It has been well recognized that sand particles significantly affect the mechanical properties of reconstituted sandy clays,including the hosted clay and sand particles.However,interrelation between the permeability a...It has been well recognized that sand particles significantly affect the mechanical properties of reconstituted sandy clays,including the hosted clay and sand particles.However,interrelation between the permeability and compressibility of reconstituted sandy clays by considering the structural effects of sand particles is still rarely reported.For this,a series of consolidation-permeability coefficient tests were conducted on reconstituted sandy clays with different sand fractions(ψ_(ss)),initial void ratio of hosted clays(e_(c0))and void ratio at liquid limit of hosted clays(e_(cL)).The roles of ψ_(ss) in both the relationships of permeability coefficient of hosted clay(k_(v-hosted clay))versus effective vertical stress(σ'_(v))and void ratio of hosted clay(e_(c-hosted clay))versus σ'_(v) were analyzed.The results show that the permeability coefficient of reconstituted sandy clays(k_(v))is dominated by hosted clay(k_(v)=k_(v-hosted clay)).Both ψ_(ss) and σ'_(v) affect the k_(v) of sandy clays by changing the e_(c-hosted clay) at any given σ'_(v).Due to the partial contacts and densified clay bridges between the sand particles(i.e.structure effects),the e_(c-hosted clay) in sandy clays is higher than that in clays at the same σ'_(v)v.The k_(v)-e_(c-hosted clay) relationship of sandy clays is independent of σ'_(v) and ψ_(ss)but is a function of e_(cL).The types of hosted clays affect the k_(v) of sandy clays by changing the e_(cL).Based on the relationship between permeability coefficient and void ratio for the reconstituted clays,an empirical method for determining the k_(v) is proposed and validated for sandy clays.The predicted values are almost consistent with the measured values with k_(v-predicted)=k_(v-measured)=0.6-2.5.展开更多
The electrochemical conversion of nitrate,a widespread water pollutant,into valuable ammonia represents a green and decentralized approach to ammonia synthesis.However,the sluggish multielectronproton coupling path an...The electrochemical conversion of nitrate,a widespread water pollutant,into valuable ammonia represents a green and decentralized approach to ammonia synthesis.However,the sluggish multielectronproton coupling path and the low reactive species(nitrate and proton)concentration at the catalyst interface inhibit the efficiency of ammonia production from nitrate reduction reaction(NitRR).Herein,we introduce a novel iron-based tandem catalyst encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide(denoted as Fe-rGO),with a superior ammonia production rate of 47.815 mg h^(-1)mg_(ca)^(t-1)and a high Faraday efficiency(FE)of 96.51%at an applied potential of-0.5 V.It also delivers a robust stability with FE above90%under a current density of 250 mA cm^(-2)for 50 h.In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the FeO_(x)is dynamically translated to Fe~0 site concurrently with the enhancement of the NH_(3)production rate,suggesting the Fe^(0) site as hydrogenation active center.The asymmetric distribution of surface charges of rGO not only enriches nitrate ions at the catalytic interface and promotes the hydrogenation process in NitRR,but also protects the iron species and ensures their stability during electrolysis.The Zn-NO_(3)^(-)battery demonstrates an impressive FE of 88.6%,highlighting its exceptional potential for practical applications.展开更多
The thermal behaviors and burning characteristics of reconstituted tobacco （RT） are strongly related with evolved gaseous products. The effect of ammonium polyphosphate （APP） as an additive of RT on the pyrolysis ...The thermal behaviors and burning characteristics of reconstituted tobacco （RT） are strongly related with evolved gaseous products. The effect of ammonium polyphosphate （APP） as an additive of RT on the pyrolysis behavior and CO evolution was studied, emphasizing the role of heating velocity in reducing CO delivery of the mainstream smoke by APP. Thermogravimetric analysis （TGA） was employed to investigate the influence of APP on RT thermal behavior. Slow and flash pyrolysis of RT were compared to discuss the role of heating rate in decreasing CO by APP. TGA results demonstrated that, in dependence on APP concentration, APP influenced exothermal amount and weight loss rate during RT thermal decomposition, promoted the formation of char and retarded the thermal decomposition of RT. In addition, APP had a considerable influence on the evolution of gaseous products during thermal decomposition of RT. Both CO delivery per cigarette and that per puff in the smoking process were significantly reduced in dependence on APP content in RT. Comparative analysis of CO evolution patterns in the flash and slow pyrolysis elucidated that heating rate played a key role in decreasing CO evolution by APP. The results suggest that APP is a potential burning additive for controlling CO delivery in mainstream smoke of RT.展开更多
Based on analytical methods of strength studies for deep soils,direct shear tests were carried out to investigate the shear strength of deep reconstituted soils at different initial dry densities and amounts of water....Based on analytical methods of strength studies for deep soils,direct shear tests were carried out to investigate the shear strength of deep reconstituted soils at different initial dry densities and amounts of water.The results indicate that the shear strength of deep reconstituted soils for identical amounts of water below the plastic limit is enhanced with increasing dry density and but reduced sharply at the critical density,the point at which coarse particles break down.Moreover,the shear strength for identical dry density decreases with additional amounts of water and the rate of degradation is the greatest at the critical density.This is because the friction resistance between coarse particles reduces with increasing amounts of water higher than the plastic limit.In order to obtain reliable strength of deep reconstituted soils,suitable dry densities and amounts of water are necessary.展开更多
Differentiating pasteurized milk and reconsti-tuted milk by scientific approach was necessary to defend consumer from economic fraud of wrong labeling. In this paper 2DGE (2 Dimen-sional Gel Electrophoresis)-coomassie...Differentiating pasteurized milk and reconsti-tuted milk by scientific approach was necessary to defend consumer from economic fraud of wrong labeling. In this paper 2DGE (2 Dimen-sional Gel Electrophoresis)-coomassie brilliant blue staining method was employed and sig-nificant color intensity changing was observed among raw milk, pasteurized milk, UHT milk and reconstituted milk. For example, the intensity of 10 protein spots including casein and lac-toglobulin reduced more than two folds from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. However, DIGE (Differential Gel Electrophoresis) assay showed that the majority protein remained simi-lar level from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. Therefore the color fading of coomassie brilliant blue stained 2D gels may be due to other biochemical reaction, such as Maillard reaction, instead of protein degradation. Stability of 2DGE pattern was confirmed by running six gels of the same sample in parallel and software analysis showed that all proteins were at similar level. Two commercialized pasteurized milk samples and one reconstituted milk sample were tested by 2DGE-coomassie blue staining method and re-constituted milk could be easily identified.展开更多
