The widespread adoption of QR codes has revolutionized various industries, streamlined transactions and improved inventory management. However, this increased reliance on QR code technology also exposes it to potentia...The widespread adoption of QR codes has revolutionized various industries, streamlined transactions and improved inventory management. However, this increased reliance on QR code technology also exposes it to potential security risks that malicious actors can exploit. QR code Phishing, or “Quishing”, is a type of phishing attack that leverages QR codes to deceive individuals into visiting malicious websites or downloading harmful software. These attacks can be particularly effective due to the growing popularity and trust in QR codes. This paper examines the importance of enhancing the security of QR codes through the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). The abstract investigates the integration of AI methods for identifying and mitigating security threats associated with QR code usage. By assessing the current state of QR code security and evaluating the effectiveness of AI-driven solutions, this research aims to propose comprehensive strategies for strengthening QR code technology’s resilience. The study contributes to discussions on secure data encoding and retrieval, providing valuable insights into the evolving synergy between QR codes and AI for the advancement of secure digital communication.展开更多
The QR Code is a 2 dimensional matrix code with high error correction capability. It employs RS codes to generate error correction codewords in encoding and recover errors and damages in decoding. This paper presents ...The QR Code is a 2 dimensional matrix code with high error correction capability. It employs RS codes to generate error correction codewords in encoding and recover errors and damages in decoding. This paper presents several QR Code’s virtues, analyzes RS decoding algorithm and gives a software flow chart of decoding the QR Code with RS decoding algorithm.展开更多
In the self-built fruit and vegetable sorting warehouse of Lushang Group,the system is automatically scanning the QR code for agricultural product and conducts pesticide residue testing on fruits and vegetables;new pr...In the self-built fruit and vegetable sorting warehouse of Lushang Group,the system is automatically scanning the QR code for agricultural product and conducts pesticide residue testing on fruits and vegetables;new products from foreign trade factories will be directly transported to Ginza Supermarket through the“Direct Express for Domestic Product”channel,and will be shelved on the“Lushang Life”service platform within 48 hours;in front of the campus intelligent milk cabinet independently launched by Lushang Technology,students receive pasteurized milk by brushing their faces,and the data about milk source farms and sterilization parameters are sent to the parents simultaneously.This is the daily scenario of digital applications by Lushang Group’s full supply chain management.展开更多
The evaluation of the minimum distance of linear block codes remains an open problem in coding theory, and it is not easy to determine its true value by classical methods, for this reason the problem has been solved i...The evaluation of the minimum distance of linear block codes remains an open problem in coding theory, and it is not easy to determine its true value by classical methods, for this reason the problem has been solved in the literature with heuristic techniques such as genetic algorithms and local search algorithms. In this paper we propose two approaches to attack the hardness of this problem. The first approach is based on genetic algorithms and it yield to good results comparing to another work based also on genetic algorithms. The second approach is based on a new randomized algorithm which we call 'Multiple Impulse Method (MIM)', where the principle is to search codewords locally around the all-zero codeword perturbed by a minimum level of noise, anticipating that the resultant nearest nonzero codewords will most likely contain the minimum Hamming-weight codeword whose Hamming weight is equal to the minimum distance of the linear code.展开更多
The rapid transmission of multimedia information has been achieved mainly by recent advancements in the Internet’s speed and information technology.In spite of this,advancements in technology have resulted in breache...The rapid transmission of multimedia information has been achieved mainly by recent advancements in the Internet’s speed and information technology.In spite of this,advancements in technology have resulted in breaches of privacy and data security.When it comes to protecting private information in today’s Internet era,digital steganography is vital.Many academics are interested in digital video because it has a great capability for concealing important data.There have been a vast number of video steganography solutions developed lately to guard against the theft of confidential data.The visual imperceptibility,robustness,and embedding capacity of these approaches are all challenges that must be addressed.In this paper,a novel solution to reversible video steganography based on Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)and Quick Response(QR)codes is proposed to address these concerns.In order to increase the security level of the suggested method,an enhanced ElGamal cryptosystem has also been proposed.Prior to the embedding stage,the suggested method uses the modified ElGamal algorithm to encrypt secret QR codes.Concurrently,it applies two-dimensional DWT on the Y-component of each video frame resulting in Approximation(LL),Horizontal(LH),Vertical(HL),and Diagonal(HH)sub-bands.Then,the encrypted Low(L),Medium(M),Quantile(Q),and High(H)QR codes are embedded into the HL sub-band,HHsub-band,U-component,and V-component of video frames,respectively,using the Least Significant Bit(LSB)technique.As a consequence of extensive testing of the approach,it was shown to be very secure and highly invisible,as well as highly resistant to attacks from Salt&Pepper,Gaussian,Poisson,and Speckle noises,which has an average Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)of more than 0.91.Aside from visual imperceptibility,the suggested method exceeds current methods in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)average of 52.143 dB,and embedding capacity 1 bpp.展开更多
