Aim: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare and heterogeneous disease for which there is no generally accepted standard of care. Thus, it is critical that MG experts develop consensus guidelines based on their practice and ...Aim: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare and heterogeneous disease for which there is no generally accepted standard of care. Thus, it is critical that MG experts develop consensus guidelines based on their practice and disease management to assist clinicians and provide advice for insurance companies, health organizations and institutional review boards. Methods: An international treatment guidance was developed based on national guidelines established in the US, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Europe. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method (RAM) was applied to reach consensus among 15 worldly renowned experts and experienced clinicians. Results: This paper introduced the RAM procedure with its principles and applications and conducted a brief review of the resulting 2016 international consensus guidance for MG in comparison to clinical experience and management of Chinese MG patients. Conclusion: The 2016 international consensus guidance is a major contribution to the treatment and management of MG, providing an up-to-date expert consensus to assist clinicians around the world, especially those with limited experience and/or practice in countries/regions that have limited resources to develop local treatment guidelines. It is also an important contribution showing how RAM can help to develop consensus guidance for treatment of rare diseases based on scientific findings and expert experience.展开更多
The obligation to license standards essential patents on'Fair,Reasonable and Non-discriminatory'( F / RAND rule) terms are designed to eliminate the potential for 'holdup ' brought by patentees whose p...The obligation to license standards essential patents on'Fair,Reasonable and Non-discriminatory'( F / RAND rule) terms are designed to eliminate the potential for 'holdup ' brought by patentees whose patents are thereafter asserted at unreasonable rates,and to fully compensate these patentees on'fair,reasonable and non-discriminatory'terms. Due to the globalization of manufacturing and technology, differing national approaches towards standardization and the role of the market,and the ambiguity of the F / RAND concept itself,related litigations occur quite often in major jurisdictions for emerging new technologies,such as those incorporated into smart phones and cellular networks. As the first decision in which the license rates were determined all over the world,Huawei v.IDC has had a great impact both home and abroad. Starting with a briefing and analysis of the Huawei decision,while making reference to the relevant decisions in the United States,the European Union,Japan and other jurisdictions,this article studies such significant issues as the definition, values, determination of F / RAND license rates and interventions thereto by antitrust laws in China, and provides some suggestions for the improvement of the F / RAND rule both in China and in other markets.展开更多
文摘Aim: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare and heterogeneous disease for which there is no generally accepted standard of care. Thus, it is critical that MG experts develop consensus guidelines based on their practice and disease management to assist clinicians and provide advice for insurance companies, health organizations and institutional review boards. Methods: An international treatment guidance was developed based on national guidelines established in the US, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Europe. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method (RAM) was applied to reach consensus among 15 worldly renowned experts and experienced clinicians. Results: This paper introduced the RAM procedure with its principles and applications and conducted a brief review of the resulting 2016 international consensus guidance for MG in comparison to clinical experience and management of Chinese MG patients. Conclusion: The 2016 international consensus guidance is a major contribution to the treatment and management of MG, providing an up-to-date expert consensus to assist clinicians around the world, especially those with limited experience and/or practice in countries/regions that have limited resources to develop local treatment guidelines. It is also an important contribution showing how RAM can help to develop consensus guidance for treatment of rare diseases based on scientific findings and expert experience.
文摘The obligation to license standards essential patents on'Fair,Reasonable and Non-discriminatory'( F / RAND rule) terms are designed to eliminate the potential for 'holdup ' brought by patentees whose patents are thereafter asserted at unreasonable rates,and to fully compensate these patentees on'fair,reasonable and non-discriminatory'terms. Due to the globalization of manufacturing and technology, differing national approaches towards standardization and the role of the market,and the ambiguity of the F / RAND concept itself,related litigations occur quite often in major jurisdictions for emerging new technologies,such as those incorporated into smart phones and cellular networks. As the first decision in which the license rates were determined all over the world,Huawei v.IDC has had a great impact both home and abroad. Starting with a briefing and analysis of the Huawei decision,while making reference to the relevant decisions in the United States,the European Union,Japan and other jurisdictions,this article studies such significant issues as the definition, values, determination of F / RAND license rates and interventions thereto by antitrust laws in China, and provides some suggestions for the improvement of the F / RAND rule both in China and in other markets.
