There is an obvious departure from the regional equi-librium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in "the effects of contra-geography-grads developme...There is an obvious departure from the regional equi-librium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in "the effects of contra-geography-grads development". It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industriali-zation delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of "the vicious circle of poverty" by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environ-mental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called "the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River" is put forward supposed to give cor-responding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.展开更多
The Trial Methods of Export Quotas on Bidding was promulgated by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation in February 1994. It is an important step in deepening reform of the foreign trade system. The Mi...The Trial Methods of Export Quotas on Bidding was promulgated by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation in February 1994. It is an important step in deepening reform of the foreign trade system. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation is responsible for supervision and instruction over the commodities展开更多
In China, the trading of construction land quotas has undergone an institutional evolution process characterized by gradual deregulation.In 2021, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC) resolved to ...In China, the trading of construction land quotas has undergone an institutional evolution process characterized by gradual deregulation.In 2021, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC) resolved to develop a national cross-regional trading mechanism for construction land quotas.Construction land quotas, which have attributes of both public power and private rights, share certain common grounds with the rights of land development, dumping and carbon emission.To build a national trading market for construction land quotas, it is necessary to make clarifications and innovations in macro-level ideas, meso-level mechanisms, and micro-level designs.展开更多
China's Ministry of Land and Resources released the first batch of rare earth mining quotas in 2017, according to an announcement on the ministry's website. The total mining amount for the first batch is 52,50...China's Ministry of Land and Resources released the first batch of rare earth mining quotas in 2017, according to an announcement on the ministry's website. The total mining amount for the first batch is 52,500 tonnes, equal to the number in 2016. Out of the 52,500 tonnes, there are 43,550 tonnes for light rare earths and 8,950 tonnes for medium and heavy rare earths.展开更多
MIIT issued the notice about 2017 the first batch of rare earth production control quotas recently. According to the notice, overall rare earth mineral production quantity is controlled at 52,500 tons and smelting &am...MIIT issued the notice about 2017 the first batch of rare earth production control quotas recently. According to the notice, overall rare earth mineral production quantity is controlled at 52,500 tons and smelting & separation products at 50,075 tons, while it was 52,500 tons and 45,000 tons, respectively, for 2016. According to the notice, rare earth control quotas shall be allocated to enterprises that meet the national rare earth industry policies and industrial development planning requirements.展开更多
In last issue, we Published Doctor’s speech on international trade and the end of textile quotas which was highly welcomed,so here is the second part of his analysis:What May Happen When Cases Are BroughtThese,
Shanghai launched China’s first electronic trading platform for textiles export licenses yesterday, allowing firms to easily sell or buy quotas. The platform (www.e-tj.cn) is aimed at raising efficiency and curb-
Source:MOFCOM website The Ministry of Commerce released on December 27 the first batch of rare earth export quotas in 2012. Head of Department of Foreign Trade of MOFCOM answered questions put up by reporters. Accordi...Source:MOFCOM website The Ministry of Commerce released on December 27 the first batch of rare earth export quotas in 2012. Head of Department of Foreign Trade of MOFCOM answered questions put up by reporters. According to the Head,the Chinese government has taken management measures over the exploration,production and export of rare earth,as required in protection of resources and the environment.In May,2011,the State展开更多
To determine suitable thresholds for deficit irrigation of winter wheat in the well-irrigated area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,we investigated the effects of different deficit irrigation lower limits and quotas on the...To determine suitable thresholds for deficit irrigation of winter wheat in the well-irrigated area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,we investigated the effects of different deficit irrigation lower limits and quotas on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.Four irrigation lower limits were set for initiating irrigation(i.e.,light drought(LD,50%,55%,60%and 50%of field holding capacity(FC)at the seedling-regreening,jointing,heading and filling-ripening stages,respectively),medium drought(MD,40%,50%,55%and 45%of FC at the same stages,respectively),adequate moisture(CK1,60%,65%,70%and 60%of FC at the same stages,respectively),heavy drought(CK2,35%,40%,45%and 40%of FC at the same stages,respectively))and five irrigation quota per event(30,60,90,120 and 180 mm)were set for each lower limit.We found that the increase of drought stress is conducive to normal photosynthesis of winter wheat leaves which is supported by the following findings.First,photosynthetic rate(Pn)of LD60 treatment was higher than that of LD30,LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120 and MD180.Then,Under the 90 mm irrigation quota treatment,the yield of winter wheat basically increased with the increase of irrigation’s lower limit.Moreover,With the increase in irrigation quota,the yield of winter wheat increased,and the water use efficiency(WUE)of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased.In addition,compared with the LD30,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,and MD180,the yield of winter wheat in LD60 treatment increased by about 3.23%(3-year average),32.3%,19.9%,11.7%,10.1%,and 14.6%.At the same time,the WUE with LD60 treatment of winter wheat was significantly higher than LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,MD180 treatments.There was a positive correlation between soil volumetric water content and Pn and between yield and Pn.The key period for yield formation in winter wheat is 180 days after sowing.In conclusion,to achieve the dual goals of stable winter wheat yield and efficient utilization of water resources in this region,the suitable threshold for initiating deficit irrigation of winter wheat is the LD60 treatment.This conclusion provides data support for water-saving and stable yield of winter wheat in this area.展开更多