With the rise of the Internet of Things(IoT),various devices in life and industry are closely linked.Because of its high payload,stable error correction capability,and convenience in reading and writing,Quick Response...With the rise of the Internet of Things(IoT),various devices in life and industry are closely linked.Because of its high payload,stable error correction capability,and convenience in reading and writing,Quick Response(QR)code has been widely researched in IoT.However,the security of privacy data in IoT is also a very important issue.At the same time,because IoT is developing towards low-power devices in order to be applied to more fields,the technology protecting the security of private needs to have the characteristics of low computational complexity.Visual Secret Sharing(VSS),with its features of safety and low computational cost,can fully meet the requirements of communication security in IoT.Therefore,a VSS scheme with QR code(VSS-QR)was proposed and has been applied to some extent.In VSS-QR,the secret is shared into a series of shares.These shares are usually common QR codes,which cannot cause the attention of the attacker.However,if there is dishonesty among participants,the secret cannot be recovered,which will lead to VSS-QR cannot be widely used due to its inadequate security.In this paper,we propose a visual secret sharing scheme with authentication based on QR code(VSSA-QR).Both the reconstructed secret QR code and shares can be verified whether they are forged by attackers.The above-mentioned operations conveniently are performed on low-power QR scanning devices.Not only does the proposed scheme prevent some dishonest participants or attackers from cheating,but also prevent all participants from conspiring.In addition,the payload is the QR code itself,which is higher than other schemes.Theoretical analysis and experiments prove that the proposed scheme is effective.展开更多
It is the development trend of library information management,which applies the mature and cutting-edge information technology to library information retrieval.In order to realize the rapid retrieval of massive book i...It is the development trend of library information management,which applies the mature and cutting-edge information technology to library information retrieval.In order to realize the rapid retrieval of massive book information,this paper proposes a book retrieval method combining QR code with image retrieval technology.This method analyzes the visual features of book images,design a book image retrieval method based on boundary contour and regional pixel distribution features,and realizes the association retrieval of book information combined with the QR code,so as to improve the efficiency of book retrieval.The experimental results show that,the books can be retrieved effectively through the boundary contour and regional pixel distribution features,the book information can be displayed through QR code,readers can be provided with fast and intelligent massive book retrieval services.展开更多
QR codes are applied widely on the Internet and mobile devices in recent years.Its open standards and the characteristics of easy to generate lead to anyone can generate their QR code easily.Also,the QR code does not ...QR codes are applied widely on the Internet and mobile devices in recent years.Its open standards and the characteristics of easy to generate lead to anyone can generate their QR code easily.Also,the QR code does not have the ability of hiding information,which leads to everyone can get access to read the content in any QR code,including those hiding some secret content in the bytes of QR code.Therefore,in recent years,information tampering and information leakage cases caused by poor security of two-dimensional code occur frequently,especially in the financial field and multi-party verification scenarios.QR codes are almost impossible to use in these scenarios.Therefore,this paper proposes a distributed information sharing method based on information hiding QR code.This method can make secret code in QR code safer and robust,and the secret shared between receivers can be used for decryption and attacking detection.Therefore,on the one hand,the information hiding method can maximize the capacity of embedded secret information,on the other hand,it can prevent attacks by disguised attackers and recover hidden secret information through reconstruction.This paper illustrates the feasibility of this scheme through the form of theoretical proof.展开更多
In recent years,QR code has been widely used in the Internet and mobile devices.It is based on open standards and easy to generate a code,which lead to that anyone can generate their own QR code.Because the QR code do...In recent years,QR code has been widely used in the Internet and mobile devices.It is based on open standards and easy to generate a code,which lead to that anyone can generate their own QR code.Because the QR code does not have the ability of information hiding,any device can access the content in QR code.Thus,hiding the secret data in QR code becomes a hot topic.Previously,the information hiding methods based on QR code all use the way of information hiding based on image,mostly using digital watermarking technology,and not using the coding rules of QR code to hide information.Therefore,we propose a distributed information sharing method based on QR code information hiding.On the one hand,we can start from the coding rules of QR code and use the information hiding method to maximize the capacity of secret information embedded in QR code.On the other hand,the distributed information sharing method is used to decentralize.At the same time,experimental results and analysis show that the proposed scheme can prevent the attack of camouflage attacker,and finally recover hidden information by secret reconstruction.展开更多
