Chlorite coats are believed to inhibit quartz cementation and preserve deeply-buried sandstone porosity.However,geologists face numerous challenges in evaluating the influences of chlorite coats in real cases.To tackl...Chlorite coats are believed to inhibit quartz cementation and preserve deeply-buried sandstone porosity.However,geologists face numerous challenges in evaluating the influences of chlorite coats in real cases.To tackle these challenges,this work reviewed a large number of case studies to discuss the proper way to evaluate their role using petrography.The following five main conclusions were drawn:(1)Compared to other coat parameters,coat coverage is more reliable in evaluating the influence of chlorite coats on quartz cements.(2)In addition to chlorite coats,quartz growth is influenced by multiple factors such as temperature,while sandstone porosity is affected by various factors including mechanical compaction;therefore,when evaluating the influence of chlorite coats,geologists should take these factors into account.(3)Even if no negative correlation exists between chlorite coats and quartz cements,and no positive correlation is observed between chlorite coats and sandstone porosity,one cannot simply conclude that chlorite coats do not inhibit quartz cements and protect sandstone porosity.(4)Chlorite coats can significantly occupy pore space,leading to a net porosity decrease.(5)Chlorite coats can undergo significantly dissolution,while whether this phenomenon is ubiquitous remains underexplored.展开更多
This study investigates the frequency-temperature behaviors in AT-cut quartz crystal resonators(QCRs).First,the dispersion relations of an infinite quartz plate are obtained through a semi-analytical finite element(SA...This study investigates the frequency-temperature behaviors in AT-cut quartz crystal resonators(QCRs).First,the dispersion relations of an infinite quartz plate are obtained through a semi-analytical finite element(SAFE)analysis,which explicitly reveals the intrinsic frequency-temperature dependence of different vibration modes.Subsequently,we address practical resonator configurations by examining finite quartz plates,where numerical simulations uncover critical interactions between the operational thickness-shear(TS)mode and coupling modes,i.e.,the flexure(F),face-shear(FS),and extension(E)modes.Through the frequency spectra analysis,we demonstrate that both the plate aspect ratio and thermal variations affect mode-coupling behaviors.Unstable frequency-temperature variations(activity dips)are observed at critical resonator dimensions.Validation through the free-vibration eigen-frequency analysis and forced-vibration admittance characterization confirms the stable or unstable states predicted by the frequency spectra.The established framework not only reveals the origin of temperatureinduced activity dips but also provides the crucial design criteria for suppressing the mode-coupling interference in high-stability resonators.展开更多
In this paper,a fast step heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy(SH-LITES)sensor using a high-frequency quartz tuning fork(QTF)with resonant frequency of~100 kHz is reported for the first time.The theoret...In this paper,a fast step heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy(SH-LITES)sensor using a high-frequency quartz tuning fork(QTF)with resonant frequency of~100 kHz is reported for the first time.The theoretical principle of heterodyne LITES(H-LITES)signal generation is analyzed firstly,and an acetylene(C_(2)H_(2))H-LITES sensor is established to verify its performance.Experimental comparisons between the high-frequency QTF and a standard commercial QTF with resonant frequency of~32.768 kHz reveal that the high-frequency QTF exhibits a tenfold faster response time.Specifically,the H-LITES sensor with this QTF achieves a 33 ms measurement cycle,90%shorter than commercial counterparts.Furthermore,The SH-LITES technique is proposed to further shorten the scanning time to 15 ms,which achieves the shortest LITES measurement time known to date.To demonstrate its advantages in dynamic gas detection,an H_(2)O-LITES system integrating both QTF types is constructed for real-time monitoring of H_(2)O concentration during different respiration patterns.Comparative measurements show that the SH-LITES more accurately captures dynamic H_(2)O concentration fluctuations during respiration,outperforming the commercial QTF-based H-LITES sensor in rapid response scenarios.展开更多
In this paper,a novel four-prong quartz tuning fork(QTF)was designed with enlarged deformation area,large prong gap,and low resonant frequency to improve its performance in laser spectroscopy sensing.A theoretical sim...In this paper,a novel four-prong quartz tuning fork(QTF)was designed with enlarged deformation area,large prong gap,and low resonant frequency to improve its performance in laser spectroscopy sensing.A theoretical simulation model was established to optimize the design of the QTF structure.In the simulation of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy(QEPAS)technology,the maximum stress and the surface charge density of the four-prong QTF demonstrated increases of 11.1-fold and 15.9-fold,respectively,compared to that of the standard two-prong QTF.In the simulation of light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy(LITES)technology,the surface temperature difference of the four-prong QTF was found to be 11.4 times greater than that of the standard QTF.Experimental results indicated that the C_(2)H_(2)-QEPAS system based on this innovative design improved the signal-to-noise-ratio(SNR)by 4.67 times compared with the standard QTF-based system,and the SNR could increase up to 147.72 times when the four-prong QTF was equipped with its optimal acoustic micro-resonator(AmR).When the average time of the system reached 370 s,the system achieved a MDL as low as 21 ppb.The four-prong QTF-based C_(2)H_(2)-LITES system exhibited a SNR improvement by a factor of 4.52,and a MDL of 96 ppb was obtained when the average time of the system reached 100 s.The theoretical and experimental results effectively demonstrated the superiority of the four-prong QTF in the field of laser spectroscopy sensing.展开更多
