Hainan Island is the biggest supplier of domestic rattan canes in China and is considered the best area to develop rattan plantation in large-scale. This paper discusses the rattan production in Hainan Island on the b...Hainan Island is the biggest supplier of domestic rattan canes in China and is considered the best area to develop rattan plantation in large-scale. This paper discusses the rattan production in Hainan Island on the basis of comprehensively collected information on rattan through interviewing with farmers, middle man, manufacture and official, on-site observation and literatures. The stock of available rattan is more than 25×106kg, but the real production annually is 4×105 kg. The area of rattan plantation established during 2000-2005 was about 10000 hm2, however, they don not produce yet. Four indigenous rattan species （C. Simplicifolius, C. Faberii, C. Tetradactylus, D. margaritae ） and three kinds of exotic canes are mainly utilized in Hainan island. Large quality of canes is treated as timber regulated by government, tax should be paid and a license should be applied from the government if canes are transport out of Hainan Island. The production-to-consumption flow of rattan in Hainan Island was drawn out based on the investigation. Constraints and advantages of the rattan sector in Hainan are identified and recommendations are proposed finally.展开更多
The importance of water on rattan is described in the paper. Up to date, some researches have witnessed that rain determines the distribution and the number of species of rattan in wild, and is helpful to dispersal of...The importance of water on rattan is described in the paper. Up to date, some researches have witnessed that rain determines the distribution and the number of species of rattan in wild, and is helpful to dispersal of rattan seeds with slope. Rattan plays a role in intercepting the splash effect of rain and improves the water holding capacity of soil. The viability of rattan seed decreases quickly with the decrease of water content of seeds, hence to reduce the germination rate of seeds. With enough water, rattan grows more quickly in terms of leaf, leaf area, and stem. Water stress improves the ratio of root to shoot of rattan, and humidity plays a role in the distribution and growth of rattan.展开更多
[Objectives]To analyze the changes of export binary margins of Chinese bamboo rattan products,so as to clarify its export model,and further promote the healthy development growth of Chinese bamboo rattan products expo...[Objectives]To analyze the changes of export binary margins of Chinese bamboo rattan products,so as to clarify its export model,and further promote the healthy development growth of Chinese bamboo rattan products export.[Methods]Based on the export trade data of bamboo and rattan products from 2008 to 2018 in UN Comtrade database,the binary marginal decomposition method was employed to analyze the export growth pattern of bamboo and rattan products between China and 22 major trading partners.[Results]This paper shows that the export growth pattern of bamboo and rattan products between China and the target countries during the investigation period was dominated by extensive margin,supplemented by intensive margin,indicating that the export growth of Bamboo and rattan products is mainly driven by the increase of export types of bamboo and rattan products,and the potential of export intensive margin needs to be further explored.[Conclusions]It is necessary to continuously increase export type of bamboo rattan products,build an information platform for bamboo rattan trade,and strengthen the ability of dealing with trade barriers,and strengthening technology innovation of bamboo and rattan industry,so as to improve added value of bamboo and rattan products,and form an intensive model of export growth of bamboo rattan products.展开更多
The use of steel reinforced concrete facade is gradually becoming unpopular because of the damage caused to the elements as a result of corrosion of the steel reinforcement. It is now possible to build lightweight and...The use of steel reinforced concrete facade is gradually becoming unpopular because of the damage caused to the elements as a result of corrosion of the steel reinforcement. It is now possible to build lightweight and slender concrete structures which are invulnerable to corrosion with the use of fiber reinforcements, which are gradually replacing the corrosion prone steel. This paper describes the construction of faqade panels made of rattan cane reinforcements and steel reinforcements, ten number model sized elements of area 0.15 m2 and a depth of 40 mm were considered, with five panels for each reinforcement type. The elements were subjected to incremental load of 1 kN until failure occurred. Deflections were measured for each element, and crack width was measured at failure load. The results for both types of reinforcements when compared showed the rattan cane reinforced panels failing earlier than the steel reinforced panels. However a lower defection and crack width was recorded in the rattan cane reinforced panel. This paper concludes that the lower crack width formed after failure in the rattan cane reinforced panel gave it advantage over the steel reinforced panel, since it has lower space for the ingress of water which is the main agents of corrosion.展开更多