The People’s Bank of China（PBOC）recently issued the regulations on QR code payment service（Trial）and two other relevant technical specifications to regulate payments by scanning two-dimensional barcode,which are ...The People’s Bank of China（PBOC）recently issued the regulations on QR code payment service（Trial）and two other relevant technical specifications to regulate payments by scanning two-dimensional barcode,which are to take effect on April 1,2018.Payment institutions must obtain proper permits to offer barcode-based payment services by then.Payments with QR codes are increasingly common in China for purchases in large or small shops,展开更多
This paper briefly introduces the development process,technical content and focus of ISO/TS 7352,Freight Container-NFC or/and QR code seals,which is a project carried out by East China Normal University and submitted ...This paper briefly introduces the development process,technical content and focus of ISO/TS 7352,Freight Container-NFC or/and QR code seals,which is a project carried out by East China Normal University and submitted through Standardization Administration of China(SAC).The successful development of this technical specification will greatly enhance container identification and communication technology.展开更多
Narrative design was originated in the 20th century.As a kind of design thinking,it runs through various fields such as architecture,environment,and new media.The QR code design has gradually become a bridge for media...Narrative design was originated in the 20th century.As a kind of design thinking,it runs through various fields such as architecture,environment,and new media.The QR code design has gradually become a bridge for media integration design,and its importance is becoming increasingly obvious.An optimized QR code design may gradually replace the original LOGO of certain goods or brand.In this study,narration is embedded into the QR code design,and a new QR code design image is gradually constructed through three ways of planarization,spatialization,and narration.展开更多
QR codes are widely used in applications such as information sharing,advertising,and digital payments.However,their growing adoption has made them attractive targets for malicious activities,including malware distribu...QR codes are widely used in applications such as information sharing,advertising,and digital payments.However,their growing adoption has made them attractive targets for malicious activities,including malware distribution and phishing attacks.Traditional detection approaches rely on URL analysis or image-based feature extraction,whichmay introduce significant computational overhead and limit real-time applicability,and their performance often depends on the quality of extracted features.Previous studies in malicious detection do not fully focus on QR code securitywhen combining convolutional neural networks(CNNs)with recurrent neural networks(RNNs).This research proposes a deep learning model that integrates AlexNet for feature extraction,principal component analysis(PCA)for dimensionality reduction,and RNNs to detect malicious activity in QR code images.The proposed model achieves both efficiency and accuracy by transforming image data into a compact one-dimensional sequence.Experimental results,including five-fold cross-validation,demonstrate that the model using gated recurrent units(GRU)achieved an accuracy of 99.81%on the first dataset and 99.59%in the second dataset with a computation time of only 7.433 ms per sample.A real-time prototype was also developed to demonstrate deployment feasibility.These results highlight the potential of the proposed approach for practical,real-time QR code threat detection.展开更多
文摘The widespread adoption of QR codes has revolutionized various industries, streamlined transactions and improved inventory management. However, this increased reliance on QR code technology also exposes it to potential security risks that malicious actors can exploit. QR code Phishing, or “Quishing”, is a type of phishing attack that leverages QR codes to deceive individuals into visiting malicious websites or downloading harmful software. These attacks can be particularly effective due to the growing popularity and trust in QR codes. This paper examines the importance of enhancing the security of QR codes through the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). The abstract investigates the integration of AI methods for identifying and mitigating security threats associated with QR code usage. By assessing the current state of QR code security and evaluating the effectiveness of AI-driven solutions, this research aims to propose comprehensive strategies for strengthening QR code technology’s resilience. The study contributes to discussions on secure data encoding and retrieval, providing valuable insights into the evolving synergy between QR codes and AI for the advancement of secure digital communication.
文摘The QR Code is a 2 dimensional matrix code with high error correction capability. It employs RS codes to generate error correction codewords in encoding and recover errors and damages in decoding. This paper presents several QR Code’s virtues, analyzes RS decoding algorithm and gives a software flow chart of decoding the QR Code with RS decoding algorithm.