This study presents a closed-form solution for central stress,a semi-analytical model,and a modified anisotropic semi-analytical model to efficiently calculate the forcefrequency coefficients(FFCs)of square quartz cry...This study presents a closed-form solution for central stress,a semi-analytical model,and a modified anisotropic semi-analytical model to efficiently calculate the forcefrequency coefficients(FFCs)of square quartz crystal resonators(QCRs)with different side lengths and azimuth angles under eccentrically concentrated and distributed loads.The semi-analytical model is validated by comparisons between the experimental results and the nonlinear finite element method(FEM)simulation results.Based on the semi-analytical model for the FFC and nonlinear FEM simulations,the FFC variations of square QCRs under external loads and the related mechanisms are investigated.Among the initial stresses caused by external loads,the central stress parallel to the xcrystallographic axis is the primary factor influencing the FFC of quartz.Our findings can provide practical tools for calculating the FFC,and help the design and development of square quartz force sensors.展开更多
Grooved tuning forks with hierarchical structures have become some of the most widely used piezoelectric quartz microelectromechanical system devices;however,fabricating these devices requires multi-step processes due...Grooved tuning forks with hierarchical structures have become some of the most widely used piezoelectric quartz microelectromechanical system devices;however,fabricating these devices requires multi-step processes due to the complexity of etching of quartz,particularly in specific orientations of the crystal lattice.This paper proposes a one-step fabrication strategy that can form a complete hierarchical structure with only a single etching process using novel lithography patterns.The core principle of this strategy is based on the effect of the size of the groove patterns on quartz etching,whereby trenches of varying depths can be created in a fixed etching time by adjusting the width of the hard mask.Specifically,the device outline and grooved structure can be completed using a seamlessly designed etching pattern and optimized time.Furthermore,the etching structure itself influences the etching results.It was found that dividing a wide trench by including a wall to separate it into two narrow trenches significantly reduces the etching rate,allowing for predictable tuning of the etching rate for wider grooves.This effectively increases the usability and flexibility of the one-step strategy.This was applied to the manufacture of an ultra-small quartz grooved tuning fork resonator with a frequency of 32.768 kHz in a single step,increasing production efficiency by almost 45%and reducing costs by almost 30%compared to current methods.This has great potential for improving the productivity of grooved tuning fork devices.It can also be extended to the fabrication of other quartz crystal devices requiring hierarchical structures.展开更多
The process mineralogy of kaolin associated quartz flotation concentrate was studied.The experimental results show that the content of SiO2 in the flotation concentrate is 99.66%,and the main impurity elements in the ...The process mineralogy of kaolin associated quartz flotation concentrate was studied.The experimental results show that the content of SiO2 in the flotation concentrate is 99.66%,and the main impurity elements in the concentrate are Al,Fe,K,and Na.The gangue minerals in the flotation concentrate are mainly mica and feldspar symbiosis with quartz in the form of connexion or mineral inclusion.By taking the flotation concentrate as the raw material,the experimental research on HF concentration,HCl concentration,HNO3 concentration,acid leaching temperature,acid leaching time,and the leaching liquid solid ratio of hot pressing acid leaching conditions was carried out.Finally,the factors affecting the quality of purified products were analyzed.Through the acid leaching experiment,it can be seen that hydrofluoric acid has a greater effect on Al and Fe elements,hydrochloric acid has a greater effect on Fe elements,and nitric acid concentration has a smaller effect on impurity elements(which can also be confirmed from the thermodynamic analysis);the acid leaching temperature,the acid leaching time,and the leaching liquid solid mass ratio are proportional to the acid leaching effect.The Al content decreases from 1304.73 to 214.10μg/g,and the aluminum removal rate is 86.12%.The Fe content decreases from 39.35 to 3.72μg/g,and the iron removal rate is 90.55%.Thermodynamic and kinetic studies show that at 220℃,the chemical reaction between quartz and gangue minerals and the leaching agent can be spontaneous in the direction of positive reaction,and gangue minerals and the leaching agent had priority reaction.The mixed acid leaching process accords with the diffusion control model,Ea is 15.16 kJ/mol,which can provide a theoretical guidance for the purification of quartz.展开更多
The precise identification of quartz minerals is crucial in mineralogy and geology due to their widespread occurrence and industrial significance.Traditional methods of quartz identification in thin sections are labor...The precise identification of quartz minerals is crucial in mineralogy and geology due to their widespread occurrence and industrial significance.Traditional methods of quartz identification in thin sections are labor-intensive and require significant expertise,often complicated by the coexistence of other minerals.This study presents a novel approach leveraging deep learning techniques combined with hyperspectral imaging to automate the identification process of quartz minerals.The utilizied four advanced deep learning models—PSPNet,U-Net,FPN,and LinkNet—has significant advancements in efficiency and accuracy.Among these models,PSPNet exhibited superior performance,achieving the highest intersection over union(IoU)scores and demonstrating exceptional reliability in segmenting quartz minerals,even in complex scenarios.The study involved a comprehensive dataset of 120 thin sections,encompassing 2470 hyperspectral images prepared from 20 rock samples.Expert-reviewed masks were used for model training,ensuring robust segmentation results.This automated approach not only expedites the recognition process but also enhances reliability,providing a valuable tool for geologists and advancing the field of mineralogical analysis.展开更多