This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete elements reinforced with bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), rattan (Calamuc deerratus) and the twisted steel rebars. The ...This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete elements reinforced with bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), rattan (Calamuc deerratus) and the twisted steel rebars. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation of 50 specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal testing machine. Three beams of concrete strength 20 N/mm2 at age 28 days were separately reinforced with bamboo, rattan and steel bars of same percentage, while the stirrups were essentially mild steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to BS 1881 to evaluate the flexural behaviour. The YS of bamboo and rattan bars were 13% and 45% of that of steel respectively, while their UTS were 16% and 62% of that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 7.42%, 10% and 14.7% respectively. The natural rebars were less than the 12% minimum requirement of BS 4449. The load-deflection plots of bamboo and steel RC beams were quadratic, while rattan RC beams had curvilinear trend. The stiffness of bamboo RC beams (BB) and rattan RC beams (RB) were 32% and 13.5% of the stiffness of steel RC beams (SB). The post-first crack residual flexural strength was 41% for BB and SB, while RB was 25%. Moreover, the moment capacities of BB and RB corresponded to 51% and 21% respectively of the capacity of steel RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebars and that of steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebars for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.展开更多
We investigated the resistance of acetylated rattan against soft rot and other soil inhabiting micro-organisms in comparison with wood of beech and Scots pine. Calamus manan of 10 and 13 years old under rubber tree ca...We investigated the resistance of acetylated rattan against soft rot and other soil inhabiting micro-organisms in comparison with wood of beech and Scots pine. Calamus manan of 10 and 13 years old under rubber tree canopy was acetylated to different levels by reaction times （0.25 to 30 hours） and was tested for soft rot decay for 32 weeks. Acetylated rattan at decay protection thresholds of 15.4% and 16.2% weight gain （WG） were fully protected, as shown by both weight loss and strength loss criteria. The static bending properties of untreated rattan decayed by soft rot were significantly lower than for acetylated rattan.展开更多
The global output of bamboo and rattan industry has reached 60 billion USD that involved over 50 producer countries,and China now accounts for 66%of the global market share.However,the existing challenges of different...The global output of bamboo and rattan industry has reached 60 billion USD that involved over 50 producer countries,and China now accounts for 66%of the global market share.However,the existing challenges of different trade barriers and shortage of quality standards faced by the industry hampered the further development.Therefore,the establishment of ISO/TC 296 is of great significance for the upgrading of the industrial structure as展开更多
Rattan-related products from China are popular and well known in international market, but China is facing shortage of rattan cane supply, and extinction of some rattan species. The big gap between demand and supply o...Rattan-related products from China are popular and well known in international market, but China is facing shortage of rattan cane supply, and extinction of some rattan species. The big gap between demand and supply of rattan canes in China market is urgent to be bridged. This paper makes a brief introduction on rattan in the world and analyzes the rattan trade in China. The loss of habitats, overexploitation and inadequate replenishment of rattan result in a depleting resource and there are many challe...展开更多
Researches on novel natural fibers in polymer-based composites will help promote the invention of novel reinforcement and expand their possible applications.Herein,in this study,novel cellulosic fibers were extracted ...Researches on novel natural fibers in polymer-based composites will help promote the invention of novel reinforcement and expand their possible applications.Herein,in this study,novel cellulosic fibers were extracted from the stem of manau rattan(Calamus manan)by mechanical separation.The chemical,thermal,mechanical and morphological properties of manau rattan fibers were comprehensively analyzed and studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),single fiber tensile test and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Component analysis re-sults showed that the cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin contents of C.manan fibers were 42wt%,20wt%,and 27wt%,respectively.The surface of the rattan fiber was hydrophilic according to the oxygen/carbon ratio of 0.49.The C.manan has a crystalline index of 48.28%,inducing a max-imum degradation temperature of 332.8°C.This reveals that it can be used as a reinforcement for thermoplastic composites whose operating temperature is below 300°C.The average ten-sile strength can reach(273.28±52.88)MPa,which is beneficial to improve the mechanical properties of rattan fiber reinforced composites.The SEM images displayed the rough surface of the fiber,which helped to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrices in composites.These results indicate the great potential of C.manan fibers as the reinforcement in polymer-based composites.展开更多