In order to explore the most suitable mode for the primary processing model of reconstituted tobacco, another two kinds of conditioning process schemes for reconstituted tobacco were designed based on the existing rec...In order to explore the most suitable mode for the primary processing model of reconstituted tobacco, another two kinds of conditioning process schemes for reconstituted tobacco were designed based on the existing reconstituted tobacco processing method. Comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted for moisture content uniformity, intrinsic chemical compositions, casing uniformity, blending uniformity and sensory quality of the samples from the three kind of processing modes. The results showed that loosing and conditioning or the vacuum conditioning pretreatment of the reconstituted tobacco could effectively reduce the difference in moisture content during the blending, and improve the casing uniformity and blending uniformity. Moreover, the samples with the loosing and conditioning pretreatment had higher total sugar and reducing sugar contents, which indicated that the loosing and conditioning pretreatment method was more favorable for the improvement of the intrinsic quality of cigarettes. In addition, the three kinds of aromatic components contents of cigarettes using the loosing and conditioning pretreatment were higher,and the casing uniformity, blending uniformity and overall sensory quality of this pretreatment were all superior to that of the other two kinds of reconstituted tobacco pretreatment methods. The contents of total sugar, reducing sugar as well as the three kinds of aromatic components of cigarettes processed with vacuum conditioning pretreatment were all slightly lower than those of the existing methods, but the casing uniformity and blending uniformity were improved, while it showed small difference in the sensory quality with the existing processing method.展开更多
This study aimed to optimize the rapid test factors of dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco, in order to afford a reference test method for companies which produce reconstituted tobacco to better control the basi...This study aimed to optimize the rapid test factors of dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco, in order to afford a reference test method for companies which produce reconstituted tobacco to better control the basis weight and coating ratio on line. The dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco was tested by fast method and normal oven method individually. And the effects on the test values of different test factors such as temperature, time and the number of baking sheets were studied. Then the test values of these two methods were compared, so the proper factors of rapid test method were determined. As the baking temperature rose from 130 ℃ to 150 ℃, and the baking time rose from 1 min to 2 min, the difference between fast test method and normal oven method grew, and when the number of baking pieces rose from 3 pieces to 5 pieces, the difference between the two methods went down. The optimum test condition was baking temperature of 130 ℃, baking time of 1 min, and baking sample sheet number of 5. Under this condition, the value of fast test method was the closest to the test value of normal oven method, and meanwhile, the test factor was more proper for testing on line. The study will provide a reference for online controlling of dry basis weight and coating ratio of reconstituted tobacco.展开更多
The purpose of pretreating raw materials of reconstituted tobacco is to improve the quality of raw materials as well as product quality and production efficiency.In recent years,the research achievements and equipment...The purpose of pretreating raw materials of reconstituted tobacco is to improve the quality of raw materials as well as product quality and production efficiency.In recent years,the research achievements and equipment status of the pretreatment technology of reconstituted tobacco raw materials in China were systematically reviewed,and the research and equipment development prospects of the pretreatment technology of reconstituted tobacco raw materials were prospected.展开更多
The observations on compressibility of reconstituted clays show that the compression line with a higher initial water content lies above the compression line with a lower initial water content for a given clay. Hence ...The observations on compressibility of reconstituted clays show that the compression line with a higher initial water content lies above the compression line with a lower initial water content for a given clay. Hence there exists additional void ratio due to initial water contents among virgin compression lines（VCLs） of reconstituted clays. In this paper, the difference in void ratio caused by different initial water contents is investigated based on the empirical equation proposed by Liu and Carter（2000） for describing the differential void ratio at the same stress between natural and reconstituted clays. The mechanism of compressibility of reconstituted clays, when the stress level is larger than the remolded yield stress, is also discussed.展开更多
Evaluating the impacts of soil structure on mechanical behavior for natural sedimentary clays is an important issue in geotechnical engineering. Burland introduced void index for normalizing the compression curves of ...Evaluating the impacts of soil structure on mechanical behavior for natural sedimentary clays is an important issue in geotechnical engineering. Burland introduced void index for normalizing the compression curves of various remolded and reconstituted clays to obtain the intrinsic compression line, which provides a reference framework to assess the in-situ compression behavior. However, it does not quantitatively account for the effects of initial water content on compressive behavior of remolded and reconstituted clays and the initial water contents of clays are not always limited to 1.0 - 1.5 times the liquid limits defined by Burland. A modification based on collected tests data was presented on the expressions of ?and ?defined by Burland. Extensive oedometer test data were also collected on various remolded and reconstituted soils with distinct liquid limits and initial water contents to verify the validity of modified expressions. A normalized compression line deduced by intrinsic compression line is proposed in the e-log p plot, which can be used to evaluate the effects of soil structure quantitatively on the intact compressive behavior for natural sedimentary clays.展开更多