In order to suppress the influence of temperature changes on the performance of accelerometers,a digital quartz resonant accelerometer with low temperature drift is developed using a quartz resonator cluster as a tran...In order to suppress the influence of temperature changes on the performance of accelerometers,a digital quartz resonant accelerometer with low temperature drift is developed using a quartz resonator cluster as a transducer element.In addition,a digital intellectual property(IP) is designed in FPGA to achieve signal processing and fusion of integrated resonators.A testing system for digital quartz resonant accelerometers is established to characterize the performance under different conditions.The scale factor of the accelerometer prototype reaches 3561.63 Hz/g in the range of -1 g to +1 g,and 3542.5 Hz/g in the range of-10 g to+10 g.In different measurement ranges,the linear correlation coefficient R~2 of the accelerometer achieves greater than 0.998.The temperature drift of the accelerometer prototype is tested using a constant temperature test chamber,with a temperature change from -20℃ to 80℃.After temperature-drift compensation,the zero bias temperature coefficient falls to 0.08 mg/℃,and the scale factor temperature coefficient is 65.43 ppm/℃.The experimental results show that the digital quartz resonant accelerometer exhibits excellent sensitivity and low temperature drift.展开更多
Quartz trace elements are extensively employed in studying magmatic evolution,fluid evolution,and metal enrichment.The Bianjiadayuan Ag-Pb-Zn-Sn deposit is a typical magmatichydrothermal system in northeastern China,h...Quartz trace elements are extensively employed in studying magmatic evolution,fluid evolution,and metal enrichment.The Bianjiadayuan Ag-Pb-Zn-Sn deposit is a typical magmatichydrothermal system in northeastern China,however,studies on its complex magmatic-hydrothermal evolution are limited.This study investigates the quartz from the Bianjiadayuan deposit to gain insight into the physicochemical evolution of mineralization using cathodoluminescence(CL)textures and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)of quartz.Five types quartz(Q1 to Q5)were identified.From Q1 in quartz porphyry to Q5 in Ag-Pb-Zn veins,the CL intensity and Ti content gradually decreases,and Ge,Ge/Ti,and Al/Ti ratios increase,indicating a temperature decline from magmatic to hydrothermal stages.The Sb content shows an opposite trend to Ti content,correlating positively with Ge content in quartz,suggesting that Sb content could also be temperature-dependent.These trace elements in quartz indicate cooling is critical for Ag mineralization.Furthermore,quartz phenocryst(Q1)from the quartz porphyry shows low Al/Ti(mostly<4)and Ge/Ti ratios(<0.04),suggesting a low degree of magmatic evolution.The Sb content in Q5 from Ag-Pb-Zn-quartz veins(>1 ppm,mostly tens of ppm)is notably higher compared to quartz in other lithologies including Sn-bearing quartz veins(<1 ppm),suggesting that Sb contents can serve as an effective indicator of Ag mineralization.展开更多
Laboratory and field observations have suggested a correlation between contact dynamics and slow dynamics.The underlying mechanical mechanisms at the contact level require investigation at the nanoscale.This study use...Laboratory and field observations have suggested a correlation between contact dynamics and slow dynamics.The underlying mechanical mechanisms at the contact level require investigation at the nanoscale.This study uses molecular dynamics(MD)simulations to investigate the interactions between two quartz plates separated by a water film,focusing on the relationship between adhesion force and separation distance.The density and orientation angle profiles were calculated from simulation data to investigate the relationship between the interfacial structure of the water film and contact potential.The simulations reveal multiple metastable states of the contact potential,consistent with existing theoretical models.The results show that the contact force is influenced by the structure of the water film,including oscillation forces and stratification.This provided verification and development for existing theoretical models based on metastable contacts.展开更多
The production processes for Si and FeSi have traditionally been considered slag-free.However,recent excavations have revealed significant accumulation of CaO–SiO_(2)–Al_(2)O_(3)slag within the furnaces.This accumul...The production processes for Si and FeSi have traditionally been considered slag-free.However,recent excavations have revealed significant accumulation of CaO–SiO_(2)–Al_(2)O_(3)slag within the furnaces.This accumulation can obstruct the flow of materials and gases,resulting in lower metal yield and higher energy consumption.The main objective of the current work is to enhance our understanding of slag formation during Si and FeSi production.We investigate slag formation through the dissolution of limestone and iron oxide in quartz and condensate,focusing on the reactions between these materials at a gram scale.Our findings indicate that most slag reaches equilibrium relatively quickly at temperatures starting from 1673 K.Notably,slag formation starts at lower temperature when the iron source is present (1573 K) compared to when only CaO is involved (1673 K).The minor elements tend to accumulate at quartz grain boundaries prior to slag formation.Furthermore,the slag produced from condensate contains less SiO_(2)than that generated from quartz with limestone.The type of quartz source and SiO_(2)phase appears to have little influence on slag formation.Good wettability is a significant factor in reaction between quartz and slag.FactSage calculations indicates that the viscosity of the slag ranges from 0.02 to 14.4 Pa·s under furnace conditions,comparable to the viscosity of honey or motor oil at room temperature.展开更多
Erratum to:https://doi.org/10.1007/s 00343-024-4040-x In this article,the Fig.2 b contained a few mistakes.The figure below shows the wrong on e.The figure should have appeared as shown below.