文摘In the self-built fruit and vegetable sorting warehouse of Lushang Group,the system is automatically scanning the QR code for agricultural product and conducts pesticide residue testing on fruits and vegetables;new products from foreign trade factories will be directly transported to Ginza Supermarket through the“Direct Express for Domestic Product”channel,and will be shelved on the“Lushang Life”service platform within 48 hours;in front of the campus intelligent milk cabinet independently launched by Lushang Technology,students receive pasteurized milk by brushing their faces,and the data about milk source farms and sterilization parameters are sent to the parents simultaneously.This is the daily scenario of digital applications by Lushang Group’s full supply chain management.
文摘The evaluation of the minimum distance of linear block codes remains an open problem in coding theory, and it is not easy to determine its true value by classical methods, for this reason the problem has been solved in the literature with heuristic techniques such as genetic algorithms and local search algorithms. In this paper we propose two approaches to attack the hardness of this problem. The first approach is based on genetic algorithms and it yield to good results comparing to another work based also on genetic algorithms. The second approach is based on a new randomized algorithm which we call 'Multiple Impulse Method (MIM)', where the principle is to search codewords locally around the all-zero codeword perturbed by a minimum level of noise, anticipating that the resultant nearest nonzero codewords will most likely contain the minimum Hamming-weight codeword whose Hamming weight is equal to the minimum distance of the linear code.
文摘The rapid transmission of multimedia information has been achieved mainly by recent advancements in the Internet’s speed and information technology.In spite of this,advancements in technology have resulted in breaches of privacy and data security.When it comes to protecting private information in today’s Internet era,digital steganography is vital.Many academics are interested in digital video because it has a great capability for concealing important data.There have been a vast number of video steganography solutions developed lately to guard against the theft of confidential data.The visual imperceptibility,robustness,and embedding capacity of these approaches are all challenges that must be addressed.In this paper,a novel solution to reversible video steganography based on Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)and Quick Response(QR)codes is proposed to address these concerns.In order to increase the security level of the suggested method,an enhanced ElGamal cryptosystem has also been proposed.Prior to the embedding stage,the suggested method uses the modified ElGamal algorithm to encrypt secret QR codes.Concurrently,it applies two-dimensional DWT on the Y-component of each video frame resulting in Approximation(LL),Horizontal(LH),Vertical(HL),and Diagonal(HH)sub-bands.Then,the encrypted Low(L),Medium(M),Quantile(Q),and High(H)QR codes are embedded into the HL sub-band,HHsub-band,U-component,and V-component of video frames,respectively,using the Least Significant Bit(LSB)technique.As a consequence of extensive testing of the approach,it was shown to be very secure and highly invisible,as well as highly resistant to attacks from Salt&Pepper,Gaussian,Poisson,and Speckle noises,which has an average Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)of more than 0.91.Aside from visual imperceptibility,the suggested method exceeds current methods in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)average of 52.143 dB,and embedding capacity 1 bpp.
基金This work was supported in part by the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology under Grant 2016r055in part by the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘With the rise of the Internet of Things(IoT),various devices in life and industry are closely linked.Because of its high payload,stable error correction capability,and convenience in reading and writing,Quick Response(QR)code has been widely researched in IoT.However,the security of privacy data in IoT is also a very important issue.At the same time,because IoT is developing towards low-power devices in order to be applied to more fields,the technology protecting the security of private needs to have the characteristics of low computational complexity.Visual Secret Sharing(VSS),with its features of safety and low computational cost,can fully meet the requirements of communication security in IoT.Therefore,a VSS scheme with QR code(VSS-QR)was proposed and has been applied to some extent.In VSS-QR,the secret is shared into a series of shares.These shares are usually common QR codes,which cannot cause the attention of the attacker.However,if there is dishonesty among participants,the secret cannot be recovered,which will lead to VSS-QR cannot be widely used due to its inadequate security.In this paper,we propose a visual secret sharing scheme with authentication based on QR code(VSSA-QR).Both the reconstructed secret QR code and shares can be verified whether they are forged by attackers.The above-mentioned operations conveniently are performed on low-power QR scanning devices.Not only does the proposed scheme prevent some dishonest participants or attackers from cheating,but also prevent all participants from conspiring.In addition,the payload is the QR code itself,which is higher than other schemes.Theoretical analysis and experiments prove that the proposed scheme is effective.
