The current financial education framework has an increasing need to introduce tools that facilitate the application of theoretical models to real-world data and contexts.However,only a limited number of free tools are...The current financial education framework has an increasing need to introduce tools that facilitate the application of theoretical models to real-world data and contexts.However,only a limited number of free tools are available for this purpose.Given this lack of tools,the present study provides two approaches to facilitate the implementa-tion of an event study.The first approach consists of a set of MS Excel files based on the Fama–French five-factor model,which allows the application of the event study methodology in a semi-automatic manner.The second approach is an open-source R-programmed tool through which results can be obtained in the context of an event study without the need for programming knowledge.This tool widens the calculus possibilities provided by the first approach and offers the option to apply not only the Fama–French five-factor model but also other models that are common in the finan-cial literature.It is a user-friendly tool that enables reproducibility of the analysis and ensures that the calculations are free of manipulation errors.Both approaches are freely available and ready-to-use.展开更多
In the Acknowledgements section of this article,the grant number"2020YFE0205900"relating to"National Key R&D Program of China"was missing,it has been included and the corrected Acknowledgements...In the Acknowledgements section of this article,the grant number"2020YFE0205900"relating to"National Key R&D Program of China"was missing,it has been included and the corrected Acknowledgements section is given below.展开更多
Good laboratory practice（GLP） plays an important role in pre-clinical studies, which are a key stage in new drug research and development（R＆D）. The development of GLP in China started in the late 1990 s. Followin...Good laboratory practice（GLP） plays an important role in pre-clinical studies, which are a key stage in new drug research and development（R＆D）. The development of GLP in China started in the late 1990 s. Following 20 years of developments, GLP system has already been established in this country. This review firstly evaluated all the institutions in this field, and described the annual number and total number of institutions, the distribution of GLP institutions, the types of GLP institutions, and the service provided by these GLP institutions. Since the initiation of the National Key Technology R＆D Program during the 11 th Five-Year Plan, it had a significant effect on the development of GLP. Therefore, the institutions which have undertaken projects from this program will be introduced later. We also described the infrastructure of hardware and software in GLP institutions along with their faults, such as variation in development and the lack of innovation.展开更多
Mongolian territory is 1.5 million square kilometers, there are 1.439 kindergartens that include 263.333 children. Mongolia has 5 regional zones. The research was made on selected provinces such as Sukhbaatar district...Mongolian territory is 1.5 million square kilometers, there are 1.439 kindergartens that include 263.333 children. Mongolia has 5 regional zones. The research was made on selected provinces such as Sukhbaatar district from Ulaanbaatar region, Huvsgul aimag from Khangai region, Umnugobi from Central region, Dornod aimag from Eastern region and Bayan-Ulgii from Western region. Total 450 preschool children at age of 3 - 5 years old (30 children at every 3, 4 and 5 years old) were selected randomly, they performed 5 tasks of Math according to the curriculum. The classification of age, sex and region was made under cluster analyses of children’s mathematical ability using research method. The purpose of the research is classification of province zone, determination of inequality and difference between rural and urban areas. It is made support for developer’s policy and decision makers of education under the base of financing and sharing kindergarten budget, specialization, retraining of teachers and children, developing, elaboration and planning curriculum.展开更多
For geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste （HLW）, the Chinese policy is that the spent nuclear fuel （SNF） should be reprocessed first, followed by vitrification and final disposal. The preliminary rep...For geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste （HLW）, the Chinese policy is that the spent nuclear fuel （SNF） should be reprocessed first, followed by vitrification and final disposal. The preliminary repository concept is a shaft-tunnel model, located in saturated zones in granite, while the final waste form for disposal is vitrified high-level radioactive waste. In 2006, the government published a long-term research and development （R＆D） plan for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The program consists of three steps： （1） laboratory studies and site selection for a HLW repository （2006-2020）; （2） underground in-situ tests （2021-2040）; and （3） repository construction （2041-2050） followed by operation. With the support of China Atomic Energy Authority, comprehensive studies are underway and some progresses are made. The site characterization, including deep borehole drilling, has been performed at the most potential Beishan site in Gansu Province, Northwestern China. The data from geological and hydrogeological investigations, in-situ stress and permeability measurements of rock mass are presented in this paper. Engineered barrier studies are concentrated on the Gaomiaozi bentonite. A mock-up facility, which is used to study the thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical （THMC） properties of the bentonite, is under construction. Several projects on mechanical properties of Beishan granite are also underway. The key scientific challenges faced with HLW disposal are also discussed.展开更多
In basketball, each player’s skill level is the key to a team’s success or failure, the skill level is affected by many personal and environmental factors. A physics-informed AI statistics has become extremely impor...In basketball, each player’s skill level is the key to a team’s success or failure, the skill level is affected by many personal and environmental factors. A physics-informed AI statistics has become extremely important. In this article, a complex non-linear process is considered by taking into account the average points per game of each player, playing time, shooting percentage, and others. This physics-informed statistics is to construct a multiple linear regression model with physics-informed neural networks. Based on the official data provided by the American Basketball League, and combined with specific methods of R program analysis, the regression model affecting the player’s average points per game is verified, and the key factors affecting the player’s average points per game are finally elucidated. The paper provides a novel window for coaches to make meaningful in-game adjustments to team members.展开更多
Singh, Gewali, and Khatiwada proposed a skewness measure for probability distributions called Area Skewness (AS), which has desirable properties but has not been widely applied in practice. One reason for this may be ...Singh, Gewali, and Khatiwada proposed a skewness measure for probability distributions called Area Skewness (AS), which has desirable properties but has not been widely applied in practice. One reason for this may be the lack of dissemination and further exploration of this new measure. Additionally, the authors focused mainly on specific probability distributions. One of the advantages of AS is that it considers the entire shape of the distribution, rather than focusing only on moments or the linear distance between central tendency statistics or quantiles. This holistic approach makes AS particularly robust in cases where the distribution deviates from normality or contains outliers. This paper aims to generalize its use to random samples with either known or unknown distributions. The study has three objectives: 1) to develop an R script for point and interval estimation of AS;2) to provide interpretive norms of normality by examining normality in bootstrap sampling distributions;and 3) to compare asymptotic and bootstrap standard errors. Interval estimation is approached asymptotically and through bootstrap. The script was illustrated using two examples: one with generated data and another with real-world data. Interpretive norms of normality are derived from 40 samples of various sizes, created by inverse transform sampling to follow a standard normal distribution. Bootstrap intervals at three confidence levels (0.9, 0.95, and 0.99) were obtained using the normal method, with two exceptions: the bias-corrected and accelerated percentile method for the 60-data sample and the percentile method for the 600-data sample, as these deviated from normality. Asymptotic 95% confidence intervals are also provided. The asymptotic standard error was larger than the bootstrap one, with the difference decreasing as the sample size increased. The script is concluded to have practical and educational utility for estimating AS, whose asymptotic sampling distribution is normal.展开更多