The rapid growth of semiconductor,photovoltaic,and other emerging industries has led to a sharp increase in the demand for high-purity quartz in China,particularly 4N5-grade(99.995%pure SiO_(2)).However,heavy reliance...The rapid growth of semiconductor,photovoltaic,and other emerging industries has led to a sharp increase in the demand for high-purity quartz in China,particularly 4N5-grade(99.995%pure SiO_(2)).However,heavy reliance on imported high-purity quartz poses a significant risk to the security of key national strategic industries.To address this challenge,China is focusing on identifying domestic sources of high-purity quartz and developing efficient evaluation methods.This study investigates the inclusion content in three types of quartz:pegmatite,vein quartz,and white granite.A grading system based on the transmittance of quartz grains was established by analyz-ing the number of inclusions.Five quartz ore samples from different regions were purified,and the resulting concentrates were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The relationships among the inclusion content of raw quartz,impurity composition of purified quartz,and quality of sintered fused quartz products were examined.The findings demonstrate that quartz with fewer inclusions results in lower impurity levels after purification,higher SiO_(2)purity,and more translucent glass,as confirmed by firing tests.Herein,this study establishes a clear connection between quartz inclusions and the overall quality of high-purity quartz.The pro-posed approach enables the rapid assessment of quartz deposit quality by identifying inclusions,offering a practical and efficient method for locating high-quality quartz resources.展开更多
The Irtysh tectonic belt lies on the southern margin of the Chinese Altai Orogen. Several secondary shear zones with NW-SE strikes have developed in this tectonic belt, and the deformation processes are of great signi...The Irtysh tectonic belt lies on the southern margin of the Chinese Altai Orogen. Several secondary shear zones with NW-SE strikes have developed in this tectonic belt, and the deformation processes are of great significance to understanding the tectonic regime of the Altai Orogen in the Late Paleozoic. The Tuerhongshate ductile shear zone is located in the eastern Irtysh tectonic belt with obvious deformed structures. The felsic rocks are strongly mylonitized, exhibiting S-C fabrics, asymmetric rotational porphyroclasts, and bookshelf structures of the plagioclases, indicating a sinistral shear sense. The deformation mechanisms, lattice preferred orientations (LPOs) of quartz, and opening angles of quartz c-axis suggest that the deformation temperatures range from 400 to 500 ℃, consistent with higher-greenschist to lower-amphibolite facies conditions. The calculated kinematic vorticity values (W_(k)) of the studied samples range from 0.53 to 0.89 and indicate general shear to simple shear, based on rotational rigid porphyroclast method and oblique grain-shaped/quartz c-axis fabric method. The U-Pb ages of magmatic zircons in felsic mylonites indicate that the sinistral shear occurred after 296.7 ± 3.0 Ma (Early Permian) in the Tuerhongshate shear zone and persisted for approximately 13 Ma. Combined with the tectonic setting and the observed sinistral strike-slip shear indicators in the mylonite zone, these features demonstrate that the Irtysh tectonic belt was in a post-orogenic and strike-slip environment following the closure of the Irtysh Ocean.展开更多
Laser etching and laser chemical vapor deposition(LCVD)techniques were proposed for the rapid preparation of high-purity,strongly bonded SiC porous micro-nano-coatings on quartz substrates.The laser serves as an exter...Laser etching and laser chemical vapor deposition(LCVD)techniques were proposed for the rapid preparation of high-purity,strongly bonded SiC porous micro-nano-coatings on quartz substrates.The laser serves as an external driving force for the vertical growth of SiC whiskers,facilitating the formation of a porous nanostructure that resembles coral models found in the macroscopic biological world.The porous nanostructures are beneficial for reducing thermal expansion mismatch and relieving residual stress.It is capable of eliminating the cracks on the surface of SiC coatings as well as enhancing the bonding of SiC coatings with quartz substrates to avoid coating detachment.展开更多
We observed sub-picosecond terahertz(THz)pulses generated from an electro-optic quartz plate using femtosecond optical pulses.The time-resolved THz radiation signal clearly indicates two separated THz pulses with oppo...We observed sub-picosecond terahertz(THz)pulses generated from an electro-optic quartz plate using femtosecond optical pulses.The time-resolved THz radiation signal clearly indicates two separated THz pulses with opposite polarity.Based on our results,a model based on optical-to-THz conversion via optical rectification is proposed to describe the twin pulsed THz emission mechanism of the quartz plate.Firstly,the two separated THz pulses are assigned to the forced and free THz pulses,respectively.With an optical pulse serving as an external source in the crystalline quartz,the forced THz pulse is a solution to linear Maxwell's equations and propagates at the velocity of the pump laser pulse,while the free THz pulse propagates with the group velocity in the THz frequency range.Finally,as a non-centrosymmetry material,the THz amplitude exhibits perfect threefold symmetry with respect to the azimuthal angle and twofold symmetry with respect to the pump polarization angle.展开更多
Quartz vein-type tungsten deposits are a common W deposit type.Their ore vein distribution was previously considered to be controlled by regional horizontal tectonic stress.In this paper,14 tungsten deposits with fan-...Quartz vein-type tungsten deposits are a common W deposit type.Their ore vein distribution was previously considered to be controlled by regional horizontal tectonic stress.In this paper,14 tungsten deposits with fan-shaped mineralization in SE China are summarized,and the relations between their ore veins and granite and the ore-forming structural stress field are analyzed.These deposits have a post-magmatic hydrothermal genesis and involve the formation of two sets of veins with similar strike and opposite dips at the top of the ore-causative granite bodies,forming a vertical fan-shaped profile.Their ore veins were coeval with the underlying granite bodies,and generally extend along the long axis of the granite.In such fan-shaped ore formation,the stress is highly focused at the top of the granite and gradually weakens outward.The maximum principal stress(σ1)is perpendicular to the granite contact surface,and radiates outward from the pluton.Meanwhile,the minimum principal stress(σ3)forms an arc-shaped band parallel to the contact surface.Our findings,together with published numerical modeling indicate that the emplacement dynamics of granitic magma(rather than regional horizontal tectonic stress)are essential controls on the distribution of ore veins in quartz vein-type tungsten deposits.展开更多
