Multi-factor authentication(MFA)was proposed by Pointcheval et al.[Pointcheval and Zimmer(2008)]to improve the security of single-factor(and two-factor)authentication.As the backbone of multi-factor authentication,bio...Multi-factor authentication(MFA)was proposed by Pointcheval et al.[Pointcheval and Zimmer(2008)]to improve the security of single-factor(and two-factor)authentication.As the backbone of multi-factor authentication,biometric data are widely observed.Especially,how to keep the privacy of biometric at the password database without impairing efficiency is still an open question.Using the vulnerability of encryption(or hash)algorithms,the attacker can still launch offline brute-force attacks on encrypted(or hashed)biometric data.To address the potential risk of biometric disclosure at the password database,in this paper,we propose a novel efficient and secure MFA key exchange(later denoted as MFAKE)protocol leveraging the Pythia PRF service and password-to-random(or PTR)protocol.Armed with the PTR protocol,a master password pwd can be translated by the user into independent pseudorandom passwords(or rwd)for each user account with the help of device(e.g.,smart phone).Meanwhile,using the Pythia PRF service,the password database can avoid leakage of the local user’s password and biometric data.This is the first paper to achieve the password and biometric harden service simultaneously using the PTR protocol and Pythia PRF.展开更多
This paper presents a study on ＇hard＇ and ＇soft＇ interactions in ^-pp （pp） collisions using a phenomenological model of HIJING, the jet-cone reconstruction method is employed to select the ＇hard＇ and ＇soft＇ ...This paper presents a study on ＇hard＇ and ＇soft＇ interactions in ^-pp （pp） collisions using a phenomenological model of HIJING, the jet-cone reconstruction method is employed to select the ＇hard＇ and ＇soft＇ event sub-samples from minimum bias events. It is found that the HIJING model can reproduce the energy scaling behaviour of mean transverse momentum （〈PT〉） distributions of charged hadrons versus multiplicity （Nch） in ＇soft＇ events. From the PYTHIA simulation comparing with the HIJING model, the enhancement of the kaon and proton yields from ＇hard＇ interactions comparing with ＇soft＇ interactions is observed to be due to the mini-jets effect. These mechanisms responsible for the increase of charged hadron＇s （PT） are different in ＇soft＇ and ＇hard＇ interactions.展开更多
Stimulated by a keen interest in possible collective behavior in high-energy proton-proton and protonnucleus collisions,we study two-particle angular correlations in pseudorapidity and azimuthal differences in simulat...Stimulated by a keen interest in possible collective behavior in high-energy proton-proton and protonnucleus collisions,we study two-particle angular correlations in pseudorapidity and azimuthal differences in simulated p+p interactions using the Pythia 8 event generator.Multi-parton interactions and color connection are included in these simulations,which have been perceived to produce collectivity in final-state particles.Meanwhile,contributions from genuine few-body nonflow correlations,not of collective flow behavior,are known to be severe in these small-system collisions.We present our Pythia correlation studies pedagogically and report azimuthal harmonic anisotropies analyzed using several methods.We observe anisotropies in these Pythia simulated events qualitatively and semi-quantitatively,similar to experimental data.Our findings highlight the delicate nature of azimuthal anisotropies in small-system collisions and provide a benchmark that can aid in improving data analysis and interpreting experimental measurements in small-system collisions.展开更多
We studied experimental background reconstruction methods for the measurement of the D-D correlation using PYTHIA simulation.The like-sign(LS)and side-band(SB)background methods,which are widely used in the experiment...We studied experimental background reconstruction methods for the measurement of the D-D correlation using PYTHIA simulation.The like-sign(LS)and side-band(SB)background methods,which are widely used in the experimental measurements of single D-meson production yields,were deployed for correlation study.It was found that the LS method,which describes the combinatorial background of single D^(0) meson yields,fails to reproduce the correlated background in the D^(0)-D^(0) correlation measurement,while the SB background method yields a good description of the background for both single D^(0) yields and the correlated background of the D^(0)-D^(0) correlation measurement.We further examined the validity of the correlation methods under different signal-to-background ratios,providing direct references for experimental measurements.展开更多