Field studies were conducted in the Jiuwantan Forest Farm,Huadu District of Guangzhou City from June 2004 to March 2006 to evaluate the effects of planting spacings(0.5 m × 0.5 m,0.5 m × 1.0 m and 1.0 m ...Field studies were conducted in the Jiuwantan Forest Farm,Huadu District of Guangzhou City from June 2004 to March 2006 to evaluate the effects of planting spacings(0.5 m × 0.5 m,0.5 m × 1.0 m and 1.0 m × 1.0 m) and different fertilizers(bio-fermented manure,NPK compound fertilizer and NPK mixed fertilizer) on the growth of Daemonorops margaritae grown under irrigation and full-light conditions for edible shoots production.The effects of application of different fertilizers on the mean height,length of stems and number of leaves of 30-month old seedlings were not statistically significant,but the planting spacings were(P < 0.05).The two trial plantations became harvestable 18 months after planting when about one-third of seedlings produced new shoots.Results obtained from a sample harvest 20 months after planting showed that the average number of new shoots(suckers) per plant was 1.8,the average lengths of stems and edible shoots(palm hearts) were 45.3 cm and 18.8 cm,respectively.The average fresh weights of defoliated stems and edible shoots were 182.2 g and 14.9 g,respectively.These results suggest that the productivity in the first harvest is rather low.展开更多
Rattans are climbing spiny plants that are regarded as an important kind of commercial non-timber forest products. Rattan resources are dwindling rapidly due to over-exploitation in the wild and the loss of tropical f...Rattans are climbing spiny plants that are regarded as an important kind of commercial non-timber forest products. Rattan resources are dwindling rapidly due to over-exploitation in the wild and the loss of tropical forest cover. These threaten the sustainable utilization of rattan resources and long-term survival of the rattan industry. The development of rattan plantation and the improvement of management technique are hence important. The major issues on plantation management are reviewed in this pap...展开更多
Bamboo and Rattan(B&R) resources play a very important role for ecological and economical development as the two most important non-timber forest resources,due to deterioration of global ecological environment and...Bamboo and Rattan(B&R) resources play a very important role for ecological and economical development as the two most important non-timber forest resources,due to deterioration of global ecological environment and supply pressure of timber resource.B&R industry has always been regarded as one of the green industries with great development potential as B&R can be used as wood substitute. Many countries and regions have their distinct advantages and successful experiences in developing bamboo and rattan in...展开更多
基金This study is supported jointly by the 15th National Science and Technology Supporting Project Study and Demonstration of Key Technology to Utilize and Cultivate Rattan Resource Effectively (No.2006BAD19B09)the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong, Selection and Propagation of High-yielding Rattan Family (No. 2006B20201026).
文摘Hainan Island is the biggest supplier of domestic rattan canes in China and is considered the best area to develop rattan plantation in large-scale. This paper discusses the rattan production in Hainan Island on the basis of comprehensively collected information on rattan through interviewing with farmers, middle man, manufacture and official, on-site observation and literatures. The stock of available rattan is more than 25×106kg, but the real production annually is 4×105 kg. The area of rattan plantation established during 2000-2005 was about 10000 hm2, however, they don not produce yet. Four indigenous rattan species （C. Simplicifolius, C. Faberii, C. Tetradactylus, D. margaritae ） and three kinds of exotic canes are mainly utilized in Hainan island. Large quality of canes is treated as timber regulated by government, tax should be paid and a license should be applied from the government if canes are transport out of Hainan Island. The production-to-consumption flow of rattan in Hainan Island was drawn out based on the investigation. Constraints and advantages of the rattan sector in Hainan are identified and recommendations are proposed finally.