In 2023,a multivariate normality test based on a chi-square approximation was developed.This method assumes independence among Gaussian random variables,and defines the test statistic,denoted by Q,as the sum of square...In 2023,a multivariate normality test based on a chi-square approximation was developed.This method assumes independence among Gaussian random variables,and defines the test statistic,denoted by Q,as the sum of squared values.This study aims to develop R scripts that implement the Q-test for mul-tivariate normality using either the Shapiro-Wilk W statistic(QSWa)or the Shapiro-Francia W’statistic(QSFa).A bootstrap version of the Q-test(QSWb and QSFb),which does not assume independence,is also included.Addition-ally,it incorporates Royston’s H-test.The use of the scripts is illustrated with a sample of 50 participants assessed on a variable across four yearly admin-istrations.The sampling distribution generated by the bootstrap method dif-fers from the chi-square distribution and corresponds to a generalized chisquare distribution-namely,the distribution of a sum of squares of correlated variables.This distribution is less peaked and has a heavier right tail than the chi-square distribution.It is concluded that the bootstrap approach is con-servative under the null hypothesis of multivariate normality;however,it is theoretically more appropriate than the chi-square approximation.To ap-proximate the distributions of the two versions of the Q-test,it is recom-mended that the z or z’values set to zero in the calculation of the Q statistic not be subtracted when determining the degrees of freedom in the chi-square approximation.Moreover,a significance level of 10%is suggested for the bootstrap approach,rather than the conventional 5%.展开更多
Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP),belongs to transforming growth factor-b(TGF-b)superfamily except BMP-1.Implanting BMP into muscular tissues induces ectopic bone formation at the site of implantation,which provides opp...Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP),belongs to transforming growth factor-b(TGF-b)superfamily except BMP-1.Implanting BMP into muscular tissues induces ectopic bone formation at the site of implantation,which provides opportunity for the treatment of bone defects.Recombinant human BMP-2(rhBMP-2)has been used clinically,but the lack of standard methods for quantifying rhBMP-2 biological activity greatly hindered the progress of commercialization.In this article,we describe an in vitro rhBMP-2 quantification method,as well as the data analyzation pipeline through logistic regression in RStudio.Previous studies indicated that alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity of C2C12 cells was significantly increased when exposed to rhBMP-2,and showed dose-dependent effects in a certain concentration range of rhBMP-2.Thus,we chose to quantify ALP activity as an indicator of rhBMP-2 bioactivity in vitro.A sigmoid relationship between the ALP activity and concentration of rhBMP-2 was discovered.However,there are tons of regression models for such a non-linear relationship.It has always been a major concern for researchers to choose a proper model that not only fit data accurately,but also have parameters representing practical meanings.Therefore,to fit our rhBMP-2 quantification data,we applied two logistic regression models,three-parameter log-logistic model and four-parameter log-logistic model.The four-parameter log-logistic model(adj-R2>0.98)fits better than three-parameter log-logistic model(adj-R2>0.75)for the sigmoid curves.Overall,our results indicate rhBMP-2 quantification in vitro can be accomplished by detecting ALP activity and fitting four-parameter log-logistic model.Furthermore,we also provide a highly adaptable R script for any additional logistic models.展开更多
基金the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement of the Catalan government,and to Universitat Ramon Llull for their financial support.The financial support for this work did not influence its outcome.
文摘The current financial education framework has an increasing need to introduce tools that facilitate the application of theoretical models to real-world data and contexts.However,only a limited number of free tools are available for this purpose.Given this lack of tools,the present study provides two approaches to facilitate the implementa-tion of an event study.The first approach consists of a set of MS Excel files based on the Fama–French five-factor model,which allows the application of the event study methodology in a semi-automatic manner.The second approach is an open-source R-programmed tool through which results can be obtained in the context of an event study without the need for programming knowledge.This tool widens the calculus possibilities provided by the first approach and offers the option to apply not only the Fama–French five-factor model but also other models that are common in the finan-cial literature.It is a user-friendly tool that enables reproducibility of the analysis and ensures that the calculations are free of manipulation errors.Both approaches are freely available and ready-to-use.
文摘In the Acknowledgements section of this article,the grant number"2020YFE0205900"relating to"National Key R&D Program of China"was missing,it has been included and the corrected Acknowledgements section is given below.