Aim: This study was aimed to review and establish the practice of exchange transfusion (ET) with whole blood reconstituted (WBR) in hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN). Objectives: To observe fall in indirect serum bil...Aim: This study was aimed to review and establish the practice of exchange transfusion (ET) with whole blood reconstituted (WBR) in hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN). Objectives: To observe fall in indirect serum bilirubin, correction of anemia and comparison with related studies. Background: Hemolytic disease of the Newborn is characterized by presence of IgG antibodies in maternal circulation, which causes hemolysis in the fetus by crossing the placenta and sensitizing red cells for destruction by macrophages in the fetal spleen with consequent hyperbilirubinemia. Exchange transfusion with or without phototherapy is the method of choice for treating the newborn with on going hemolysis Methods/Materials: Sample size consisted of 110 neonates in whom 119 exchange transfusions were carried out with WBR. WBR was prepared by suspending O Rhesus-D (RhD) positive/negative cells (compatible with neonate’s/ mother’s serum) in AB plasma. Double volume exchange transfusion(s) were carried out through umbilical vein by push-pull technique. Results: Out of 110 cases, 61 (55.5%) were of RhD HDN whereas ABO and other group HDN cases were 30 (27.3%) and 19 (17.3%) respectively. An average post-ET fall in indirect serum bilirubin by 54.6% and correction of anemia by3.7 gm/dl were reported in the study. Conclusion: An average post-ET fall in indirect serum bilirubin and correction of anemia was found to be more significant when compared to other studies. Hence we recommend exchange transfusion in HDN with WBR to obtain reasonable fall in indirect serum bilirubin and high average rate of correction of anemia.展开更多
High-density lipoproteins(HDL) are naturally-occurring nanoparticles that are biocompatible,non-immunogenic and completely biodegradable. These endogenous particles can circulate for an extended period of time and tra...High-density lipoproteins(HDL) are naturally-occurring nanoparticles that are biocompatible,non-immunogenic and completely biodegradable. These endogenous particles can circulate for an extended period of time and transport lipids, proteins and micro RNA from donor cells to recipient cells.Based on their intrinsic targeting properties, HDL are regarded as promising drug delivery systems. In order to produce on a large scale and to avoid blood borne pollution, reconstituted high-density lipoproteins(rHDL) possessing the biological properties of HDL have been developed. This review summarizes the biological properties and biomedical applications of rHDL as drug delivery platforms. It focuses on the emerging approaches that have been developed for the generation of biomimetic nanoparticles rHDL to overcome the biological barriers to drug delivery, aiming to provide an alternative,promising avenue for efficient targeting transport of nanomedicine.展开更多
Accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid （Aβ） is crucial for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, and the development of novel therapeutic agents that can both accelerate Aβ clearance and inhibit the s...Accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid （Aβ） is crucial for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, and the development of novel therapeutic agents that can both accelerate Aβ clearance and inhibit the subsequent pathological cascades is regarded as a promising strategy for AD management. In our previous study, we have constructed discoidal apolipoprotein E3-reconstituted high-density lipoprotein （ApoE3-rHDL） as an efficient nanoplatform that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and accelerate Aβ clearance for a combination treatment of AD. To further improve its drug loading capacity, we hypothesized that spherical rHDL might serve as a more powerful nanocarrier if it has the same brain delivery and Aβ clearance abilities as the discoidal rHDL does. To evaluate the potential of spherical rHDL as a promising alternative for the combination therapy for AD, here, we investigated the effect of the shape of rHDL on its brain delivery, Aβ clearance, and anti-AD efficacy. We found that spherical rHDL had stronger Aβ-binding affinity than discoidal rHDL did, more effectively facilitated microglial uptake and degradation of Aβ-42, achieved better brain distribution after intravenous administration, and more powerfully reduced Aβ deposition, decreased microglia activation, attenuated neurological damage, and rescued memory deficits in a mouse model of AD. Among the rHDLs evaluated, monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside-incorporated spherical rHDL exerted the best effect. The findings of this study for the first time show a shape effect of an rHDL nanocarrier on its biological functions and suggest that a spherical lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier may serve as a more efficient multifunctional nanoplatforrn for AD therapy.展开更多
Incomprehension concerning heavy metal containing finished solid leather wastes leads to environmental pollution.Conversion of these solid leather waste into energy and resource efficient products proves to be challen...Incomprehension concerning heavy metal containing finished solid leather wastes leads to environmental pollution.Conversion of these solid leather waste into energy and resource efficient products proves to be challenging.However,leather microfibres(LMF)were isolated from these heavy metal containing finished solid leather wastes.These heavy metal contain LMF further processed into metal reduction LMF.The metal reduction LMF were investigated for their heavy metal removal efficiency and toxicity analysis.The Cr(III)and Cr(VI)content of LMF was<1000μg/mL and<800μg/mL,respectively.Toxicity estimation was proved that the LMF had less than 1%.The study attempt to prepare reconstituted fibric materials(RFM)from metal reduction LMF and cellulose nanofibres(CNF).RFM were characterized for their physicochemical and mechanical properties.Hence,the study has proved a novel concept of RFM production which is recyclable,environmental friendly and cost effective.展开更多
The Fo membrane domain of FoF1-ATPase complex had been purifiedfrom porcine heart mitochondria. SDS-PAGE with silver staining indicated that the purity of Fo was about 85% and the sample contained no subunits of F1-AT...The Fo membrane domain of FoF1-ATPase complex had been purifiedfrom porcine heart mitochondria. SDS-PAGE with silver staining indicated that the purity of Fo was about 85% and the sample contained no subunits of F1-ATPase. The purified Fo was reconstituted into liposomes with different phospholipid composition, and the effect of CL (cardiolipin), PA (phosphatidic acid), PI (phosphatidylinositol) and PS (phosphatidylserine) on the H+ translocation activity of Fo was investigated. The results demonstrated that CL, PA and PI could promote the proton translocation of Fo with the order of CL＞PA＞＞PI, while PS inhibited it. Meanwhile ADM (adriamycin) severely impaired the proton translocation activity of Fo vesicles containing CL, which suggested that CL's stimulation of the activity of reconstituted Fo might correlate with its non-bilayer propensity. After Fo was incorporated into the liposomes containing PE (phosphatidylethanolamine), DOPE (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine) as well as DEPE (dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine), it was found that the proton translocation activity of Fo vesicles increased with the increasing content of PE or DOPE, which has high propensity of forming non-bilayer structure, but was independent of DEPE. The dynamic quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan by HB (hypocrellin B) as well as fluorescent spectrum of acrylodan labeling Fo at cysteine indicated that CL could induce Fo to a suitable conformation resulting in higher proton translocation activity.