In this work we present an analysis of a search for charged Higgs boson in the context of Two Doublet Higgs Model (2HDM) which is an extension of the Standard Model of particles physics where the 2HDM predicts by exis...In this work we present an analysis of a search for charged Higgs boson in the context of Two Doublet Higgs Model (2HDM) which is an extension of the Standard Model of particles physics where the 2HDM predicts by existence scalar sector with new five Higgs bosons;two of them are electrically charged and the other three Higgs bosons are neutral charged. Our analysis based on the Monte Carlo data produced from the simulation of 2HDM with proton antiproton collisions at the Tevatron = 1.96 TeV (Fermi Lab) and proton proton collisions at the LHC = 14 TeV (CERN) with final state includes electron, muon, multiple jets and missing transverse energy via the production and decay of the new Higgs in the hard process where the dominant background (electrons and muons) for this process comes from the Standard Model processes via the production and decay of top quark pair. We assumed that the branching ratio of charged Higgs boson to tau lepton and neutrino is 100%. We used the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) which are an efficient technique to discriminate the signal of charged Higgs boson from the SM background for charged Higgs boson masses between 80 GeV and 160 GeV. Also we calculated the production cross section at different energies, decay width, branching ration and different kinematics distribution for charged Higgs boson and for the final state particles.展开更多
In the frame of the quark recombination model, we study the momentum distributions and correlations of constituent quarks in jets by analyzing the final state hadrons generated by PYTHIA for the hard parton fragmentat...In the frame of the quark recombination model, we study the momentum distributions and correlations of constituent quarks in jets by analyzing the final state hadrons generated by PYTHIA for the hard parton fragmentation processes in vacuum. Parameterizations for the distributions are tabulated.展开更多
We propose a forward method based on PYTHIA6.4 to study the jet properties in ultra-relativistic pp collisions. In the forward method, the partonic initial states are first generated with PYTHIA6.4 and then hadronized...We propose a forward method based on PYTHIA6.4 to study the jet properties in ultra-relativistic pp collisions. In the forward method, the partonic initial states are first generated with PYTHIA6.4 and then hadronized in the Lund string fragmentation model, and finally the hadronic jets are constructed from the created hadrons. Jet prop-√erties calculated with the forward method for pp collisions at s1/2=7 TeV are comparable to those calculated with the usual anti-kt algorithm（backward method） in PYTHIA6.4. The comparison between the backward and forward methods may contribute to the understanding of the partonic origin of jets in the backward method.展开更多
Recent studies on high-multiplicity events in small collision systems(proton-proton and proton-lead)have drawn considerable research interest toward the possibility of the formation of partonic medium in such systems....Recent studies on high-multiplicity events in small collision systems(proton-proton and proton-lead)have drawn considerable research interest toward the possibility of the formation of partonic medium in such systems.One of the important consequences of the formation of dense partonic medium is the quenching of high-momentum final-state particles,resulting in several experimental observations such as suppression in nuclear modification factor RAA,modification of jet shape observableρ(r)and jet fragmentation(z^(ch))distributions,etc.In this work,we studyρ(r)and z^(ch)for inclusive charged-particle jets in proton-proton(pp)collisions at√s=13 TeV using the PYTHIA 8 Monash 2013 Monte Carlo simulation.We show that the color reconnection(CR)and multiparton interaction(MPI)mechanisms in PYTHIA 8 can lead to an increased rate of jet production.We also find that the mechanisms of MPI and CR and change in the gluonic contribution in high-multiplicity events result in significant modification ofρ(r)and z^(ch)compared to those in minimum bias events for 10<p_(T,jet)^(ch)<20 GeV/c.We notice a direct connection of<N_(MPI)>and gluonic contribution with the amount of modification inρ(r):the larger the number of MPIs and/or gluonic contribution,the larger the amount of modification ofρ(r).展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61802214)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2019BF009,ZR2018LF007,ZR2017MF0,ZR2016YL011)+2 种基金the Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China(2018GGX1010052017,CXGC07012016,GGX109001)the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program(No.J17KA049)the Global Infrastructure Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(NRF-2018K1A3A1A20026485).