基金National Special Project Funds(Grant No.2012ZX09302,2013ZX09302)
文摘Good laboratory practice（GLP） plays an important role in pre-clinical studies, which are a key stage in new drug research and development（R＆D）. The development of GLP in China started in the late 1990 s. Following 20 years of developments, GLP system has already been established in this country. This review firstly evaluated all the institutions in this field, and described the annual number and total number of institutions, the distribution of GLP institutions, the types of GLP institutions, and the service provided by these GLP institutions. Since the initiation of the National Key Technology R＆D Program during the 11 th Five-Year Plan, it had a significant effect on the development of GLP. Therefore, the institutions which have undertaken projects from this program will be introduced later. We also described the infrastructure of hardware and software in GLP institutions along with their faults, such as variation in development and the lack of innovation.
文摘Mongolian territory is 1.5 million square kilometers, there are 1.439 kindergartens that include 263.333 children. Mongolia has 5 regional zones. The research was made on selected provinces such as Sukhbaatar district from Ulaanbaatar region, Huvsgul aimag from Khangai region, Umnugobi from Central region, Dornod aimag from Eastern region and Bayan-Ulgii from Western region. Total 450 preschool children at age of 3 - 5 years old (30 children at every 3, 4 and 5 years old) were selected randomly, they performed 5 tasks of Math according to the curriculum. The classification of age, sex and region was made under cluster analyses of children’s mathematical ability using research method. The purpose of the research is classification of province zone, determination of inequality and difference between rural and urban areas. It is made support for developer’s policy and decision makers of education under the base of financing and sharing kindergarten budget, specialization, retraining of teachers and children, developing, elaboration and planning curriculum.
基金Supported by the China Atomic Energy Authority’s Special Program for Radioactive Waste Management and the International Atomic Energy Agency’s Technical Cooperation Project (IAE-TC Project CPR/9/026, CPR/4/024, CPR/3/008)
文摘For geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste （HLW）, the Chinese policy is that the spent nuclear fuel （SNF） should be reprocessed first, followed by vitrification and final disposal. The preliminary repository concept is a shaft-tunnel model, located in saturated zones in granite, while the final waste form for disposal is vitrified high-level radioactive waste. In 2006, the government published a long-term research and development （R＆D） plan for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The program consists of three steps： （1） laboratory studies and site selection for a HLW repository （2006-2020）; （2） underground in-situ tests （2021-2040）; and （3） repository construction （2041-2050） followed by operation. With the support of China Atomic Energy Authority, comprehensive studies are underway and some progresses are made. The site characterization, including deep borehole drilling, has been performed at the most potential Beishan site in Gansu Province, Northwestern China. The data from geological and hydrogeological investigations, in-situ stress and permeability measurements of rock mass are presented in this paper. Engineered barrier studies are concentrated on the Gaomiaozi bentonite. A mock-up facility, which is used to study the thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical （THMC） properties of the bentonite, is under construction. Several projects on mechanical properties of Beishan granite are also underway. The key scientific challenges faced with HLW disposal are also discussed.
文摘In basketball, each player’s skill level is the key to a team’s success or failure, the skill level is affected by many personal and environmental factors. A physics-informed AI statistics has become extremely important. In this article, a complex non-linear process is considered by taking into account the average points per game of each player, playing time, shooting percentage, and others. This physics-informed statistics is to construct a multiple linear regression model with physics-informed neural networks. Based on the official data provided by the American Basketball League, and combined with specific methods of R program analysis, the regression model affecting the player’s average points per game is verified, and the key factors affecting the player’s average points per game are finally elucidated. The paper provides a novel window for coaches to make meaningful in-game adjustments to team members.