文摘The importance of water on rattan is described in the paper. Up to date, some researches have witnessed that rain determines the distribution and the number of species of rattan in wild, and is helpful to dispersal of rattan seeds with slope. Rattan plays a role in intercepting the splash effect of rain and improves the water holding capacity of soil. The viability of rattan seed decreases quickly with the decrease of water content of seeds, hence to reduce the germination rate of seeds. With enough water, rattan grows more quickly in terms of leaf, leaf area, and stem. Water stress improves the ratio of root to shoot of rattan, and humidity plays a role in the distribution and growth of rattan.
基金National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202010341031)Science and Technology Innovation Project for College Students of Zhejiang New Seedling Talent Program(2020R412020).
文摘[Objectives]To analyze the changes of export binary margins of Chinese bamboo rattan products,so as to clarify its export model,and further promote the healthy development growth of Chinese bamboo rattan products export.[Methods]Based on the export trade data of bamboo and rattan products from 2008 to 2018 in UN Comtrade database,the binary marginal decomposition method was employed to analyze the export growth pattern of bamboo and rattan products between China and 22 major trading partners.[Results]This paper shows that the export growth pattern of bamboo and rattan products between China and the target countries during the investigation period was dominated by extensive margin,supplemented by intensive margin,indicating that the export growth of Bamboo and rattan products is mainly driven by the increase of export types of bamboo and rattan products,and the potential of export intensive margin needs to be further explored.[Conclusions]It is necessary to continuously increase export type of bamboo rattan products,build an information platform for bamboo rattan trade,and strengthen the ability of dealing with trade barriers,and strengthening technology innovation of bamboo and rattan industry,so as to improve added value of bamboo and rattan products,and form an intensive model of export growth of bamboo rattan products.
文摘The use of steel reinforced concrete facade is gradually becoming unpopular because of the damage caused to the elements as a result of corrosion of the steel reinforcement. It is now possible to build lightweight and slender concrete structures which are invulnerable to corrosion with the use of fiber reinforcements, which are gradually replacing the corrosion prone steel. This paper describes the construction of faqade panels made of rattan cane reinforcements and steel reinforcements, ten number model sized elements of area 0.15 m2 and a depth of 40 mm were considered, with five panels for each reinforcement type. The elements were subjected to incremental load of 1 kN until failure occurred. Deflections were measured for each element, and crack width was measured at failure load. The results for both types of reinforcements when compared showed the rattan cane reinforced panels failing earlier than the steel reinforced panels. However a lower defection and crack width was recorded in the rattan cane reinforced panel. This paper concludes that the lower crack width formed after failure in the rattan cane reinforced panel gave it advantage over the steel reinforced panel, since it has lower space for the ingress of water which is the main agents of corrosion.
文摘This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete elements reinforced with bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), rattan (Calamuc deerratus) and the twisted steel rebars. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation of 50 specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal testing machine. Three beams of concrete strength 20 N/mm2 at age 28 days were separately reinforced with bamboo, rattan and steel bars of same percentage, while the stirrups were essentially mild steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to BS 1881 to evaluate the flexural behaviour. The YS of bamboo and rattan bars were 13% and 45% of that of steel respectively, while their UTS were 16% and 62% of that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 7.42%, 10% and 14.7% respectively. The natural rebars were less than the 12% minimum requirement of BS 4449. The load-deflection plots of bamboo and steel RC beams were quadratic, while rattan RC beams had curvilinear trend. The stiffness of bamboo RC beams (BB) and rattan RC beams (RB) were 32% and 13.5% of the stiffness of steel RC beams (SB). The post-first crack residual flexural strength was 41% for BB and SB, while RB was 25%. Moreover, the moment capacities of BB and RB corresponded to 51% and 21% respectively of the capacity of steel RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebars and that of steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebars for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.
文摘We investigated the resistance of acetylated rattan against soft rot and other soil inhabiting micro-organisms in comparison with wood of beech and Scots pine. Calamus manan of 10 and 13 years old under rubber tree canopy was acetylated to different levels by reaction times （0.25 to 30 hours） and was tested for soft rot decay for 32 weeks. Acetylated rattan at decay protection thresholds of 15.4% and 16.2% weight gain （WG） were fully protected, as shown by both weight loss and strength loss criteria. The static bending properties of untreated rattan decayed by soft rot were significantly lower than for acetylated rattan.