文摘It is the development trend of library information management,which applies the mature and cutting-edge information technology to library information retrieval.In order to realize the rapid retrieval of massive book information,this paper proposes a book retrieval method combining QR code with image retrieval technology.This method analyzes the visual features of book images,design a book image retrieval method based on boundary contour and regional pixel distribution features,and realizes the association retrieval of book information combined with the QR code,so as to improve the efficiency of book retrieval.The experimental results show that,the books can be retrieved effectively through the boundary contour and regional pixel distribution features,the book information can be displayed through QR code,readers can be provided with fast and intelligent massive book retrieval services.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61876089,61876185,61902281,61375121)the Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Data Science and Smart Software(No.2019DS301)+1 种基金the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics,Ministry of Education,the Science and Technology Program of Jiangsu Province Construction System(2020JH08)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘QR codes are applied widely on the Internet and mobile devices in recent years.Its open standards and the characteristics of easy to generate lead to anyone can generate their QR code easily.Also,the QR code does not have the ability of hiding information,which leads to everyone can get access to read the content in any QR code,including those hiding some secret content in the bytes of QR code.Therefore,in recent years,information tampering and information leakage cases caused by poor security of two-dimensional code occur frequently,especially in the financial field and multi-party verification scenarios.QR codes are almost impossible to use in these scenarios.Therefore,this paper proposes a distributed information sharing method based on information hiding QR code.This method can make secret code in QR code safer and robust,and the secret shared between receivers can be used for decryption and attacking detection.Therefore,on the one hand,the information hiding method can maximize the capacity of embedded secret information,on the other hand,it can prevent attacks by disguised attackers and recover hidden secret information through reconstruction.This paper illustrates the feasibility of this scheme through the form of theoretical proof.
文摘In recent years,QR code has been widely used in the Internet and mobile devices.It is based on open standards and easy to generate a code,which lead to that anyone can generate their own QR code.Because the QR code does not have the ability of information hiding,any device can access the content in QR code.Thus,hiding the secret data in QR code becomes a hot topic.Previously,the information hiding methods based on QR code all use the way of information hiding based on image,mostly using digital watermarking technology,and not using the coding rules of QR code to hide information.Therefore,we propose a distributed information sharing method based on QR code information hiding.On the one hand,we can start from the coding rules of QR code and use the information hiding method to maximize the capacity of secret information embedded in QR code.On the other hand,the distributed information sharing method is used to decentralize.At the same time,experimental results and analysis show that the proposed scheme can prevent the attack of camouflage attacker,and finally recover hidden information by secret reconstruction.
文摘The People’s Bank of China（PBOC）recently issued the regulations on QR code payment service（Trial）and two other relevant technical specifications to regulate payments by scanning two-dimensional barcode,which are to take effect on April 1,2018.Payment institutions must obtain proper permits to offer barcode-based payment services by then.Payments with QR codes are increasingly common in China for purchases in large or small shops,
基金financially supported by the“Technological Innovation Action Plan”Technical Standards Project of Shanghai Municipality(20DZ2205300)
文摘This paper briefly introduces the development process,technical content and focus of ISO/TS 7352,Freight Container-NFC or/and QR code seals,which is a project carried out by East China Normal University and submitted through Standardization Administration of China(SAC).The successful development of this technical specification will greatly enhance container identification and communication technology.
文摘Narrative design was originated in the 20th century.As a kind of design thinking,it runs through various fields such as architecture,environment,and new media.The QR code design has gradually become a bridge for media integration design,and its importance is becoming increasingly obvious.An optimized QR code design may gradually replace the original LOGO of certain goods or brand.In this study,narration is embedded into the QR code design,and a new QR code design image is gradually constructed through three ways of planarization,spatialization,and narration.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)at King Abdulaziz University Jeddah,under grant no.(GPIP:1168-611-2024)The authors acknowledge the DSR for financial and technical support.
文摘QR codes are widely used in applications such as information sharing,advertising,and digital payments.However,their growing adoption has made them attractive targets for malicious activities,including malware distribution and phishing attacks.Traditional detection approaches rely on URL analysis or image-based feature extraction,whichmay introduce significant computational overhead and limit real-time applicability,and their performance often depends on the quality of extracted features.Previous studies in malicious detection do not fully focus on QR code securitywhen combining convolutional neural networks(CNNs)with recurrent neural networks(RNNs).This research proposes a deep learning model that integrates AlexNet for feature extraction,principal component analysis(PCA)for dimensionality reduction,and RNNs to detect malicious activity in QR code images.The proposed model achieves both efficiency and accuracy by transforming image data into a compact one-dimensional sequence.Experimental results,including five-fold cross-validation,demonstrate that the model using gated recurrent units(GRU)achieved an accuracy of 99.81%on the first dataset and 99.59%in the second dataset with a computation time of only 7.433 ms per sample.A real-time prototype was also developed to demonstrate deployment feasibility.These results highlight the potential of the proposed approach for practical,real-time QR code threat detection.