In view of the demand for intelligent upgrading of quartz crucible manufacturing equipment,this study proposes a design scheme of large-scale quartz crucible feeding frame system with innovative structure,and analyzes...In view of the demand for intelligent upgrading of quartz crucible manufacturing equipment,this study proposes a design scheme of large-scale quartz crucible feeding frame system with innovative structure,and analyzes the vibration characteristics of this structure in view of the large vibration and instability during operation.In order to study the relationship between the operating vibration and the natural frequency and avoid resonance,the calculated mode was analyzed via ANSYS Workbench,and the experimental mode results were obtained by using percussion test and compared with the calculated mode.It is concluded that the natural frequencies of the first six orders of the large quartz crucible feeding frame are between 5.13 and 23.29,and the main deformation is distributed at the end of the turning mechanism.The analysis results show that the first-order natural frequency of the system has a safety margin of 1.55 times comparing with the working frequency of the drive motor(12 Hz),which effectively avoids the risk of resonance.The feeding frame adopts a double-column truss composite structure,and the layout of the specially designed stiffener network and high-precision guide rails ensures the lightweight structure and significantly improves the dynamic stability of the system.The practical effect of the large-scale quartz crucible feeding frame shows that the structural design is successful,and has reference significance for the structural design of the same type of automatic manufacturing equipment.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Hubei Provincial 100-Talent Program 2025National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42502111)+2 种基金National Postdoctoral Researchers Program(No.GZC20250293)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2025M770446)Melbourne Research Scholarship(No.396349)。
文摘Chlorite coats are believed to inhibit quartz cementation and preserve deeply-buried sandstone porosity.However,geologists face numerous challenges in evaluating the influences of chlorite coats in real cases.To tackle these challenges,this work reviewed a large number of case studies to discuss the proper way to evaluate their role using petrography.The following five main conclusions were drawn:(1)Compared to other coat parameters,coat coverage is more reliable in evaluating the influence of chlorite coats on quartz cements.(2)In addition to chlorite coats,quartz growth is influenced by multiple factors such as temperature,while sandstone porosity is affected by various factors including mechanical compaction;therefore,when evaluating the influence of chlorite coats,geologists should take these factors into account.(3)Even if no negative correlation exists between chlorite coats and quartz cements,and no positive correlation is observed between chlorite coats and sandstone porosity,one cannot simply conclude that chlorite coats do not inhibit quartz cements and protect sandstone porosity.(4)Chlorite coats can significantly occupy pore space,leading to a net porosity decrease.(5)Chlorite coats can undergo significantly dissolution,while whether this phenomenon is ubiquitous remains underexplored.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFE0111000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102183,12172171,and U24A2005)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program of China(No.JCYJ20230807142004009)。
文摘This study investigates the frequency-temperature behaviors in AT-cut quartz crystal resonators(QCRs).First,the dispersion relations of an infinite quartz plate are obtained through a semi-analytical finite element(SAFE)analysis,which explicitly reveals the intrinsic frequency-temperature dependence of different vibration modes.Subsequently,we address practical resonator configurations by examining finite quartz plates,where numerical simulations uncover critical interactions between the operational thickness-shear(TS)mode and coupling modes,i.e.,the flexure(F),face-shear(FS),and extension(E)modes.Through the frequency spectra analysis,we demonstrate that both the plate aspect ratio and thermal variations affect mode-coupling behaviors.Unstable frequency-temperature variations(activity dips)are observed at critical resonator dimensions.Validation through the free-vibration eigen-frequency analysis and forced-vibration admittance characterization confirms the stable or unstable states predicted by the frequency spectra.The established framework not only reveals the origin of temperatureinduced activity dips but also provides the crucial design criteria for suppressing the mode-coupling interference in high-stability resonators.
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62335006,62275065,624B2050,62022032,and 62405078)Open Subject of Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment(HBKL-ALTE2025001)+2 种基金Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(Grant No.LBH-Z23144 and LBH-Z24155)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.LH2024F031)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M764172).
文摘In this paper,a fast step heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy(SH-LITES)sensor using a high-frequency quartz tuning fork(QTF)with resonant frequency of~100 kHz is reported for the first time.The theoretical principle of heterodyne LITES(H-LITES)signal generation is analyzed firstly,and an acetylene(C_(2)H_(2))H-LITES sensor is established to verify its performance.Experimental comparisons between the high-frequency QTF and a standard commercial QTF with resonant frequency of~32.768 kHz reveal that the high-frequency QTF exhibits a tenfold faster response time.Specifically,the H-LITES sensor with this QTF achieves a 33 ms measurement cycle,90%shorter than commercial counterparts.Furthermore,The SH-LITES technique is proposed to further shorten the scanning time to 15 ms,which achieves the shortest LITES measurement time known to date.To demonstrate its advantages in dynamic gas detection,an H_(2)O-LITES system integrating both QTF types is constructed for real-time monitoring of H_(2)O concentration during different respiration patterns.Comparative measurements show that the SH-LITES more accurately captures dynamic H_(2)O concentration fluctuations during respiration,outperforming the commercial QTF-based H-LITES sensor in rapid response scenarios.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62335006,62022032,62275065,and 62405078)Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation(Anhui University),Ministry of Education(Grant No.OEIAM202202)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.HIT.OCEF.2023011)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M764172)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(Grant No.LBH-Z23144).
文摘In this paper,a novel four-prong quartz tuning fork(QTF)was designed with enlarged deformation area,large prong gap,and low resonant frequency to improve its performance in laser spectroscopy sensing.A theoretical simulation model was established to optimize the design of the QTF structure.In the simulation of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy(QEPAS)technology,the maximum stress and the surface charge density of the four-prong QTF demonstrated increases of 11.1-fold and 15.9-fold,respectively,compared to that of the standard two-prong QTF.In the simulation of light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy(LITES)technology,the surface temperature difference of the four-prong QTF was found to be 11.4 times greater than that of the standard QTF.Experimental results indicated that the C_(2)H_(2)-QEPAS system based on this innovative design improved the signal-to-noise-ratio(SNR)by 4.67 times compared with the standard QTF-based system,and the SNR could increase up to 147.72 times when the four-prong QTF was equipped with its optimal acoustic micro-resonator(AmR).When the average time of the system reached 370 s,the system achieved a MDL as low as 21 ppb.The four-prong QTF-based C_(2)H_(2)-LITES system exhibited a SNR improvement by a factor of 4.52,and a MDL of 96 ppb was obtained when the average time of the system reached 100 s.The theoretical and experimental results effectively demonstrated the superiority of the four-prong QTF in the field of laser spectroscopy sensing.