MIIT and the Ministry of Natural Resources jointly released the 2019 national rare earths quotas recently.The mining quota for 2019 was 132,000 tons and the smelting&separation quota was127,000 tons.That is a 10%i...MIIT and the Ministry of Natural Resources jointly released the 2019 national rare earths quotas recently.The mining quota for 2019 was 132,000 tons and the smelting&separation quota was127,000 tons.That is a 10%increase from last year's 120,000 tons and 115,000 tons,the"highest quota ever".This also implies a mining quota of 72,000 tons in the second half of 2019,up more than 54%from a year earlier,and the smelting&separation quota of 69,500 tons in the second half.展开更多
On December 30^(th), 2020, in order to further promote water conservation, Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a notice on seven industrial water quotas including pap...On December 30^(th), 2020, in order to further promote water conservation, Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a notice on seven industrial water quotas including papermaking, and the quota standard was came into effect on March 1^(st), 2021.展开更多
Voting procedure is an important mechanism for public choice in international organizations. This paper measures and compares [MF member countries＇ voting power before the 2008 reform and after the 2010 reform on the...Voting procedure is an important mechanism for public choice in international organizations. This paper measures and compares [MF member countries＇ voting power before the 2008 reform and after the 2010 reform on the basis of datasets on IMF quotas and voting rights distribution provided by IMF. Our study verifies that IMF＇s quotas and voting rights reforms do help to reduce the voting power gap among member countries. The 2008 and 2010 reforms produce a greater improvement in emerging members＇ voting power under the 70 percent majority rule than the 85 percent rule; the 70 percent majority rule means the United States would lose its absolute veto. Moreover, the paper disproves the underlying assumption that regards a member＇s voting power as proportional to its voting rights. Countries with different amounts of voting rights can still have the same voting power.展开更多
The recent fisheries management approach by Mauritania recommends that Total Allowable Catch(TAC)quotas,identified as essential for maintaining fish stocks,be shared(allocated)among fishing fleets operating in Maurita...The recent fisheries management approach by Mauritania recommends that Total Allowable Catch(TAC)quotas,identified as essential for maintaining fish stocks,be shared(allocated)among fishing fleets operating in Mauritanian waters.However,the efficiency of such management regulations is debated.This issue can be identified as the typical dilemma between distant-fishing countries and coastal countries.We developed a theoretical model to determine how to allocate TAC quotas between the fishing fleets of Mauritania(RIM)and the European Union(EU).We discuss the various procedures and conditions for optimizing the allocation of fishing quotas(by country)in context of the Nash equilibrium.We found that both equilibria are characterized by strategic interactions of the exploitation that influence both the supply of TAC quotas available on the market and the cost of externalities due to RIM’s dependence on financial compensation by the EU and available TAC quotas.展开更多
Engineering machinery manufacturing and remanufacturing are significant sources of greenhouse gases.In the context of emission reduction and resource recovery,the authors analyze the impact of current carbon quota all...Engineering machinery manufacturing and remanufacturing are significant sources of greenhouse gases.In the context of emission reduction and resource recovery,the authors analyze the impact of current carbon quota allocations and government subsidies policies on manufacturers' profits and recovery rates in a closed-loop supply chain.A simplified model consists of two manufacturers,one retailer and a third-party recycler.The study found that carbon quotas and government subsidies can both promote the improvement of recovery rates under certain conditions,and have similar effects in regulating interest distribution between manufacturers.The combination of the two methods can effectively realize the targets of recycling and carbon emissions reduction.展开更多
The Ministry of Commerce recently announcedits decision on the export quotas for zinc,anti-mony,tungsten,tin and silver in 2004.Accord-ing to the data released,all the export quotasare reduced except for silver.Releva...The Ministry of Commerce recently announcedits decision on the export quotas for zinc,anti-mony,tungsten,tin and silver in 2004.Accord-ing to the data released,all the export quotasare reduced except for silver.Relevant peoplesay that the raw materials shortage is a majorissue for the production of antimony and tin,展开更多
The Ministry of Commerce today made public its bulletin on adjusting the import quotas of refined oils, vehicle tyres and crude oils (non state-owned trade).The document, numbered as the 44th bulletin 2003, says that ...The Ministry of Commerce today made public its bulletin on adjusting the import quotas of refined oils, vehicle tyres and crude oils (non state-owned trade).The document, numbered as the 44th bulletin 2003, says that import quota owners of refined oils, vehicle tyres and crude oils (non state-owned trade) should, if they cannot use up the annual quotas as of the end of 2003, return the quotas to the entrusted展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study variation of soil moisture under different irrigation quota.[Method] By using Trime-TDR apparatus,soil moisture with different irrigation quota infiltration was measured;combining the ...[Objective] The aim was to study variation of soil moisture under different irrigation quota.[Method] By using Trime-TDR apparatus,soil moisture with different irrigation quota infiltration was measured;combining the characteristics of soil texture,curve characteristics of soil moisture variation with soil depth under different irrigation quota were analyzed.[Result] Different irrigation quota has resulted in variation of soil moisture in different layer depth.Soil moisture is 9.88%,17%,25% and 24.45% in so...展开更多
文摘There is an obvious departure from the regional equi-librium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in "the effects of contra-geography-grads development". It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industriali-zation delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of "the vicious circle of poverty" by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environ-mental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called "the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River" is put forward supposed to give cor-responding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.
