A team of researchers led by Dr.YAN Bin from the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)recently revealed quantum entanglement between light quarks in the lepton collider Belle,demonstr...A team of researchers led by Dr.YAN Bin from the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)recently revealed quantum entanglement between light quarks in the lepton collider Belle,demonstrating a violation of the Bell Inequality,and reported their discovery on July 2 in Physical the Review Letters(DOI:10.1103/gmqz-v4cl).展开更多
One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle...One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.展开更多
This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a...This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a strange meson (K<sup>+</sup>) with the emission of either electron-positron (e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>) or muon-antimuon (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>). The ratio (<em>R</em><sub>K</sub>) of branching fractions for B<sup>+ </sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>- </sup>and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> decays is measured to be <em>R</em><sub>K</sub> = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b<sub>7</sub> (4979 MeV mass) and b<sub>8</sub> (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. b<sub>7</sub> is the observable B, while b<sub>8</sub> is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b<sub>8</sub> to decay into K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>. In the transition state involving the virtual particles (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>γ</em></span>, W± and Z<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>) before the decay, b<sub>7</sub> and b<sub>8</sub> emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham’s law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. The rate ratio between b<sub>8</sub>/b<sub>7</sub> is (4979/143,258)<sup>1/2</sup> = 0.1864. Since b<sub>7</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, while b<sub>8</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and forbidden <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup> and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>- </sup>is 0.5/(0.1864 × 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.展开更多
Following over 20 years of research,a direct measurement of the QGP temperature has been achieved at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider(RHIC),free from the blue-shift effect and contamination from strong interactions.Thi...Following over 20 years of research,a direct measurement of the QGP temperature has been achieved at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider(RHIC),free from the blue-shift effect and contamination from strong interactions.This viewpoint discusses a recent measurement of the QGP temperature at different stages at the Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC(STAR),which used e^(+)e^(-)pairs as penetrating probes.展开更多
A study of dilepton spectra, in intermediate mass region (IMR), from main background sources, quark phase, and secondary processes in hadronic phase on the basis of a relativistic hydrodynadric model has been carried ...A study of dilepton spectra, in intermediate mass region (IMR), from main background sources, quark phase, and secondary processes in hadronic phase on the basis of a relativistic hydrodynadric model has been carried out. The comparison between these results indicates that in this mass region the contribution from the background sources dominates, and due to the effect of the phase boundary on the evolution of the system the contribution from the quark phase becomes more important than that from secondary processes.展开更多
In previous articles (Guido) we demonstrated that Quarks (u, d) are represented by golden geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators. In this article we show the geometric structure of the pion triplet and, i...In previous articles (Guido) we demonstrated that Quarks (u, d) are represented by golden geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators. In this article we show the geometric structure of the pion triplet and, in particular, via the structure equation of neutral pion, we identify its decays and we solve the spin question in hadrons thanks also to introduction of algebraic operations [?, ⊕] on geometric structure. Moreover by means of the golden ratio between (u, d), we determine the values of bare masses of quarks (3.51 MeV for u-quark and 5.67 MeV for d-quark) and those ones bounded in a pion (53.31 MeV for u-quark and 85.26 MeV for d-quark). Finally, using algebraic operations [?, ⊕] we point out a new way to represent the processes of pions’ decay.展开更多
Highlighting a golden triangular form in <em>u</em> and <em>d </em>quarks (Quark Geometric Model), we build the geometric structures of light meson <em>η</em> and individualize its...Highlighting a golden triangular form in <em>u</em> and <em>d </em>quarks (Quark Geometric Model), we build the geometric structures of light meson <em>η</em> and individualize its decays and spin. By the structure equations describing mesons, we determine a mathematic procedure to calculate the theoretical value of the mass of light mesons <em>η</em>.展开更多
This article gives the potential energy function of quark in the gluon field, derives the wave function of quark in stationary state and the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom, shows that a quark is composed of ...This article gives the potential energy function of quark in the gluon field, derives the wave function of quark in stationary state and the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom, shows that a quark is composed of two different color gluons, expounds the formation mechanism of the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom and the physical substance of “colors” of quark, and discusses the stability of hadrons in the end.展开更多
Using the “Aureum Geometric Model” (AGM) of quarks, we formulate the structure equations describing mesons and, by a mathematic procedure, we calculate the theoretical spectrum of mass values of light mesons without...Using the “Aureum Geometric Model” (AGM) of quarks, we formulate the structure equations describing mesons and, by a mathematic procedure, we calculate the theoretical spectrum of mass values of light mesons without strangeness.展开更多
Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental freq...Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental frequency, v<sub>F</sub>. The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites. They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, , of a fundamental electromagnetic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck’s constant. The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as n<sub>bem</sub>. The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 1;the strange and down quarks with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 2;and the up quark with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 3. An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with n<sub>bem</sub> numbers 1, 2, and 3. The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model. The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and n<sub>bem</sub> quantum number. The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right;the middle row depicts the d and s quarks;and the bottom row, the up quark. Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence quarks defining the composite quark model. The vertices of the triangular array are the up quarks, the midpoints are the down quarks. All weak transitions are from a corner to a midpoint or vice versa. The standard 3 by 3 CKM matrix is generated from the new quark triangle with each up type quark (u, c, and t) transforming to each down type (d, s, and b), with their experimental flavor transition magnitudes given. Conclusion: A new quark quantum number, n<sub>bem</sub>, is an important discovery that generates a new proto-valence quark triangle that secondarily generates the composite quark model and the CKM matrix.展开更多
A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potent...A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory. The Higgs boson acquires mass, valence quarks emerge and antiparticles become suppressed when the system relaxes and symmetry breaks down. The hitherto unknown dimensionless coupling parameter to the superconductor-like potential becomes a re-gulator of the quark-antiquark asymmetry. Only a small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quark-antiquark sea play the role of dark matter. When quark-masses are in-weighted, this number approaches the observed ratio between ordinary matter and the sum of ordinary and dark matter. The model also provides a chemical non-equilibrium explanation for the information loss in black holes, such as of baryon number.展开更多
From the full stopping scenario,a relativistic hydrodynamic model describing the evolution of the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter fire-cylinder has been established.Based on it,the rapidity Distribution of dileptons wi...From the full stopping scenario,a relativistic hydrodynamic model describing the evolution of the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter fire-cylinder has been established.Based on it,the rapidity Distribution of dileptons with intermediate invariant masses has been studied.It is found that the quark phase gives the dominant contribution to the dilepton spectrum due to the influence of the phase boundary on the evolution of the system,especially the dilepton yield is strongly suppressed with the increasing rapidity.展开更多
Under thermodynamic equilibrium, the initial values of the quark-gluon system from relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are obtained. From these initial values we have studied the dilepton production on the basis o...Under thermodynamic equilibrium, the initial values of the quark-gluon system from relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are obtained. From these initial values we have studied the dilepton production on the basis of the relativistic hydrodynamic model, and found that with increasing incident energy a characteristic plateau indicating the formation of the quark-gluon plasma appears in the total yield.展开更多
Based on a relativistic hydrodynamic model,the dilepton production in a baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball is studied.We Hnd that at invariant masses between 2mπ and 1 GeV,with increasing initial baryon density,a chara...Based on a relativistic hydrodynamic model,the dilepton production in a baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball is studied.We Hnd that at invariant masses between 2mπ and 1 GeV,with increasing initial baryon density,a characteristic valley and a subsequent peak appear in the total dilepton yield,which signal more uniquely the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter formation and can be tested in future experiments at CERN and Brookhaven.展开更多
In the study of dilepton production of a baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball based on the full stopping scenario via a relativistic hydrodynamic model,it is found that for the fixed initial baryon chemical potential with...In the study of dilepton production of a baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball based on the full stopping scenario via a relativistic hydrodynamic model,it is found that for the fixed initial baryon chemical potential with increasing initial temperature a peak indicating the formation of the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter appears in the total dilepton yield.展开更多
With the increase of the initial baryon density,the dilepton production in invariant masses between 2mπ and 1 GeV is shown to be suppressed and an abnormal peak of the dilepton spectrum appears near the invariant mas...With the increase of the initial baryon density,the dilepton production in invariant masses between 2mπ and 1 GeV is shown to be suppressed and an abnormal peak of the dilepton spectrum appears near the invariant mass 0.75 GeV if a baryon-rich quark-gluon matter was formed in the ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collision.These predictions are important for several large-scale experiments at CERN and Brookhaven.展开更多
From the full stopping scenario,the dilepton production in the baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball based on a relativistic hydrodynamic model is studied,and it is found that with increasing incident energy a characterist...From the full stopping scenario,the dilepton production in the baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball based on a relativistic hydrodynamic model is studied,and it is found that with increasing incident energy a characteristic plateau indicating the formation of the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter appears in the total yield.展开更多
