Air blasts induced by rock-ice avalanches are common natural phenomena known for their far-field destructive impact.In this study,remote sensing images,eyewitness videos and numerical modelling were comprehensively ap...Air blasts induced by rock-ice avalanches are common natural phenomena known for their far-field destructive impact.In this study,remote sensing images,eyewitness videos and numerical modelling were comprehensively applied to analyze the initiation and propagation of the 2021 Chamoli avalancheinduced air blast.Our findings indicate that air blasts are observed from the avalanche source area to the Rishiganga valley,but nearly disappear in the Dhauliganga valley.The most intense air blast is concentrated on the left side of Ronti Gad valley,with maximum velocity and pressure estimated at over 70 m/s and 20 kPa,respectively.Such high pressure results in widespread tree breakage in the area.Based on the analysis of the Chamoli event,we further discussed the potential contribution of the avalanche flow regime,avalanche dynamics and geomorphology to the destructive potential of air blasts.Rapidly moved sliding mass can impart the air blast a high initial momentum,and this process will be exaggerated when the avalanche impacts valley walls at bends.However,when the rock-ice avalanche transforms into a debris-enriched flash flood,free water within the flowing mass can displace air,inhibiting the generation of air blasts.Our work offers new insights into the generation and propagation of rock-ice avalanche-induced air blasts,underscoring the importance of including this type of hazard during avalanche risk assessment in high-altitude glacial regions.展开更多
尾矿库溃坝所产生的尾砂流类似于地质灾害中的泥石流,具有发展迅速、破坏性强、影响范围广和预警时间不足等特点,研究溃坝尾砂流的演变规律及其影响范围对防灾减灾具有重要的意义。该研究利用RAMMS碎屑流软件建立了数值三维模型进行数...尾矿库溃坝所产生的尾砂流类似于地质灾害中的泥石流,具有发展迅速、破坏性强、影响范围广和预警时间不足等特点,研究溃坝尾砂流的演变规律及其影响范围对防灾减灾具有重要的意义。该研究利用RAMMS碎屑流软件建立了数值三维模型进行数值仿真溃坝模拟,通过物理模型(1∶150)试验研究了溃坝的尾砂流对下游的演变进程和影响范围,并将其试验数据与数值计算结果对比分析,验证了数值模拟在溃坝仿真上的可靠性和有效性。结果表明:以漫顶水流到达拦砂坝底开始计时,尾矿坝溃坝9 min尾砂流开始冲击距尾矿坝0.7 km处的下游村庄;随着溃坝的持续,溃坝泥砂淤积逐步加深,水位继续升高,并在18 min对下游造成全面淹没,影响范围达0.558 km ^(2),库内尾砂的溃泄总量可达1.3×10^(7) m ^(3)。建议在尾矿库的设计、管理和风险评估过程中,结合潜在的危险范围,合理的增加防灾减灾的措施。展开更多
梅里雪山雪崩多发,但缺乏系统监测和研究。1991年1月3日梅里雪山发生了造成中日联合登山队17名队员遇难的巨大雪崩事件。2019年安装在明永冰川末端附近的物候相机拍摄到临近梅里雪山明永冰川的一次雪崩事件。两次事件类型不同,这对我们...梅里雪山雪崩多发,但缺乏系统监测和研究。1991年1月3日梅里雪山发生了造成中日联合登山队17名队员遇难的巨大雪崩事件。2019年安装在明永冰川末端附近的物候相机拍摄到临近梅里雪山明永冰川的一次雪崩事件。两次事件类型不同,这对我们进行雪崩预测预警有良好的指示作用。本研究以RAMMS(Rapid Mass Movement System)模型为手段,利用经验值和经验公式确定影响模拟结果的主要模型参数和积雪可能断裂深度,在优化分析的基础上,对两次雪崩事件进行重建,定量分析雪崩堆积量、堆积范围等。结果显示:1991年雪崩共持续了192s,雪崩体从海拔5730m处断裂,沿坡面崩塌而下最终堆积在海拔约5000m的冰川粒雪盆地区,形成面积为0.6km^(2),体积约67×10^(4)m^(3)的堆积体。2019年雪崩共持续了158s,雪崩流最大高度35.91m,最大速度79.34m·s,堆积量76.2×10^(4)m^(3),雪崩堆积范围与野外观测到的一致。两次雪崩事件发生地位于雪崩极高危险区和高危险区,在一定程度上验证了风险评估的准确性。研究结果可为梅里雪山地区未来潜在雪崩灾害的风险评估提供依据,为雪崩预测预警提供良好的参考。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2244227,42277126 and 41977215).