文摘The Trial Methods of Export Quotas on Bidding was promulgated by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation in February 1994. It is an important step in deepening reform of the foreign trade system. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation is responsible for supervision and instruction over the commodities
基金a phased research achievement of Sichuan's social science programming project in 2019 titled“Overall Planning of Public Power and Expression of Private Rights in Inter-provincial Trading of Construction Land Quotas of Impoverished Regions”(project number:SC19B093)。
文摘In China, the trading of construction land quotas has undergone an institutional evolution process characterized by gradual deregulation.In 2021, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC) resolved to develop a national cross-regional trading mechanism for construction land quotas.Construction land quotas, which have attributes of both public power and private rights, share certain common grounds with the rights of land development, dumping and carbon emission.To build a national trading market for construction land quotas, it is necessary to make clarifications and innovations in macro-level ideas, meso-level mechanisms, and micro-level designs.
文摘China's Ministry of Land and Resources released the first batch of rare earth mining quotas in 2017, according to an announcement on the ministry's website. The total mining amount for the first batch is 52,500 tonnes, equal to the number in 2016. Out of the 52,500 tonnes, there are 43,550 tonnes for light rare earths and 8,950 tonnes for medium and heavy rare earths.
文摘MIIT issued the notice about 2017 the first batch of rare earth production control quotas recently. According to the notice, overall rare earth mineral production quantity is controlled at 52,500 tons and smelting & separation products at 50,075 tons, while it was 52,500 tons and 45,000 tons, respectively, for 2016. According to the notice, rare earth control quotas shall be allocated to enterprises that meet the national rare earth industry policies and industrial development planning requirements.
文摘In last issue, we Published Doctor’s speech on international trade and the end of textile quotas which was highly welcomed,so here is the second part of his analysis:What May Happen When Cases Are BroughtThese,
文摘Shanghai launched China’s first electronic trading platform for textiles export licenses yesterday, allowing firms to easily sell or buy quotas. The platform (www.e-tj.cn) is aimed at raising efficiency and curb-
文摘Source:MOFCOM website The Ministry of Commerce released on December 27 the first batch of rare earth export quotas in 2012. Head of Department of Foreign Trade of MOFCOM answered questions put up by reporters. According to the Head,the Chinese government has taken management measures over the exploration,production and export of rare earth,as required in protection of resources and the environment.In May,2011,the State
基金supported jointly by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41807041)the Ninth Batch of Key Disciplines in Henan Province—Mechanical Design,Manufacturing and Automation (JG[2018]No.119).
文摘To determine suitable thresholds for deficit irrigation of winter wheat in the well-irrigated area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,we investigated the effects of different deficit irrigation lower limits and quotas on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.Four irrigation lower limits were set for initiating irrigation(i.e.,light drought(LD,50%,55%,60%and 50%of field holding capacity(FC)at the seedling-regreening,jointing,heading and filling-ripening stages,respectively),medium drought(MD,40%,50%,55%and 45%of FC at the same stages,respectively),adequate moisture(CK1,60%,65%,70%and 60%of FC at the same stages,respectively),heavy drought(CK2,35%,40%,45%and 40%of FC at the same stages,respectively))and five irrigation quota per event(30,60,90,120 and 180 mm)were set for each lower limit.We found that the increase of drought stress is conducive to normal photosynthesis of winter wheat leaves which is supported by the following findings.First,photosynthetic rate(Pn)of LD60 treatment was higher than that of LD30,LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120 and MD180.Then,Under the 90 mm irrigation quota treatment,the yield of winter wheat basically increased with the increase of irrigation’s lower limit.Moreover,With the increase in irrigation quota,the yield of winter wheat increased,and the water use efficiency(WUE)of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased.In addition,compared with the LD30,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,and MD180,the yield of winter wheat in LD60 treatment increased by about 3.23%(3-year average),32.3%,19.9%,11.7%,10.1%,and 14.6%.At the same time,the WUE with LD60 treatment of winter wheat was significantly higher than LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,MD180 treatments.There was a positive correlation between soil volumetric water content and Pn and between yield and Pn.The key period for yield formation in winter wheat is 180 days after sowing.In conclusion,to achieve the dual goals of stable winter wheat yield and efficient utilization of water resources in this region,the suitable threshold for initiating deficit irrigation of winter wheat is the LD60 treatment.This conclusion provides data support for water-saving and stable yield of winter wheat in this area.