基金supported by the Ningbo Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents of China(No.2023QL020)the Ningbo Science and Technology Major of China(No.2022Z015)the K.C.Wong Magana Fund through Ningbo University。
文摘This study presents a closed-form solution for central stress,a semi-analytical model,and a modified anisotropic semi-analytical model to efficiently calculate the forcefrequency coefficients(FFCs)of square quartz crystal resonators(QCRs)with different side lengths and azimuth angles under eccentrically concentrated and distributed loads.The semi-analytical model is validated by comparisons between the experimental results and the nonlinear finite element method(FEM)simulation results.Based on the semi-analytical model for the FFC and nonlinear FEM simulations,the FFC variations of square QCRs under external loads and the related mechanisms are investigated.Among the initial stresses caused by external loads,the central stress parallel to the xcrystallographic axis is the primary factor influencing the FFC of quartz.Our findings can provide practical tools for calculating the FFC,and help the design and development of square quartz force sensors.
文摘Grooved tuning forks with hierarchical structures have become some of the most widely used piezoelectric quartz microelectromechanical system devices;however,fabricating these devices requires multi-step processes due to the complexity of etching of quartz,particularly in specific orientations of the crystal lattice.This paper proposes a one-step fabrication strategy that can form a complete hierarchical structure with only a single etching process using novel lithography patterns.The core principle of this strategy is based on the effect of the size of the groove patterns on quartz etching,whereby trenches of varying depths can be created in a fixed etching time by adjusting the width of the hard mask.Specifically,the device outline and grooved structure can be completed using a seamlessly designed etching pattern and optimized time.Furthermore,the etching structure itself influences the etching results.It was found that dividing a wide trench by including a wall to separate it into two narrow trenches significantly reduces the etching rate,allowing for predictable tuning of the etching rate for wider grooves.This effectively increases the usability and flexibility of the one-step strategy.This was applied to the manufacture of an ultra-small quartz grooved tuning fork resonator with a frequency of 32.768 kHz in a single step,increasing production efficiency by almost 45%and reducing costs by almost 30%compared to current methods.This has great potential for improving the productivity of grooved tuning fork devices.It can also be extended to the fabrication of other quartz crystal devices requiring hierarchical structures.
文摘The process mineralogy of kaolin associated quartz flotation concentrate was studied.The experimental results show that the content of SiO2 in the flotation concentrate is 99.66%,and the main impurity elements in the concentrate are Al,Fe,K,and Na.The gangue minerals in the flotation concentrate are mainly mica and feldspar symbiosis with quartz in the form of connexion or mineral inclusion.By taking the flotation concentrate as the raw material,the experimental research on HF concentration,HCl concentration,HNO3 concentration,acid leaching temperature,acid leaching time,and the leaching liquid solid ratio of hot pressing acid leaching conditions was carried out.Finally,the factors affecting the quality of purified products were analyzed.Through the acid leaching experiment,it can be seen that hydrofluoric acid has a greater effect on Al and Fe elements,hydrochloric acid has a greater effect on Fe elements,and nitric acid concentration has a smaller effect on impurity elements(which can also be confirmed from the thermodynamic analysis);the acid leaching temperature,the acid leaching time,and the leaching liquid solid mass ratio are proportional to the acid leaching effect.The Al content decreases from 1304.73 to 214.10μg/g,and the aluminum removal rate is 86.12%.The Fe content decreases from 39.35 to 3.72μg/g,and the iron removal rate is 90.55%.Thermodynamic and kinetic studies show that at 220℃,the chemical reaction between quartz and gangue minerals and the leaching agent can be spontaneous in the direction of positive reaction,and gangue minerals and the leaching agent had priority reaction.The mixed acid leaching process accords with the diffusion control model,Ea is 15.16 kJ/mol,which can provide a theoretical guidance for the purification of quartz.
文摘The precise identification of quartz minerals is crucial in mineralogy and geology due to their widespread occurrence and industrial significance.Traditional methods of quartz identification in thin sections are labor-intensive and require significant expertise,often complicated by the coexistence of other minerals.This study presents a novel approach leveraging deep learning techniques combined with hyperspectral imaging to automate the identification process of quartz minerals.The utilizied four advanced deep learning models—PSPNet,U-Net,FPN,and LinkNet—has significant advancements in efficiency and accuracy.Among these models,PSPNet exhibited superior performance,achieving the highest intersection over union(IoU)scores and demonstrating exceptional reliability in segmenting quartz minerals,even in complex scenarios.The study involved a comprehensive dataset of 120 thin sections,encompassing 2470 hyperspectral images prepared from 20 rock samples.Expert-reviewed masks were used for model training,ensuring robust segmentation results.This automated approach not only expedites the recognition process but also enhances reliability,providing a valuable tool for geologists and advancing the field of mineralogical analysis.