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)experience severe immune dysfunction.Liver transplantation(LT)significantly improves survival outcomes.However,the characteristics of peripheral blood lymph...BACKGROUND Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)experience severe immune dysfunction.Liver transplantation(LT)significantly improves survival outcomes.However,the characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets(PBLSs)in this patient population are not well defined,and the dynamics of immune reconstitution post-LT are insufficiently understood.AIM To characterize PBLSs in patients with ACLF prior to LT and to evaluate PBLS reconstitution after LT.METHODS Clinical data from patients undergoing LT in the Transplantation Center,The Third Xiangya Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were analyzed retrospectively.Our cohort comprised 44 patients with ACLF,16 patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis,and 23 patients with compensated cirrhosis.Twenty healthy volunteers were included as controls.PBLSs were evaluated across all groups.The relationship between PBLSs and post-LT prognosis was assessed,and dynamic changes in PBLSs among patients with ACLF were analyzed at different time points.RESULTS Patients with ACLF exhibited a marked reduction in PBLSs compared with healthy volunteers.Natural killer(NK)cell counts were further reduced in patients with ACLF when compared with patients with compensated cirrhosis.PBLSs did not correlate with the etiology or severity of ACLF or with established liver failure scores.Following LT,a rapid restoration of NK cells and B cells was observed in patients with ACLF.However,the cluster of differentiation(CD)3+T cell and CD4+T cell counts decreased 14 days post-LT and subsequently returned to preoperative levels by day 21.CONCLUSION Patients with ACLF exhibited markedly reduced PBLSs,with decreased NK cells potentially linked to progression from compensated cirrhosis to liver failure.NK and B cell were rapidly restored after LT.展开更多
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a significant yet infrequent complication inpediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, occurring in approximately4% of cases. Its presentation typically coincides with ...Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a significant yet infrequent complication inpediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, occurring in approximately4% of cases. Its presentation typically coincides with immune reconstitution,between 6 weeks to 6 months post-transplant, emphasizing the need fortimely detection. Symptoms often develop insidiously, underscoring the role offundus examinations during episodes of CMV viremia. However, the low incidencechallenges the necessity of routine screenings, as they may strain clinicalresources without clear benefits to patient outcomes. Management includes systemicand intravitreal antivirals, such as ganciclovir and foscarnet, and adoptiveT-cell therapy for refractory cases. Tailored follow-up strategies are crucial, withconsiderations for lesion activity and CMV viremia status to determine theduration of therapy. Baseline and post-transplant screenings remain a topic ofdebate, with evolving guidelines needed to balance patient safety and clinicalfeasibility. Future research is needed to address optimal screening intervals andinvestigate the role of pre-existing CMV serostatus in transplant eligibility andoutcomes.展开更多
Early folliculogenesis involved in the interaction of germ cells and somatic cells is a complicated physiological event. Female germ cells are committed to differentiate into oocytes and finish complete development in...Early folliculogenesis involved in the interaction of germ cells and somatic cells is a complicated physiological event. Female germ cells are committed to differentiate into oocytes and finish complete development in the functional units of follicles. Thus there will be great significance in basal research and practices to evaluate the possibility of ovarian cells to reconstitute into follicles in vitro. In the present research, 12-16 dpc (days post coitum) mouse fetal ovarian cells were respectively isolated using collagenase digestion and cultured in droplets in vitro. The results revealed that the fetal ovarian cells of 12-16 dpc appeared to form multiple cell aggregates and tissue-like pieces in vitro. However, 12-13 dpc ovarian cells failed to form the follicles. 14-15 dpc ovarian cells were competent to form a few follicle-like complexes. Furthermore many small typical follicles were reconstituted from 16 dpc ovarian cells in vitro. The results showed for the first time that mouse embryonic展开更多
Paclitaxel,a tetracyclic diterpenoid,has garnered attention for its potent anti-cancer properties and intricate molecular structure,making it a significant target for chemical synthesis and biosynthesis[1].However,its...Paclitaxel,a tetracyclic diterpenoid,has garnered attention for its potent anti-cancer properties and intricate molecular structure,making it a significant target for chemical synthesis and biosynthesis[1].However,its natural sources are extremely limited,as it is derived exclusively from the bark of endangered genus Taxus plants,which contain paclitaxel in very low concentrations(0.01%−0.05%)[2-3].Recent advances in synthetic biology present promising opportunities to enhance paclitaxel levels in Taxus cell cultures or to enable the reconstitution of its production in heterologous hosts,such as yeast or tobacco(Nicotiana benthamiana).展开更多
The mouse genome has a high degree of homology with the human genome,and its physiological,biochemical,and developmental regulation mechanisms are similar to those of humans;therefore,mice are widely used as experimen...The mouse genome has a high degree of homology with the human genome,and its physiological,biochemical,and developmental regulation mechanisms are similar to those of humans;therefore,mice are widely used as experimental animals.However,it is undeniable that interspecies differences between humans and mice can lead to experimental errors.The differences in the immune system have become an impor-tant factor limiting current immunological research.The application of immunodefi-cient mice provides a possible solution to these problems.By transplanting human immune cells or tissues,such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells,into immunodeficient mice,a human immune system can be reconstituted in the mouse body,and the engrafted immune cells can elicit human-specific immune responses.Researchers have been actively exploring the development and differen-tiation conditions of host recipient animals and grafts in order to achieve better im-mune reconstitution.Through genetic engineering methods,immunodeficient mice can be further modified to provide a favorable developmental and differentiation microenvironment for the grafts.From initially only being able to reconstruct single T lymphocyte lineages,it is now possible to reconstruct lymphoid and myeloid cells,providing important research tools for immunology-related studies.In this review,we compare the differences in immune systems of humans and mice,describe the devel-opment history of human immune reconstitution from the perspectives of immuno-deficient mice and grafts,and discuss the latest advances in enhancing the efficiency of human immune cell reconstitution,aiming to provide important references for im-munological related researches.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52278334 and 4197724)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.2242024k30066).