文摘Air blasts induced by rock-ice avalanches are common natural phenomena known for their far-field destructive impact.In this study,remote sensing images,eyewitness videos and numerical modelling were comprehensively applied to analyze the initiation and propagation of the 2021 Chamoli avalancheinduced air blast.Our findings indicate that air blasts are observed from the avalanche source area to the Rishiganga valley,but nearly disappear in the Dhauliganga valley.The most intense air blast is concentrated on the left side of Ronti Gad valley,with maximum velocity and pressure estimated at over 70 m/s and 20 kPa,respectively.Such high pressure results in widespread tree breakage in the area.Based on the analysis of the Chamoli event,we further discussed the potential contribution of the avalanche flow regime,avalanche dynamics and geomorphology to the destructive potential of air blasts.Rapidly moved sliding mass can impart the air blast a high initial momentum,and this process will be exaggerated when the avalanche impacts valley walls at bends.However,when the rock-ice avalanche transforms into a debris-enriched flash flood,free water within the flowing mass can displace air,inhibiting the generation of air blasts.Our work offers new insights into the generation and propagation of rock-ice avalanche-induced air blasts,underscoring the importance of including this type of hazard during avalanche risk assessment in high-altitude glacial regions.
文摘尾矿库溃坝所产生的尾砂流类似于地质灾害中的泥石流,具有发展迅速、破坏性强、影响范围广和预警时间不足等特点,研究溃坝尾砂流的演变规律及其影响范围对防灾减灾具有重要的意义。该研究利用RAMMS碎屑流软件建立了数值三维模型进行数值仿真溃坝模拟,通过物理模型(1∶150)试验研究了溃坝的尾砂流对下游的演变进程和影响范围,并将其试验数据与数值计算结果对比分析,验证了数值模拟在溃坝仿真上的可靠性和有效性。结果表明:以漫顶水流到达拦砂坝底开始计时,尾矿坝溃坝9 min尾砂流开始冲击距尾矿坝0.7 km处的下游村庄;随着溃坝的持续,溃坝泥砂淤积逐步加深,水位继续升高,并在18 min对下游造成全面淹没,影响范围达0.558 km ^(2),库内尾砂的溃泄总量可达1.3×10^(7) m ^(3)。建议在尾矿库的设计、管理和风险评估过程中,结合潜在的危险范围,合理的增加防灾减灾的措施。
文摘梅里雪山雪崩多发,但缺乏系统监测和研究。1991年1月3日梅里雪山发生了造成中日联合登山队17名队员遇难的巨大雪崩事件。2019年安装在明永冰川末端附近的物候相机拍摄到临近梅里雪山明永冰川的一次雪崩事件。两次事件类型不同,这对我们进行雪崩预测预警有良好的指示作用。本研究以RAMMS(Rapid Mass Movement System)模型为手段,利用经验值和经验公式确定影响模拟结果的主要模型参数和积雪可能断裂深度,在优化分析的基础上,对两次雪崩事件进行重建,定量分析雪崩堆积量、堆积范围等。结果显示:1991年雪崩共持续了192s,雪崩体从海拔5730m处断裂,沿坡面崩塌而下最终堆积在海拔约5000m的冰川粒雪盆地区,形成面积为0.6km^(2),体积约67×10^(4)m^(3)的堆积体。2019年雪崩共持续了158s,雪崩流最大高度35.91m,最大速度79.34m·s,堆积量76.2×10^(4)m^(3),雪崩堆积范围与野外观测到的一致。两次雪崩事件发生地位于雪崩极高危险区和高危险区,在一定程度上验证了风险评估的准确性。研究结果可为梅里雪山地区未来潜在雪崩灾害的风险评估提供依据,为雪崩预测预警提供良好的参考。