文摘In order to suppress the influence of temperature changes on the performance of accelerometers,a digital quartz resonant accelerometer with low temperature drift is developed using a quartz resonator cluster as a transducer element.In addition,a digital intellectual property(IP) is designed in FPGA to achieve signal processing and fusion of integrated resonators.A testing system for digital quartz resonant accelerometers is established to characterize the performance under different conditions.The scale factor of the accelerometer prototype reaches 3561.63 Hz/g in the range of -1 g to +1 g,and 3542.5 Hz/g in the range of-10 g to+10 g.In different measurement ranges,the linear correlation coefficient R~2 of the accelerometer achieves greater than 0.998.The temperature drift of the accelerometer prototype is tested using a constant temperature test chamber,with a temperature change from -20℃ to 80℃.After temperature-drift compensation,the zero bias temperature coefficient falls to 0.08 mg/℃,and the scale factor temperature coefficient is 65.43 ppm/℃.The experimental results show that the digital quartz resonant accelerometer exhibits excellent sensitivity and low temperature drift.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42222205)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0602403)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(No.300102273301)。
文摘Quartz trace elements are extensively employed in studying magmatic evolution,fluid evolution,and metal enrichment.The Bianjiadayuan Ag-Pb-Zn-Sn deposit is a typical magmatichydrothermal system in northeastern China,however,studies on its complex magmatic-hydrothermal evolution are limited.This study investigates the quartz from the Bianjiadayuan deposit to gain insight into the physicochemical evolution of mineralization using cathodoluminescence(CL)textures and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)of quartz.Five types quartz(Q1 to Q5)were identified.From Q1 in quartz porphyry to Q5 in Ag-Pb-Zn veins,the CL intensity and Ti content gradually decreases,and Ge,Ge/Ti,and Al/Ti ratios increase,indicating a temperature decline from magmatic to hydrothermal stages.The Sb content shows an opposite trend to Ti content,correlating positively with Ge content in quartz,suggesting that Sb content could also be temperature-dependent.These trace elements in quartz indicate cooling is critical for Ag mineralization.Furthermore,quartz phenocryst(Q1)from the quartz porphyry shows low Al/Ti(mostly<4)and Ge/Ti ratios(<0.04),suggesting a low degree of magmatic evolution.The Sb content in Q5 from Ag-Pb-Zn-quartz veins(>1 ppm,mostly tens of ppm)is notably higher compared to quartz in other lithologies including Sn-bearing quartz veins(<1 ppm),suggesting that Sb contents can serve as an effective indicator of Ag mineralization.
文摘Laboratory and field observations have suggested a correlation between contact dynamics and slow dynamics.The underlying mechanical mechanisms at the contact level require investigation at the nanoscale.This study uses molecular dynamics(MD)simulations to investigate the interactions between two quartz plates separated by a water film,focusing on the relationship between adhesion force and separation distance.The density and orientation angle profiles were calculated from simulation data to investigate the relationship between the interfacial structure of the water film and contact potential.The simulations reveal multiple metastable states of the contact potential,consistent with existing theoretical models.The results show that the contact force is influenced by the structure of the water film,including oscillation forces and stratification.This provided verification and development for existing theoretical models based on metastable contacts.
基金financially supported by the Norwegian Ferroalloy Producers Research Association (FFF) and the Research Council of Norway through KSP project 326581 Recursive。
文摘The production processes for Si and FeSi have traditionally been considered slag-free.However,recent excavations have revealed significant accumulation of CaO–SiO_(2)–Al_(2)O_(3)slag within the furnaces.This accumulation can obstruct the flow of materials and gases,resulting in lower metal yield and higher energy consumption.The main objective of the current work is to enhance our understanding of slag formation during Si and FeSi production.We investigate slag formation through the dissolution of limestone and iron oxide in quartz and condensate,focusing on the reactions between these materials at a gram scale.Our findings indicate that most slag reaches equilibrium relatively quickly at temperatures starting from 1673 K.Notably,slag formation starts at lower temperature when the iron source is present (1573 K) compared to when only CaO is involved (1673 K).The minor elements tend to accumulate at quartz grain boundaries prior to slag formation.Furthermore,the slag produced from condensate contains less SiO_(2)than that generated from quartz with limestone.The type of quartz source and SiO_(2)phase appears to have little influence on slag formation.Good wettability is a significant factor in reaction between quartz and slag.FactSage calculations indicates that the viscosity of the slag ranges from 0.02 to 14.4 Pa·s under furnace conditions,comparable to the viscosity of honey or motor oil at room temperature.
文摘Erratum to:https://doi.org/10.1007/s 00343-024-4040-x In this article,the Fig.2 b contained a few mistakes.The figure below shows the wrong on e.The figure should have appeared as shown below.
基金financially supported by the Consulting Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering,China(Nos.2024-XBZD-10 and 2024-XZ-20).
文摘The rapid growth of semiconductor,photovoltaic,and other emerging industries has led to a sharp increase in the demand for high-purity quartz in China,particularly 4N5-grade(99.995%pure SiO_(2)).However,heavy reliance on imported high-purity quartz poses a significant risk to the security of key national strategic industries.To address this challenge,China is focusing on identifying domestic sources of high-purity quartz and developing efficient evaluation methods.This study investigates the inclusion content in three types of quartz:pegmatite,vein quartz,and white granite.A grading system based on the transmittance of quartz grains was established by analyz-ing the number of inclusions.Five quartz ore samples from different regions were purified,and the resulting concentrates were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The relationships among the inclusion content of raw quartz,impurity composition of purified quartz,and quality of sintered fused quartz products were examined.The findings demonstrate that quartz with fewer inclusions results in lower impurity levels after purification,higher SiO_(2)purity,and more translucent glass,as confirmed by firing tests.Herein,this study establishes a clear connection between quartz inclusions and the overall quality of high-purity quartz.The pro-posed approach enables the rapid assessment of quartz deposit quality by identifying inclusions,offering a practical and efficient method for locating high-quality quartz resources.
基金support for this study was provided by the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB18030601)the One Hundred Talents Project of Shaanxi Province to Laixi Tongthe Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JC-QN-0283)granted to Chao Li.