文摘The global output of bamboo and rattan industry has reached 60 billion USD that involved over 50 producer countries,and China now accounts for 66%of the global market share.However,the existing challenges of different trade barriers and shortage of quality standards faced by the industry hampered the further development.Therefore,the establishment of ISO/TC 296 is of great significance for the upgrading of the industrial structure as
文摘Rattan-related products from China are popular and well known in international market, but China is facing shortage of rattan cane supply, and extinction of some rattan species. The big gap between demand and supply of rattan canes in China market is urgent to be bridged. This paper makes a brief introduction on rattan in the world and analyzes the rattan trade in China. The loss of habitats, overexploitation and inadequate replenishment of rattan result in a depleting resource and there are many challe...
基金support by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51803093)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20180770).
文摘Researches on novel natural fibers in polymer-based composites will help promote the invention of novel reinforcement and expand their possible applications.Herein,in this study,novel cellulosic fibers were extracted from the stem of manau rattan(Calamus manan)by mechanical separation.The chemical,thermal,mechanical and morphological properties of manau rattan fibers were comprehensively analyzed and studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),single fiber tensile test and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Component analysis re-sults showed that the cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin contents of C.manan fibers were 42wt%,20wt%,and 27wt%,respectively.The surface of the rattan fiber was hydrophilic according to the oxygen/carbon ratio of 0.49.The C.manan has a crystalline index of 48.28%,inducing a max-imum degradation temperature of 332.8°C.This reveals that it can be used as a reinforcement for thermoplastic composites whose operating temperature is below 300°C.The average ten-sile strength can reach(273.28±52.88)MPa,which is beneficial to improve the mechanical properties of rattan fiber reinforced composites.The SEM images displayed the rough surface of the fiber,which helped to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrices in composites.These results indicate the great potential of C.manan fibers as the reinforcement in polymer-based composites.
基金funded project "Capacity building for the development of a sustainable rattan sector in China based on plantation sources (PD 100/01 Rev. 3(I))"
文摘Field studies were conducted in the Jiuwantan Forest Farm,Huadu District of Guangzhou City from June 2004 to March 2006 to evaluate the effects of planting spacings(0.5 m × 0.5 m,0.5 m × 1.0 m and 1.0 m × 1.0 m) and different fertilizers(bio-fermented manure,NPK compound fertilizer and NPK mixed fertilizer) on the growth of Daemonorops margaritae grown under irrigation and full-light conditions for edible shoots production.The effects of application of different fertilizers on the mean height,length of stems and number of leaves of 30-month old seedlings were not statistically significant,but the planting spacings were(P < 0.05).The two trial plantations became harvestable 18 months after planting when about one-third of seedlings produced new shoots.Results obtained from a sample harvest 20 months after planting showed that the average number of new shoots(suckers) per plant was 1.8,the average lengths of stems and edible shoots(palm hearts) were 45.3 cm and 18.8 cm,respectively.The average fresh weights of defoliated stems and edible shoots were 182.2 g and 14.9 g,respectively.These results suggest that the productivity in the first harvest is rather low.
文摘Rattans are climbing spiny plants that are regarded as an important kind of commercial non-timber forest products. Rattan resources are dwindling rapidly due to over-exploitation in the wild and the loss of tropical forest cover. These threaten the sustainable utilization of rattan resources and long-term survival of the rattan industry. The development of rattan plantation and the improvement of management technique are hence important. The major issues on plantation management are reviewed in this pap...
文摘Bamboo and Rattan(B&R) resources play a very important role for ecological and economical development as the two most important non-timber forest resources,due to deterioration of global ecological environment and supply pressure of timber resource.B&R industry has always been regarded as one of the green industries with great development potential as B&R can be used as wood substitute. Many countries and regions have their distinct advantages and successful experiences in developing bamboo and rattan in...