文摘It has been well recognized that sand particles significantly affect the mechanical properties of reconstituted sandy clays,including the hosted clay and sand particles.However,interrelation between the permeability and compressibility of reconstituted sandy clays by considering the structural effects of sand particles is still rarely reported.For this,a series of consolidation-permeability coefficient tests were conducted on reconstituted sandy clays with different sand fractions(ψ_(ss)),initial void ratio of hosted clays(e_(c0))and void ratio at liquid limit of hosted clays(e_(cL)).The roles of ψ_(ss) in both the relationships of permeability coefficient of hosted clay(k_(v-hosted clay))versus effective vertical stress(σ'_(v))and void ratio of hosted clay(e_(c-hosted clay))versus σ'_(v) were analyzed.The results show that the permeability coefficient of reconstituted sandy clays(k_(v))is dominated by hosted clay(k_(v)=k_(v-hosted clay)).Both ψ_(ss) and σ'_(v) affect the k_(v) of sandy clays by changing the e_(c-hosted clay) at any given σ'_(v).Due to the partial contacts and densified clay bridges between the sand particles(i.e.structure effects),the e_(c-hosted clay) in sandy clays is higher than that in clays at the same σ'_(v)v.The k_(v)-e_(c-hosted clay) relationship of sandy clays is independent of σ'_(v) and ψ_(ss)but is a function of e_(cL).The types of hosted clays affect the k_(v) of sandy clays by changing the e_(cL).Based on the relationship between permeability coefficient and void ratio for the reconstituted clays,an empirical method for determining the k_(v) is proposed and validated for sandy clays.The predicted values are almost consistent with the measured values with k_(v-predicted)=k_(v-measured)=0.6-2.5.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12205300(H.S.),12405377(M.H.L))the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2024M763694(M.H.L))+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2024JJ4027(H.S.))the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZB20240859(M.H.L)financial support from the Hunan Normal University Program(grant05311204666)financial support from the 2024 Large Instrument Testing Open Fund of Hunan Normal University(24CSY033,24CSY086)。
文摘The electrochemical conversion of nitrate,a widespread water pollutant,into valuable ammonia represents a green and decentralized approach to ammonia synthesis.However,the sluggish multielectronproton coupling path and the low reactive species(nitrate and proton)concentration at the catalyst interface inhibit the efficiency of ammonia production from nitrate reduction reaction(NitRR).Herein,we introduce a novel iron-based tandem catalyst encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide(denoted as Fe-rGO),with a superior ammonia production rate of 47.815 mg h^(-1)mg_(ca)^(t-1)and a high Faraday efficiency(FE)of 96.51%at an applied potential of-0.5 V.It also delivers a robust stability with FE above90%under a current density of 250 mA cm^(-2)for 50 h.In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the FeO_(x)is dynamically translated to Fe~0 site concurrently with the enhancement of the NH_(3)production rate,suggesting the Fe^(0) site as hydrogenation active center.The asymmetric distribution of surface charges of rGO not only enriches nitrate ions at the catalytic interface and promotes the hydrogenation process in NitRR,but also protects the iron species and ensures their stability during electrolysis.The Zn-NO_(3)^(-)battery demonstrates an impressive FE of 88.6%,highlighting its exceptional potential for practical applications.
文摘The thermal behaviors and burning characteristics of reconstituted tobacco （RT） are strongly related with evolved gaseous products. The effect of ammonium polyphosphate （APP） as an additive of RT on the pyrolysis behavior and CO evolution was studied, emphasizing the role of heating velocity in reducing CO delivery of the mainstream smoke by APP. Thermogravimetric analysis （TGA） was employed to investigate the influence of APP on RT thermal behavior. Slow and flash pyrolysis of RT were compared to discuss the role of heating rate in decreasing CO by APP. TGA results demonstrated that, in dependence on APP concentration, APP influenced exothermal amount and weight loss rate during RT thermal decomposition, promoted the formation of char and retarded the thermal decomposition of RT. In addition, APP had a considerable influence on the evolution of gaseous products during thermal decomposition of RT. Both CO delivery per cigarette and that per puff in the smoking process were significantly reduced in dependence on APP content in RT. Comparative analysis of CO evolution patterns in the flash and slow pyrolysis elucidated that heating rate played a key role in decreasing CO evolution by APP. The results suggest that APP is a potential burning additive for controlling CO delivery in mainstream smoke of RT.
基金Projects 50534040 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China2006BAB16B01 by the Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaCX08B_103Z by the Post Graduate Research Projects of Jiangsu Province
文摘Based on analytical methods of strength studies for deep soils,direct shear tests were carried out to investigate the shear strength of deep reconstituted soils at different initial dry densities and amounts of water.The results indicate that the shear strength of deep reconstituted soils for identical amounts of water below the plastic limit is enhanced with increasing dry density and but reduced sharply at the critical density,the point at which coarse particles break down.Moreover,the shear strength for identical dry density decreases with additional amounts of water and the rate of degradation is the greatest at the critical density.This is because the friction resistance between coarse particles reduces with increasing amounts of water higher than the plastic limit.In order to obtain reliable strength of deep reconstituted soils,suitable dry densities and amounts of water are necessary.
