-ky-2009-2)~~
文摘The development status and significance of recreational agriculture in Hainan were analyzed.By introducing advantages of Hainan Island in political institution,natural resources and humanistic resources,it was proposed that special topographical scenery,Qiong Opera(Hainan Opera),tropical plants,rare animal species,customs of Li and Miao nationalities,and agricultural product resources could be applied in the development of recreational agriculture,and many activities of recreational agriculture could be organized.
基金Supported by Sub-task of National Key Technology R & D Program (2009BADA1B03)~~
文摘Based on the requirements that Hainan has unique natural conditions and humanistic environment, using Google Sketchup as the development tool, a conceptual park of modern tropical recreational agriculture was preliminarily designed. The development mode of featured and recreational agriculture in Hainan was discussed, in order to search for a better and more humanistic development mode of recreational agriculture in Hainan.
文摘The definition and type of recreational belt around metropolis were introduced,the development principles of recreational spot around small and middle cities were analyzed.With Baoding City as an example,the empirical analysis was conducted,and the development models of recreational spot around metropolis in Baoding City were put forward.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Programs of Huaihua University(HHUY2008-30)~~
文摘With the investigation of the current situation of tourism activities and characteristics of recreational tourism spatial layout in Huaihua,problems in tourism spatial layout are pointed out,that is,indistinct division of tourism functions,comparatively bad relevance in the "point-axle" spatial structure,and comparatively bad horizontal and vertical coherence in tourism space.It is suggested to rationally construct tourism spatial layout in Huaihua City after the model of spatial layered structure of recreational sightseeing,that is,the model of setting Huaihua City as the center,and from the inside out with three layers of recreational island within the city,recreational sites around the city and recreational sites at towns and villages away from the city through the spatial layout of point,axis and plane.
基金Phased Achievement of the Subside Project "Studies on Classification of Recreational Fishery Resources and Evaluation on its Development" of Chinese Marine Research and Development Center in2008(Grant no.AOCQN200816)
文摘Recreational fishery is the combination of traditional fishery and modern leisure activities.Development of recreational fishery resources must be based on related resources,but the present research on recreational fishery is mainly confined to the development of leisure projects,the definition of connotation and scope of recreational fishery resources is rather vague,and there is no precise classification and evaluation system.According to the resources attributes,resources functions,and tourism resources classification,investigation and evaluation standard,recreational fishery resources include a number of different types.Expert Scoring Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process can be used to determine the evaluation factors of recreational fishery resources and their weights,and then make comprehensive evaluation on recreational fishery resources of different regions and types,so as to improve the scientific nature of recreational fishery development.
文摘Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilities but also on the development and management of recreational resources. Taking Shanghai as a sample of destinaton and origin of urban recreationists, the author did his study based on data from comprehensive travel measurement and users' survey, including field questionnaire survey, mailing questionnaire survey, home survey, and cordon monitonng. To analyze traveing models of urban recreationists in Shanghai, the author used techniques of Recreational Activity Space (RAS) and the Use Curve (UC) Analysis. Rogarding Shanghai as an origin, the author first discussed types and characteristics of the RASs which are presented by isotourist lines in the proper and outskirts of Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta and the China's Mainland respectively. These RASs reflect the trave directional bias of Shanghainese. Then the author regarded Shanghai as a deshnahon and analyzed the RASs of tounsts from Otier provinces, which demonstrated the attractiveness of and distance decay of Shanghai. He found that a U-shaped UC model existed in the distance decay under the influence of attractiveness and distance. Finally, the author suggested, that the availability, periodicity and attractiveness, besides distance, are the basic mechanisms that affect the urban recreationists' traveling models in a city such as Shanghai.
文摘Urban forests are confronted with high using pressure because of the increasing demand for recreation and accessibility of these settings. For that purpose, defining and managing recreational carrying capacity is considered as significant in ensuring ecological value’s and recreational satisfaction’s continuity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the carrying capacity of Erzurum Urban Forest with respect to Level of Service (LOS) as a new management technique that focuses on service quality and visitor satisfaction. The data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire conducted with 166 visitors on weekends and holidays during summer season of the year 2014. Data were analyzed by dimensions/indicators of recreational satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics with intent to identify tolerance range of visitors. The contribution and relative importance of each of the indicators to the overall satisfaction were analyzed by using Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM). The results indicated that the four indicators were at the greatest degree;“distance from picnic spot to toilets” and “quantity of children’s playground facilities” were decease of overall satisfaction while “distance from picnic spot to parking” and “level of shade at picnic spot” had a positive contribution to the overall satisfaction. The outputs from these analyses were used to calculate LOS. It was revealed that the level of service (0.40) in Erzurum Urban Forest was below the moderate level. Planning and managing strategies for optimizing the LOS were developed and discussed by considering these results.