In the integer-fraction principle of the digital electric charge, individual integral charge and individual fractional charge are the digital representations of the allowance and the disallowance of irreversible kinet...In the integer-fraction principle of the digital electric charge, individual integral charge and individual fractional charge are the digital representations of the allowance and the disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy, respectively. The disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy for individual fractional charge brings about the confinement of individual fractional charges to restrict irreversible movement resulted from irreversible kinetic energy. Collective fractional charges are confined by the short-distance confinement force field where the sum of the collective fractional charges is integer. As a result, fractional charges are confined and collective. The confinement force field includes gluons in QCD (quantum chromodynamics) for collective fractional charge quarks in hadrons and the magnetic flux quanta for collective fractional charge quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). The collectivity of fractional charges requires the attachment of energy as flux quanta to bind collective fractional charges. The integer-fraction transformation from integral charges to fractional charges consists of the three steps: 1) the attachment of an even number of flux quanta to individual integral charge fermions to form individual integral charge composite fermions, 2) the attachment of an odd number of flux quanta to individual integral charge composite fermions to form transitional collective integral charge composite bosons, and 3) the conversion of flux quanta into the confinement force field to confine collective fractional charge composite fermions converted from composite bosons. The charges of quarks are fractional, because QCD (the strong force) emerges in the universe that has no irreversible kinetic energy. Kinetic energy emerged in the universe after the emergence of the strong force. The charges of the quasiparticles in the FQHE are fractional because of the confinement by a two-dimensional system, the Landau levels, and an extremely low temperature and the collectivity by high energy magnetic flux quanta. From the integer-fraction transformation from integral charge electrons to fractional charge quarks, the calculated masses of pion, muon and constituent quarks are in excellent agreement with the observed values.展开更多
This work shows a didactic model representative (GPM) of the particles described in the Standard Model (SM). Particles are represented by geometric forms corresponding to geometric structures of coupled quantum oscill...This work shows a didactic model representative (GPM) of the particles described in the Standard Model (SM). Particles are represented by geometric forms corresponding to geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators. From the didactic hypotheses of the model emerges an in-depth phenomenology of particles that is fully compatible with that of SM. Thanks to this model, we can calculate “geometrically” the mass of Higgs’s Boson and the mass of the pair “muon and muonic neutrino”, and, by the geometric shapes of leptons and bosons, we can also solve crucial aspects of SM physics as the neutrinos’ oscillations and the intrinsic chirality of the neutrino and antineutrino.展开更多
The attempt has been taken to calculate the density of stars possessing quark matter core using sphere packing concept of crystallography. The quark matter has been taken as solid in nature as predicted in references ...The attempt has been taken to calculate the density of stars possessing quark matter core using sphere packing concept of crystallography. The quark matter has been taken as solid in nature as predicted in references 36 and 37, and due to immense gravitational pressure at the core of the star the densest packing of quarks as spheres has been assumed to calculate the packing fraction Φ, thus the density ρ of the matter. Three possible types of pickings—mono-sized sphere packing, binary sphere packing and ternary sphere packing, have been worked out using three possible types of quark matter. It has been concluded that no value about the ρ of quark matter can be calculated using binary and ternary packing conditions and for mono-sized packing condition different flavor quark matters of different values in the density have been calculated using results from the experiments done by HI, ZEUS, L3 and CDF Collaborations about the radius limit of quark. For example, for u quark matter ρ ranges from 4.0587 × 1048 - 7.40038 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3 using results of L3 Collaboration, for s quark matter 15.91794 × 1048 - 17.6866 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3, etc.展开更多
文摘A team of researchers led by Dr.YAN Bin from the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)recently revealed quantum entanglement between light quarks in the lepton collider Belle,demonstrating a violation of the Bell Inequality,and reported their discovery on July 2 in Physical the Review Letters(DOI:10.1103/gmqz-v4cl).
文摘One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.
文摘This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a strange meson (K<sup>+</sup>) with the emission of either electron-positron (e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>) or muon-antimuon (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>). The ratio (<em>R</em><sub>K</sub>) of branching fractions for B<sup>+ </sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>- </sup>and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> decays is measured to be <em>R</em><sub>K</sub> = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b<sub>7</sub> (4979 MeV mass) and b<sub>8</sub> (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. b<sub>7</sub> is the observable B, while b<sub>8</sub> is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b<sub>8</sub> to decay into K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>. In the transition state involving the virtual particles (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>γ</em></span>, W± and Z<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>) before the decay, b<sub>7</sub> and b<sub>8</sub> emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham’s law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. The rate ratio between b<sub>8</sub>/b<sub>7</sub> is (4979/143,258)<sup>1/2</sup> = 0.1864. Since b<sub>7</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, while b<sub>8</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and forbidden <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup> and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>- </sup>is 0.5/(0.1864 × 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.