文摘Differentiating pasteurized milk and reconsti-tuted milk by scientific approach was necessary to defend consumer from economic fraud of wrong labeling. In this paper 2DGE (2 Dimen-sional Gel Electrophoresis)-coomassie brilliant blue staining method was employed and sig-nificant color intensity changing was observed among raw milk, pasteurized milk, UHT milk and reconstituted milk. For example, the intensity of 10 protein spots including casein and lac-toglobulin reduced more than two folds from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. However, DIGE (Differential Gel Electrophoresis) assay showed that the majority protein remained simi-lar level from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. Therefore the color fading of coomassie brilliant blue stained 2D gels may be due to other biochemical reaction, such as Maillard reaction, instead of protein degradation. Stability of 2DGE pattern was confirmed by running six gels of the same sample in parallel and software analysis showed that all proteins were at similar level. Two commercialized pasteurized milk samples and one reconstituted milk sample were tested by 2DGE-coomassie blue staining method and re-constituted milk could be easily identified.
基金Supported by the Fund of Chinese Tobacco Enterprises(MK-JS-2012-129)~~
文摘In order to explore the most suitable mode for the primary processing model of reconstituted tobacco, another two kinds of conditioning process schemes for reconstituted tobacco were designed based on the existing reconstituted tobacco processing method. Comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted for moisture content uniformity, intrinsic chemical compositions, casing uniformity, blending uniformity and sensory quality of the samples from the three kind of processing modes. The results showed that loosing and conditioning or the vacuum conditioning pretreatment of the reconstituted tobacco could effectively reduce the difference in moisture content during the blending, and improve the casing uniformity and blending uniformity. Moreover, the samples with the loosing and conditioning pretreatment had higher total sugar and reducing sugar contents, which indicated that the loosing and conditioning pretreatment method was more favorable for the improvement of the intrinsic quality of cigarettes. In addition, the three kinds of aromatic components contents of cigarettes using the loosing and conditioning pretreatment were higher,and the casing uniformity, blending uniformity and overall sensory quality of this pretreatment were all superior to that of the other two kinds of reconstituted tobacco pretreatment methods. The contents of total sugar, reducing sugar as well as the three kinds of aromatic components of cigarettes processed with vacuum conditioning pretreatment were all slightly lower than those of the existing methods, but the casing uniformity and blending uniformity were improved, while it showed small difference in the sensory quality with the existing processing method.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Planning Project of China Tobacco Schweitzer(Yunnan)Reconstituted Tobacco Co.,Ltd.(KY-17-ZL-01)China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.(2016YL02)
文摘This study aimed to optimize the rapid test factors of dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco, in order to afford a reference test method for companies which produce reconstituted tobacco to better control the basis weight and coating ratio on line. The dry basis weight of reconstituted tobacco was tested by fast method and normal oven method individually. And the effects on the test values of different test factors such as temperature, time and the number of baking sheets were studied. Then the test values of these two methods were compared, so the proper factors of rapid test method were determined. As the baking temperature rose from 130 ℃ to 150 ℃, and the baking time rose from 1 min to 2 min, the difference between fast test method and normal oven method grew, and when the number of baking pieces rose from 3 pieces to 5 pieces, the difference between the two methods went down. The optimum test condition was baking temperature of 130 ℃, baking time of 1 min, and baking sample sheet number of 5. Under this condition, the value of fast test method was the closest to the test value of normal oven method, and meanwhile, the test factor was more proper for testing on line. The study will provide a reference for online controlling of dry basis weight and coating ratio of reconstituted tobacco.
文摘The purpose of pretreating raw materials of reconstituted tobacco is to improve the quality of raw materials as well as product quality and production efficiency.In recent years,the research achievements and equipment status of the pretreatment technology of reconstituted tobacco raw materials in China were systematically reviewed,and the research and equipment development prospects of the pretreatment technology of reconstituted tobacco raw materials were prospected.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41502263,41372309 and 41330641)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2015CB057803)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20150819)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China in support of this study is also gratefully acknowledged
文摘The observations on compressibility of reconstituted clays show that the compression line with a higher initial water content lies above the compression line with a lower initial water content for a given clay. Hence there exists additional void ratio due to initial water contents among virgin compression lines（VCLs） of reconstituted clays. In this paper, the difference in void ratio caused by different initial water contents is investigated based on the empirical equation proposed by Liu and Carter（2000） for describing the differential void ratio at the same stress between natural and reconstituted clays. The mechanism of compressibility of reconstituted clays, when the stress level is larger than the remolded yield stress, is also discussed.
文摘Evaluating the impacts of soil structure on mechanical behavior for natural sedimentary clays is an important issue in geotechnical engineering. Burland introduced void index for normalizing the compression curves of various remolded and reconstituted clays to obtain the intrinsic compression line, which provides a reference framework to assess the in-situ compression behavior. However, it does not quantitatively account for the effects of initial water content on compressive behavior of remolded and reconstituted clays and the initial water contents of clays are not always limited to 1.0 - 1.5 times the liquid limits defined by Burland. A modification based on collected tests data was presented on the expressions of ?and ?defined by Burland. Extensive oedometer test data were also collected on various remolded and reconstituted soils with distinct liquid limits and initial water contents to verify the validity of modified expressions. A normalized compression line deduced by intrinsic compression line is proposed in the e-log p plot, which can be used to evaluate the effects of soil structure quantitatively on the intact compressive behavior for natural sedimentary clays.