文摘The Irtysh tectonic belt lies on the southern margin of the Chinese Altai Orogen. Several secondary shear zones with NW-SE strikes have developed in this tectonic belt, and the deformation processes are of great significance to understanding the tectonic regime of the Altai Orogen in the Late Paleozoic. The Tuerhongshate ductile shear zone is located in the eastern Irtysh tectonic belt with obvious deformed structures. The felsic rocks are strongly mylonitized, exhibiting S-C fabrics, asymmetric rotational porphyroclasts, and bookshelf structures of the plagioclases, indicating a sinistral shear sense. The deformation mechanisms, lattice preferred orientations (LPOs) of quartz, and opening angles of quartz c-axis suggest that the deformation temperatures range from 400 to 500 ℃, consistent with higher-greenschist to lower-amphibolite facies conditions. The calculated kinematic vorticity values (W_(k)) of the studied samples range from 0.53 to 0.89 and indicate general shear to simple shear, based on rotational rigid porphyroclast method and oblique grain-shaped/quartz c-axis fabric method. The U-Pb ages of magmatic zircons in felsic mylonites indicate that the sinistral shear occurred after 296.7 ± 3.0 Ma (Early Permian) in the Tuerhongshate shear zone and persisted for approximately 13 Ma. Combined with the tectonic setting and the observed sinistral strike-slip shear indicators in the mylonite zone, these features demonstrate that the Irtysh tectonic belt was in a post-orogenic and strike-slip environment following the closure of the Irtysh Ocean.
基金Funded by the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of Hubei Province of China(No.2022EHB024)the National Key Research and Development Plan(Nos.2018YFE0103600 and 2021YFB3703100)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51872212,51972244,52002075,and 52102066)the 111 Project(No.B13035)。
文摘Laser etching and laser chemical vapor deposition(LCVD)techniques were proposed for the rapid preparation of high-purity,strongly bonded SiC porous micro-nano-coatings on quartz substrates.The laser serves as an external driving force for the vertical growth of SiC whiskers,facilitating the formation of a porous nanostructure that resembles coral models found in the macroscopic biological world.The porous nanostructures are beneficial for reducing thermal expansion mismatch and relieving residual stress.It is capable of eliminating the cracks on the surface of SiC coatings as well as enhancing the bonding of SiC coatings with quartz substrates to avoid coating detachment.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0719200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62322115,U24A20226,61988102,and 62435010)+1 种基金111 Project(Grant No.D18014)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant Nos.22JC1400200 and 21S31907400)。
文摘We observed sub-picosecond terahertz(THz)pulses generated from an electro-optic quartz plate using femtosecond optical pulses.The time-resolved THz radiation signal clearly indicates two separated THz pulses with opposite polarity.Based on our results,a model based on optical-to-THz conversion via optical rectification is proposed to describe the twin pulsed THz emission mechanism of the quartz plate.Firstly,the two separated THz pulses are assigned to the forced and free THz pulses,respectively.With an optical pulse serving as an external source in the crystalline quartz,the forced THz pulse is a solution to linear Maxwell's equations and propagates at the velocity of the pump laser pulse,while the free THz pulse propagates with the group velocity in the THz frequency range.Finally,as a non-centrosymmetry material,the THz amplitude exhibits perfect threefold symmetry with respect to the azimuthal angle and twofold symmetry with respect to the pump polarization angle.
基金funded by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2900100)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No.2022GXNSFFA035025)+3 种基金the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(No.42372099)the China Geological Survey(No.DD20190379)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(No.2022FY101800)the Major Talent Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,and the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(No.YCSW2023345)。
文摘Quartz vein-type tungsten deposits are a common W deposit type.Their ore vein distribution was previously considered to be controlled by regional horizontal tectonic stress.In this paper,14 tungsten deposits with fan-shaped mineralization in SE China are summarized,and the relations between their ore veins and granite and the ore-forming structural stress field are analyzed.These deposits have a post-magmatic hydrothermal genesis and involve the formation of two sets of veins with similar strike and opposite dips at the top of the ore-causative granite bodies,forming a vertical fan-shaped profile.Their ore veins were coeval with the underlying granite bodies,and generally extend along the long axis of the granite.In such fan-shaped ore formation,the stress is highly focused at the top of the granite and gradually weakens outward.The maximum principal stress(σ1)is perpendicular to the granite contact surface,and radiates outward from the pluton.Meanwhile,the minimum principal stress(σ3)forms an arc-shaped band parallel to the contact surface.Our findings,together with published numerical modeling indicate that the emplacement dynamics of granitic magma(rather than regional horizontal tectonic stress)are essential controls on the distribution of ore veins in quartz vein-type tungsten deposits.
文摘In view of the demand for intelligent upgrading of quartz crucible manufacturing equipment,this study proposes a design scheme of large-scale quartz crucible feeding frame system with innovative structure,and analyzes the vibration characteristics of this structure in view of the large vibration and instability during operation.In order to study the relationship between the operating vibration and the natural frequency and avoid resonance,the calculated mode was analyzed via ANSYS Workbench,and the experimental mode results were obtained by using percussion test and compared with the calculated mode.It is concluded that the natural frequencies of the first six orders of the large quartz crucible feeding frame are between 5.13 and 23.29,and the main deformation is distributed at the end of the turning mechanism.The analysis results show that the first-order natural frequency of the system has a safety margin of 1.55 times comparing with the working frequency of the drive motor(12 Hz),which effectively avoids the risk of resonance.The feeding frame adopts a double-column truss composite structure,and the layout of the specially designed stiffener network and high-precision guide rails ensures the lightweight structure and significantly improves the dynamic stability of the system.The practical effect of the large-scale quartz crucible feeding frame shows that the structural design is successful,and has reference significance for the structural design of the same type of automatic manufacturing equipment.