文摘Following over 20 years of research,a direct measurement of the QGP temperature has been achieved at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider(RHIC),free from the blue-shift effect and contamination from strong interactions.This viewpoint discusses a recent measurement of the QGP temperature at different stages at the Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC(STAR),which used e^(+)e^(-)pairs as penetrating probes.
基金'95' Key Thuds of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJ951-Al-410) and bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.19
文摘A study of dilepton spectra, in intermediate mass region (IMR), from main background sources, quark phase, and secondary processes in hadronic phase on the basis of a relativistic hydrodynadric model has been carried out. The comparison between these results indicates that in this mass region the contribution from the background sources dominates, and due to the effect of the phase boundary on the evolution of the system the contribution from the quark phase becomes more important than that from secondary processes.
文摘In previous articles (Guido) we demonstrated that Quarks (u, d) are represented by golden geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators. In this article we show the geometric structure of the pion triplet and, in particular, via the structure equation of neutral pion, we identify its decays and we solve the spin question in hadrons thanks also to introduction of algebraic operations [?, ⊕] on geometric structure. Moreover by means of the golden ratio between (u, d), we determine the values of bare masses of quarks (3.51 MeV for u-quark and 5.67 MeV for d-quark) and those ones bounded in a pion (53.31 MeV for u-quark and 85.26 MeV for d-quark). Finally, using algebraic operations [?, ⊕] we point out a new way to represent the processes of pions’ decay.
文摘Highlighting a golden triangular form in <em>u</em> and <em>d </em>quarks (Quark Geometric Model), we build the geometric structures of light meson <em>η</em> and individualize its decays and spin. By the structure equations describing mesons, we determine a mathematic procedure to calculate the theoretical value of the mass of light mesons <em>η</em>.
文摘This article gives the potential energy function of quark in the gluon field, derives the wave function of quark in stationary state and the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom, shows that a quark is composed of two different color gluons, expounds the formation mechanism of the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom and the physical substance of “colors” of quark, and discusses the stability of hadrons in the end.
文摘Using the “Aureum Geometric Model” (AGM) of quarks, we formulate the structure equations describing mesons and, by a mathematic procedure, we calculate the theoretical spectrum of mass values of light mesons without strangeness.
文摘Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental frequency, v<sub>F</sub>. The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites. They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, , of a fundamental electromagnetic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck’s constant. The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as n<sub>bem</sub>. The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 1;the strange and down quarks with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 2;and the up quark with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 3. An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with n<sub>bem</sub> numbers 1, 2, and 3. The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model. The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and n<sub>bem</sub> quantum number. The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right;the middle row depicts the d and s quarks;and the bottom row, the up quark. Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence quarks defining the composite quark model. The vertices of the triangular array are the up quarks, the midpoints are the down quarks. All weak transitions are from a corner to a midpoint or vice versa. The standard 3 by 3 CKM matrix is generated from the new quark triangle with each up type quark (u, c, and t) transforming to each down type (d, s, and b), with their experimental flavor transition magnitudes given. Conclusion: A new quark quantum number, n<sub>bem</sub>, is an important discovery that generates a new proto-valence quark triangle that secondarily generates the composite quark model and the CKM matrix.
文摘A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory. The Higgs boson acquires mass, valence quarks emerge and antiparticles become suppressed when the system relaxes and symmetry breaks down. The hitherto unknown dimensionless coupling parameter to the superconductor-like potential becomes a re-gulator of the quark-antiquark asymmetry. Only a small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quark-antiquark sea play the role of dark matter. When quark-masses are in-weighted, this number approaches the observed ratio between ordinary matter and the sum of ordinary and dark matter. The model also provides a chemical non-equilibrium explanation for the information loss in black holes, such as of baryon number.
基金Supported by the 95'Key Project Funds of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.KJ 951-A1-410.
文摘From the full stopping scenario,a relativistic hydrodynamic model describing the evolution of the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter fire-cylinder has been established.Based on it,the rapidity Distribution of dileptons with intermediate invariant masses has been studied.It is found that the quark phase gives the dominant contribution to the dilepton spectrum due to the influence of the phase boundary on the evolution of the system,especially the dilepton yield is strongly suppressed with the increasing rapidity.
基金95'Key Funds of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJ951-A1-410)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.19475060.