文摘Aim: This study was aimed to review and establish the practice of exchange transfusion (ET) with whole blood reconstituted (WBR) in hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN). Objectives: To observe fall in indirect serum bilirubin, correction of anemia and comparison with related studies. Background: Hemolytic disease of the Newborn is characterized by presence of IgG antibodies in maternal circulation, which causes hemolysis in the fetus by crossing the placenta and sensitizing red cells for destruction by macrophages in the fetal spleen with consequent hyperbilirubinemia. Exchange transfusion with or without phototherapy is the method of choice for treating the newborn with on going hemolysis Methods/Materials: Sample size consisted of 110 neonates in whom 119 exchange transfusions were carried out with WBR. WBR was prepared by suspending O Rhesus-D (RhD) positive/negative cells (compatible with neonate’s/ mother’s serum) in AB plasma. Double volume exchange transfusion(s) were carried out through umbilical vein by push-pull technique. Results: Out of 110 cases, 61 (55.5%) were of RhD HDN whereas ABO and other group HDN cases were 30 (27.3%) and 19 (17.3%) respectively. An average post-ET fall in indirect serum bilirubin by 54.6% and correction of anemia by3.7 gm/dl were reported in the study. Conclusion: An average post-ET fall in indirect serum bilirubin and correction of anemia was found to be more significant when compared to other studies. Hence we recommend exchange transfusion in HDN with WBR to obtain reasonable fall in indirect serum bilirubin and high average rate of correction of anemia.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81373351, 81573382, and 81722043)grant from Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (15540723700)"Shu Guang" project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation (15SG14)
文摘High-density lipoproteins(HDL) are naturally-occurring nanoparticles that are biocompatible,non-immunogenic and completely biodegradable. These endogenous particles can circulate for an extended period of time and transport lipids, proteins and micro RNA from donor cells to recipient cells.Based on their intrinsic targeting properties, HDL are regarded as promising drug delivery systems. In order to produce on a large scale and to avoid blood borne pollution, reconstituted high-density lipoproteins(rHDL) possessing the biological properties of HDL have been developed. This review summarizes the biological properties and biomedical applications of rHDL as drug delivery platforms. It focuses on the emerging approaches that have been developed for the generation of biomimetic nanoparticles rHDL to overcome the biological barriers to drug delivery, aiming to provide an alternative,promising avenue for efficient targeting transport of nanomedicine.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 81373351, 81573382, 81722043, and 81503174）, the National Science and Technology Major Project （No. 2018ZX09734005-007）, the National Youth Talent Support Program, grant from Shanghai Science and Technology Committee （No. 15540723700）, and ＂Shu Guang＂ project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation （No. 15SG14）.
文摘Accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid （Aβ） is crucial for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, and the development of novel therapeutic agents that can both accelerate Aβ clearance and inhibit the subsequent pathological cascades is regarded as a promising strategy for AD management. In our previous study, we have constructed discoidal apolipoprotein E3-reconstituted high-density lipoprotein （ApoE3-rHDL） as an efficient nanoplatform that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and accelerate Aβ clearance for a combination treatment of AD. To further improve its drug loading capacity, we hypothesized that spherical rHDL might serve as a more powerful nanocarrier if it has the same brain delivery and Aβ clearance abilities as the discoidal rHDL does. To evaluate the potential of spherical rHDL as a promising alternative for the combination therapy for AD, here, we investigated the effect of the shape of rHDL on its brain delivery, Aβ clearance, and anti-AD efficacy. We found that spherical rHDL had stronger Aβ-binding affinity than discoidal rHDL did, more effectively facilitated microglial uptake and degradation of Aβ-42, achieved better brain distribution after intravenous administration, and more powerfully reduced Aβ deposition, decreased microglia activation, attenuated neurological damage, and rescued memory deficits in a mouse model of AD. Among the rHDLs evaluated, monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside-incorporated spherical rHDL exerted the best effect. The findings of this study for the first time show a shape effect of an rHDL nanocarrier on its biological functions and suggest that a spherical lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier may serve as a more efficient multifunctional nanoplatforrn for AD therapy.
基金Dr.Senthil Rethinam acknowledges the funding support granted by the 2232-International Fellowship for Outstanding Researcher Program of TUBITAK(Project No:118C350).
文摘Incomprehension concerning heavy metal containing finished solid leather wastes leads to environmental pollution.Conversion of these solid leather waste into energy and resource efficient products proves to be challenging.However,leather microfibres(LMF)were isolated from these heavy metal containing finished solid leather wastes.These heavy metal contain LMF further processed into metal reduction LMF.The metal reduction LMF were investigated for their heavy metal removal efficiency and toxicity analysis.The Cr(III)and Cr(VI)content of LMF was<1000μg/mL and<800μg/mL,respectively.Toxicity estimation was proved that the LMF had less than 1%.The study attempt to prepare reconstituted fibric materials(RFM)from metal reduction LMF and cellulose nanofibres(CNF).RFM were characterized for their physicochemical and mechanical properties.Hence,the study has proved a novel concept of RFM production which is recyclable,environmental friendly and cost effective.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39730130) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘The Fo membrane domain of FoF1-ATPase complex had been purifiedfrom porcine heart mitochondria. SDS-PAGE with silver staining indicated that the purity of Fo was about 85% and the sample contained no subunits of F1-ATPase. The purified Fo was reconstituted into liposomes with different phospholipid composition, and the effect of CL (cardiolipin), PA (phosphatidic acid), PI (phosphatidylinositol) and PS (phosphatidylserine) on the H+ translocation activity of Fo was investigated. The results demonstrated that CL, PA and PI could promote the proton translocation of Fo with the order of CL＞PA＞＞PI, while PS inhibited it. Meanwhile ADM (adriamycin) severely impaired the proton translocation activity of Fo vesicles containing CL, which suggested that CL's stimulation of the activity of reconstituted Fo might correlate with its non-bilayer propensity. After Fo was incorporated into the liposomes containing PE (phosphatidylethanolamine), DOPE (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine) as well as DEPE (dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine), it was found that the proton translocation activity of Fo vesicles increased with the increasing content of PE or DOPE, which has high propensity of forming non-bilayer structure, but was independent of DEPE. The dynamic quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan by HB (hypocrellin B) as well as fluorescent spectrum of acrylodan labeling Fo at cysteine indicated that CL could induce Fo to a suitable conformation resulting in higher proton translocation activity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82300857.