文摘MIIT and the Ministry of Natural Resources jointly released the 2019 national rare earths quotas recently.The mining quota for 2019 was 132,000 tons and the smelting&separation quota was127,000 tons.That is a 10%increase from last year's 120,000 tons and 115,000 tons,the"highest quota ever".This also implies a mining quota of 72,000 tons in the second half of 2019,up more than 54%from a year earlier,and the smelting&separation quota of 69,500 tons in the second half.
文摘On December 30^(th), 2020, in order to further promote water conservation, Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a notice on seven industrial water quotas including papermaking, and the quota standard was came into effect on March 1^(st), 2021.
文摘Voting procedure is an important mechanism for public choice in international organizations. This paper measures and compares [MF member countries＇ voting power before the 2008 reform and after the 2010 reform on the basis of datasets on IMF quotas and voting rights distribution provided by IMF. Our study verifies that IMF＇s quotas and voting rights reforms do help to reduce the voting power gap among member countries. The 2008 and 2010 reforms produce a greater improvement in emerging members＇ voting power under the 70 percent majority rule than the 85 percent rule; the 70 percent majority rule means the United States would lose its absolute veto. Moreover, the paper disproves the underlying assumption that regards a member＇s voting power as proportional to its voting rights. Countries with different amounts of voting rights can still have the same voting power.
文摘The recent fisheries management approach by Mauritania recommends that Total Allowable Catch(TAC)quotas,identified as essential for maintaining fish stocks,be shared(allocated)among fishing fleets operating in Mauritanian waters.However,the efficiency of such management regulations is debated.This issue can be identified as the typical dilemma between distant-fishing countries and coastal countries.We developed a theoretical model to determine how to allocate TAC quotas between the fishing fleets of Mauritania(RIM)and the European Union(EU).We discuss the various procedures and conditions for optimizing the allocation of fishing quotas(by country)in context of the Nash equilibrium.We found that both equilibria are characterized by strategic interactions of the exploitation that influence both the supply of TAC quotas available on the market and the cost of externalities due to RIM’s dependence on financial compensation by the EU and available TAC quotas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70921001,71431006,71271216)the Education Ministry Social Science of China (13JZD016)
文摘Engineering machinery manufacturing and remanufacturing are significant sources of greenhouse gases.In the context of emission reduction and resource recovery,the authors analyze the impact of current carbon quota allocations and government subsidies policies on manufacturers' profits and recovery rates in a closed-loop supply chain.A simplified model consists of two manufacturers,one retailer and a third-party recycler.The study found that carbon quotas and government subsidies can both promote the improvement of recovery rates under certain conditions,and have similar effects in regulating interest distribution between manufacturers.The combination of the two methods can effectively realize the targets of recycling and carbon emissions reduction.
文摘The Ministry of Commerce recently announcedits decision on the export quotas for zinc,anti-mony,tungsten,tin and silver in 2004.Accord-ing to the data released,all the export quotasare reduced except for silver.Relevant peoplesay that the raw materials shortage is a majorissue for the production of antimony and tin,
文摘The Ministry of Commerce today made public its bulletin on adjusting the import quotas of refined oils, vehicle tyres and crude oils (non state-owned trade).The document, numbered as the 44th bulletin 2003, says that import quota owners of refined oils, vehicle tyres and crude oils (non state-owned trade) should, if they cannot use up the annual quotas as of the end of 2003, return the quotas to the entrusted
基金Supported by State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs,Ministry of Education,High School Discipline Innovation Indraught Program(B08039)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study variation of soil moisture under different irrigation quota.[Method] By using Trime-TDR apparatus,soil moisture with different irrigation quota infiltration was measured;combining the characteristics of soil texture,curve characteristics of soil moisture variation with soil depth under different irrigation quota were analyzed.[Result] Different irrigation quota has resulted in variation of soil moisture in different layer depth.Soil moisture is 9.88%,17%,25% and 24.45% in so...