文摘Under thermodynamic equilibrium, the initial values of the quark-gluon system from relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are obtained. From these initial values we have studied the dilepton production on the basis of the relativistic hydrodynamic model, and found that with increasing incident energy a characteristic plateau indicating the formation of the quark-gluon plasma appears in the total yield.
基金Supported in part by the Grant LWTZ-1298 of Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Based on a relativistic hydrodynamic model,the dilepton production in a baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball is studied.We Hnd that at invariant masses between 2mπ and 1 GeV,with increasing initial baryon density,a characteristic valley and a subsequent peak appear in the total dilepton yield,which signal more uniquely the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter formation and can be tested in future experiments at CERN and Brookhaven.
基金Supported in part by the Grant LWTZ-1298 of Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘In the study of dilepton production of a baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball based on the full stopping scenario via a relativistic hydrodynamic model,it is found that for the fixed initial baryon chemical potential with increasing initial temperature a peak indicating the formation of the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter appears in the total dilepton yield.
文摘With the increase of the initial baryon density,the dilepton production in invariant masses between 2mπ and 1 GeV is shown to be suppressed and an abnormal peak of the dilepton spectrum appears near the invariant mass 0.75 GeV if a baryon-rich quark-gluon matter was formed in the ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collision.These predictions are important for several large-scale experiments at CERN and Brookhaven.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.19475060.
文摘From the full stopping scenario,the dilepton production in the baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball based on a relativistic hydrodynamic model is studied,and it is found that with increasing incident energy a characteristic plateau indicating the formation of the baryon-rich quark-gluon matter appears in the total yield.
文摘In the integer-fraction principle of the digital electric charge, individual integral charge and individual fractional charge are the digital representations of the allowance and the disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy, respectively. The disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy for individual fractional charge brings about the confinement of individual fractional charges to restrict irreversible movement resulted from irreversible kinetic energy. Collective fractional charges are confined by the short-distance confinement force field where the sum of the collective fractional charges is integer. As a result, fractional charges are confined and collective. The confinement force field includes gluons in QCD (quantum chromodynamics) for collective fractional charge quarks in hadrons and the magnetic flux quanta for collective fractional charge quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). The collectivity of fractional charges requires the attachment of energy as flux quanta to bind collective fractional charges. The integer-fraction transformation from integral charges to fractional charges consists of the three steps: 1) the attachment of an even number of flux quanta to individual integral charge fermions to form individual integral charge composite fermions, 2) the attachment of an odd number of flux quanta to individual integral charge composite fermions to form transitional collective integral charge composite bosons, and 3) the conversion of flux quanta into the confinement force field to confine collective fractional charge composite fermions converted from composite bosons. The charges of quarks are fractional, because QCD (the strong force) emerges in the universe that has no irreversible kinetic energy. Kinetic energy emerged in the universe after the emergence of the strong force. The charges of the quasiparticles in the FQHE are fractional because of the confinement by a two-dimensional system, the Landau levels, and an extremely low temperature and the collectivity by high energy magnetic flux quanta. From the integer-fraction transformation from integral charge electrons to fractional charge quarks, the calculated masses of pion, muon and constituent quarks are in excellent agreement with the observed values.
文摘This work shows a didactic model representative (GPM) of the particles described in the Standard Model (SM). Particles are represented by geometric forms corresponding to geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators. From the didactic hypotheses of the model emerges an in-depth phenomenology of particles that is fully compatible with that of SM. Thanks to this model, we can calculate “geometrically” the mass of Higgs’s Boson and the mass of the pair “muon and muonic neutrino”, and, by the geometric shapes of leptons and bosons, we can also solve crucial aspects of SM physics as the neutrinos’ oscillations and the intrinsic chirality of the neutrino and antineutrino.
文摘The attempt has been taken to calculate the density of stars possessing quark matter core using sphere packing concept of crystallography. The quark matter has been taken as solid in nature as predicted in references 36 and 37, and due to immense gravitational pressure at the core of the star the densest packing of quarks as spheres has been assumed to calculate the packing fraction Φ, thus the density ρ of the matter. Three possible types of pickings—mono-sized sphere packing, binary sphere packing and ternary sphere packing, have been worked out using three possible types of quark matter. It has been concluded that no value about the ρ of quark matter can be calculated using binary and ternary packing conditions and for mono-sized packing condition different flavor quark matters of different values in the density have been calculated using results from the experiments done by HI, ZEUS, L3 and CDF Collaborations about the radius limit of quark. For example, for u quark matter ρ ranges from 4.0587 × 1048 - 7.40038 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3 using results of L3 Collaboration, for s quark matter 15.91794 × 1048 - 17.6866 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3, etc.