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)experience severe immune dysfunction.Liver transplantation(LT)significantly improves survival outcomes.However,the characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets(PBLSs)in this patient population are not well defined,and the dynamics of immune reconstitution post-LT are insufficiently understood.AIM To characterize PBLSs in patients with ACLF prior to LT and to evaluate PBLS reconstitution after LT.METHODS Clinical data from patients undergoing LT in the Transplantation Center,The Third Xiangya Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were analyzed retrospectively.Our cohort comprised 44 patients with ACLF,16 patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis,and 23 patients with compensated cirrhosis.Twenty healthy volunteers were included as controls.PBLSs were evaluated across all groups.The relationship between PBLSs and post-LT prognosis was assessed,and dynamic changes in PBLSs among patients with ACLF were analyzed at different time points.RESULTS Patients with ACLF exhibited a marked reduction in PBLSs compared with healthy volunteers.Natural killer(NK)cell counts were further reduced in patients with ACLF when compared with patients with compensated cirrhosis.PBLSs did not correlate with the etiology or severity of ACLF or with established liver failure scores.Following LT,a rapid restoration of NK cells and B cells was observed in patients with ACLF.However,the cluster of differentiation(CD)3+T cell and CD4+T cell counts decreased 14 days post-LT and subsequently returned to preoperative levels by day 21.CONCLUSION Patients with ACLF exhibited markedly reduced PBLSs,with decreased NK cells potentially linked to progression from compensated cirrhosis to liver failure.NK and B cell were rapidly restored after LT.
文摘Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a significant yet infrequent complication inpediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, occurring in approximately4% of cases. Its presentation typically coincides with immune reconstitution,between 6 weeks to 6 months post-transplant, emphasizing the need fortimely detection. Symptoms often develop insidiously, underscoring the role offundus examinations during episodes of CMV viremia. However, the low incidencechallenges the necessity of routine screenings, as they may strain clinicalresources without clear benefits to patient outcomes. Management includes systemicand intravitreal antivirals, such as ganciclovir and foscarnet, and adoptiveT-cell therapy for refractory cases. Tailored follow-up strategies are crucial, withconsiderations for lesion activity and CMV viremia status to determine theduration of therapy. Baseline and post-transplant screenings remain a topic ofdebate, with evolving guidelines needed to balance patient safety and clinicalfeasibility. Future research is needed to address optimal screening intervals andinvestigate the role of pre-existing CMV serostatus in transplant eligibility andoutcomes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39770396).
文摘Early folliculogenesis involved in the interaction of germ cells and somatic cells is a complicated physiological event. Female germ cells are committed to differentiate into oocytes and finish complete development in the functional units of follicles. Thus there will be great significance in basal research and practices to evaluate the possibility of ovarian cells to reconstitute into follicles in vitro. In the present research, 12-16 dpc (days post coitum) mouse fetal ovarian cells were respectively isolated using collagenase digestion and cultured in droplets in vitro. The results revealed that the fetal ovarian cells of 12-16 dpc appeared to form multiple cell aggregates and tissue-like pieces in vitro. However, 12-13 dpc ovarian cells failed to form the follicles. 14-15 dpc ovarian cells were competent to form a few follicle-like complexes. Furthermore many small typical follicles were reconstituted from 16 dpc ovarian cells in vitro. The results showed for the first time that mouse embryonic
文摘Paclitaxel,a tetracyclic diterpenoid,has garnered attention for its potent anti-cancer properties and intricate molecular structure,making it a significant target for chemical synthesis and biosynthesis[1].However,its natural sources are extremely limited,as it is derived exclusively from the bark of endangered genus Taxus plants,which contain paclitaxel in very low concentrations(0.01%−0.05%)[2-3].Recent advances in synthetic biology present promising opportunities to enhance paclitaxel levels in Taxus cell cultures or to enable the reconstitution of its production in heterologous hosts,such as yeast or tobacco(Nicotiana benthamiana).
基金Scientific and Technological Resources Coordination Project of Shaanxi Province,Grant/Award Number:2020PT-002,2022PT-43 and CX-PT-18Special Fund for Military Laboratory Animals,Grant/Award Number:SYDW_KY(2021)13State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers,Grant/Award Number:CBSKL2022ZZ28。
文摘The mouse genome has a high degree of homology with the human genome,and its physiological,biochemical,and developmental regulation mechanisms are similar to those of humans;therefore,mice are widely used as experimental animals.However,it is undeniable that interspecies differences between humans and mice can lead to experimental errors.The differences in the immune system have become an impor-tant factor limiting current immunological research.The application of immunodefi-cient mice provides a possible solution to these problems.By transplanting human immune cells or tissues,such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells,into immunodeficient mice,a human immune system can be reconstituted in the mouse body,and the engrafted immune cells can elicit human-specific immune responses.Researchers have been actively exploring the development and differen-tiation conditions of host recipient animals and grafts in order to achieve better im-mune reconstitution.Through genetic engineering methods,immunodeficient mice can be further modified to provide a favorable developmental and differentiation microenvironment for the grafts.From initially only being able to reconstruct single T lymphocyte lineages,it is now possible to reconstruct lymphoid and myeloid cells,providing important research tools for immunology-related studies.In this review,we compare the differences in immune systems of humans and mice,describe the devel-opment history of human immune reconstitution from the perspectives of immuno-deficient mice and grafts,and discuss the latest advances in enhancing the efficiency of human immune cell reconstitution,aiming to provide important references for im-munological related researches.