文摘Singh, Gewali, and Khatiwada proposed a skewness measure for probability distributions called Area Skewness (AS), which has desirable properties but has not been widely applied in practice. One reason for this may be the lack of dissemination and further exploration of this new measure. Additionally, the authors focused mainly on specific probability distributions. One of the advantages of AS is that it considers the entire shape of the distribution, rather than focusing only on moments or the linear distance between central tendency statistics or quantiles. This holistic approach makes AS particularly robust in cases where the distribution deviates from normality or contains outliers. This paper aims to generalize its use to random samples with either known or unknown distributions. The study has three objectives: 1) to develop an R script for point and interval estimation of AS;2) to provide interpretive norms of normality by examining normality in bootstrap sampling distributions;and 3) to compare asymptotic and bootstrap standard errors. Interval estimation is approached asymptotically and through bootstrap. The script was illustrated using two examples: one with generated data and another with real-world data. Interpretive norms of normality are derived from 40 samples of various sizes, created by inverse transform sampling to follow a standard normal distribution. Bootstrap intervals at three confidence levels (0.9, 0.95, and 0.99) were obtained using the normal method, with two exceptions: the bias-corrected and accelerated percentile method for the 60-data sample and the percentile method for the 600-data sample, as these deviated from normality. Asymptotic 95% confidence intervals are also provided. The asymptotic standard error was larger than the bootstrap one, with the difference decreasing as the sample size increased. The script is concluded to have practical and educational utility for estimating AS, whose asymptotic sampling distribution is normal.
文摘In 2023,a multivariate normality test based on a chi-square approximation was developed.This method assumes independence among Gaussian random variables,and defines the test statistic,denoted by Q,as the sum of squared values.This study aims to develop R scripts that implement the Q-test for mul-tivariate normality using either the Shapiro-Wilk W statistic(QSWa)or the Shapiro-Francia W’statistic(QSFa).A bootstrap version of the Q-test(QSWb and QSFb),which does not assume independence,is also included.Addition-ally,it incorporates Royston’s H-test.The use of the scripts is illustrated with a sample of 50 participants assessed on a variable across four yearly admin-istrations.The sampling distribution generated by the bootstrap method dif-fers from the chi-square distribution and corresponds to a generalized chisquare distribution-namely,the distribution of a sum of squares of correlated variables.This distribution is less peaked and has a heavier right tail than the chi-square distribution.It is concluded that the bootstrap approach is con-servative under the null hypothesis of multivariate normality;however,it is theoretically more appropriate than the chi-square approximation.To ap-proximate the distributions of the two versions of the Q-test,it is recom-mended that the z or z’values set to zero in the calculation of the Q statistic not be subtracted when determining the degrees of freedom in the chi-square approximation.Moreover,a significance level of 10%is suggested for the bootstrap approach,rather than the conventional 5%.
基金This work was supported by the China National keypoint research and invention program of the thirteenth(Project ID:2016YFC1102304).
文摘Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP),belongs to transforming growth factor-b(TGF-b)superfamily except BMP-1.Implanting BMP into muscular tissues induces ectopic bone formation at the site of implantation,which provides opportunity for the treatment of bone defects.Recombinant human BMP-2(rhBMP-2)has been used clinically,but the lack of standard methods for quantifying rhBMP-2 biological activity greatly hindered the progress of commercialization.In this article,we describe an in vitro rhBMP-2 quantification method,as well as the data analyzation pipeline through logistic regression in RStudio.Previous studies indicated that alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity of C2C12 cells was significantly increased when exposed to rhBMP-2,and showed dose-dependent effects in a certain concentration range of rhBMP-2.Thus,we chose to quantify ALP activity as an indicator of rhBMP-2 bioactivity in vitro.A sigmoid relationship between the ALP activity and concentration of rhBMP-2 was discovered.However,there are tons of regression models for such a non-linear relationship.It has always been a major concern for researchers to choose a proper model that not only fit data accurately,but also have parameters representing practical meanings.Therefore,to fit our rhBMP-2 quantification data,we applied two logistic regression models,three-parameter log-logistic model and four-parameter log-logistic model.The four-parameter log-logistic model(adj-R2>0.98)fits better than three-parameter log-logistic model(adj-R2>0.75)for the sigmoid curves.Overall,our results indicate rhBMP-2 quantification in vitro can be accomplished by detecting ALP activity and fitting four-parameter log-logistic model.Furthermore,we also provide a highly adaptable R script for any additional logistic models.