文摘The growing attention on urban tourism was very widespread. There are two angles to study urban tourism: supply-side and demand-side. And the supply-side of the tourism remains very important. The RBD (Recreation Business District) is a useful framework to understand the components of urban tourism and how they fit together. The paper begins with a review on the RBD and the spatial structure of tourism in urban areas and then attempts to develop a more general understanding of the spatial structure evolution of RBDs in a tourist-historic city-Suzhou. The spatial structures and functions of the RBDs in Suzhou are examined, based on field observations, interviews with city officials and industry leaders, and a review of available documents. The urban tourism of Suzhou has developed in a range of contexts, that various types of RBDs have emerged as a result of different urban development strategies. The spatial structure has evolved from the past "Single-cored Structure" to "Double-cored Structure" at present, and then to "Chain Structure" in the future. The spatial form and evolution of RBD in Suzhou are closely relative with its urban spatial expansion. Urban area dispersal is the prerequisite of the emergence of the RBD. Planning and constructing the RBD becomes a new impetus to urban growth or renewal. Finally, a number of strategies for planning and developing the RBD in Suzhou are suggested. The different RBDs should adopt different strategies. Intensification can be the possible strategy for the RBDs in the ancient city. Accreting with the urban theme park or engrafting on the Jinji Lake is suggested respectively for the RBD in the Suzhou New District and the Suzhou Industrial Park.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51138006)the National Key Research on Water Environment Pollution Control in China(No.2012ZX07301-001)
文摘The emergence and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) and pathogens in the environment are serious global health concern. However, information about the occurrence of ARGs and pathogens in recreational water is still limited. Accordingly, we investigated the occurrence of six ARGs and human pathogens in three recreational lakes, and the correlations between ARGs and one mobile genetic element(intI1) were analyzed. The quantitative PCR results showed that the concentration of ARGs ranged from 4.58 × 10~0 to 5.0 × 10~5 copies/mL in water and from 5.78 × 10~3 to 5.89 × 10~8 copies/g dry weight(dw)in sediment. Sul1 exhibited the highest level among the five quantifiable ARGs. The concentrations of sul1, bla_(-TEM), and tetX exhibited significant positive correlations with intI1(p < 0.05), indicating that intI1 may be involved in their proliferation. The detection frequencies of ARGs ranged from 75%–10~0%, indicating the prevalence of these risks in this region. The concentration of Escherichia coli, Aeromonas spp., Mycobacterium avium,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica ranged from 10~3 to 10~5 copies/10~0 mL in water and 10~4–10~6 copies/g dw in sediment. In total, 25% of the samples harbored all pathogen genes, indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in recreational lakes.Furthermore, the next-generation sequencing results showed that 68 genera of pathogens were present, among which Aeromonas, Mycobacterium, and Pseudomonas were the dominant ones in this region, posing a considerable potential health risk to public health. Overall, the widespread distribution of ARGs and pathogens underscores the need to better monitor and mitigate their propagation in recreational lakes and the associated risks to human health.
基金Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40571059
文摘Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires, online survey, documentation and field investigations （2007）. In order to achieve sound information, relevant data from different management departments, owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected. A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established, and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied. The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors, e.g. tourism attractions and environmental conditions, policy and spatial governance, consumption demand and preference, land price and availability. Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas. Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility. Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas. Meanwhile, recreational business clusters have appeared in sub- urbs influenced by mass recreation market growth. Controlled by the land price, commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity. Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more hu- man-oriented. A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis, which can guide urban planning and designing, land-use planning and recreation resource development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41690143)the Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.SKLCS-OP-201602)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities from Nanjing Agricultural University,China (Grant No.SK2016033)
文摘Glaciers, with their unique and spectacular appearances and rich and varied terrain, have received widespread attention and become important tourist attractions. This paper uses the travel cost method to estimate the recreational value of the glacier tourism resources of Yulong Snow Mountain(also called Jade Dragon Snow Mountain), which is the most developed glacier tourist attraction in China. First-hand information was obtained through field surveys, and the travel costs of visitors visiting the Yulong Snow Mountain glacier were calculated before the method was applied to evaluate the recreational value of the focal glacier resource. The results show that the Yulong Snow Mountain consumer surplus associated with its glacier resources in 2016 ranged from 645.59-3439.10 million CNY, and the total recreational value ranged from 1.97-8.17 billion CNY. Approaches allocating travel costs across multiple recreational sites, however, can vary, and there is large difference in estimated results depending on used approaches. Nevertheless, the results of the analysis can help understand the socio-economic value of glacier resources and provide a reference for their development and protection.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41071110
文摘As the main sites of urban residents’ recreational activity in a mass leisure era,urban public recreational space (UPRS) is the primary component of urban public spatial systems.To satisfy current demands for the construction of livable cities and to meet the challenges of UPRS development in an urbanizing context,a scientific and systematic review of the latest developments in UPRS research is important for developing this field.Based on 1264 papers from the China National Knowledge Internet and the Web of Science from 1985 to 2018,this study examined research developments on UPRS in China.Through a quantitative literature analysis,we divided UPRS-related research in China into three stages of development: the starting period (1985–2000),the growth period (2001–2009),and the consolidation period (2010–2018).Next,we identified nine “hot” research topics on UPRS and reviewed developments in each of these.These topics were the classification of UPRS,spatial structure and layout,comprehensive evaluation,planning and development,the impacts of UPRS development,spatial–temporal evolution laws and mechanisms,space imagery features,sustainable utilization,and governmental decision making on UPRS.We also systematically reviewed the research methods and spatial scales used in UPRS-related studies in China.In response to deficiencies in existing research,we put forward several suggestions regarding future research: Chinese UPRS studies should focus on basic theoretical research;construct a new research system that accounts for Chinese characteristics,based on interdisciplinary and multilevel spatial integration;develop a humanistic philosophy and build management systems for UPRS that can lead to the development of world-class cities based on a global vision.