文摘Multi-factor authentication(MFA)was proposed by Pointcheval et al.[Pointcheval and Zimmer(2008)]to improve the security of single-factor(and two-factor)authentication.As the backbone of multi-factor authentication,biometric data are widely observed.Especially,how to keep the privacy of biometric at the password database without impairing efficiency is still an open question.Using the vulnerability of encryption(or hash)algorithms,the attacker can still launch offline brute-force attacks on encrypted(or hashed)biometric data.To address the potential risk of biometric disclosure at the password database,in this paper,we propose a novel efficient and secure MFA key exchange(later denoted as MFAKE)protocol leveraging the Pythia PRF service and password-to-random(or PTR)protocol.Armed with the PTR protocol,a master password pwd can be translated by the user into independent pseudorandom passwords(or rwd)for each user account with the help of device(e.g.,smart phone).Meanwhile,using the Pythia PRF service,the password database can avoid leakage of the local user’s password and biometric data.This is the first paper to achieve the password and biometric harden service simultaneously using the PTR protocol and Pythia PRF.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 10275060 and 10475071）.
文摘This paper presents a study on ＇hard＇ and ＇soft＇ interactions in ^-pp （pp） collisions using a phenomenological model of HIJING, the jet-cone reconstruction method is employed to select the ＇hard＇ and ＇soft＇ event sub-samples from minimum bias events. It is found that the HIJING model can reproduce the energy scaling behaviour of mean transverse momentum （〈PT〉） distributions of charged hadrons versus multiplicity （Nch） in ＇soft＇ events. From the PYTHIA simulation comparing with the HIJING model, the enhancement of the kaon and proton yields from ＇hard＇ interactions comparing with ＇soft＇ interactions is observed to be due to the mini-jets effect. These mechanisms responsible for the increase of charged hadron＇s （PT） are different in ＇soft＇ and ＇hard＇ interactions.
基金Supported in part by the U.S.Department of Energy(DE-SCo012910)。
文摘Stimulated by a keen interest in possible collective behavior in high-energy proton-proton and protonnucleus collisions,we study two-particle angular correlations in pseudorapidity and azimuthal differences in simulated p+p interactions using the Pythia 8 event generator.Multi-parton interactions and color connection are included in these simulations,which have been perceived to produce collectivity in final-state particles.Meanwhile,contributions from genuine few-body nonflow correlations,not of collective flow behavior,are known to be severe in these small-system collisions.We present our Pythia correlation studies pedagogically and report azimuthal harmonic anisotropies analyzed using several methods.We observe anisotropies in these Pythia simulated events qualitatively and semi-quantitatively,similar to experimental data.Our findings highlight the delicate nature of azimuthal anisotropies in small-system collisions and provide a benchmark that can aid in improving data analysis and interpreting experimental measurements in small-system collisions.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11890710,11890714,11905034)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB34000000)。
文摘We studied experimental background reconstruction methods for the measurement of the D-D correlation using PYTHIA simulation.The like-sign(LS)and side-band(SB)background methods,which are widely used in the experimental measurements of single D-meson production yields,were deployed for correlation study.It was found that the LS method,which describes the combinatorial background of single D^(0) meson yields,fails to reproduce the correlated background in the D^(0)-D^(0) correlation measurement,while the SB background method yields a good description of the background for both single D^(0) yields and the correlated background of the D^(0)-D^(0) correlation measurement.We further examined the validity of the correlation methods under different signal-to-background ratios,providing direct references for experimental measurements.
文摘In this work we present an analysis of a search for charged Higgs boson in the context of Two Doublet Higgs Model (2HDM) which is an extension of the Standard Model of particles physics where the 2HDM predicts by existence scalar sector with new five Higgs bosons;two of them are electrically charged and the other three Higgs bosons are neutral charged. Our analysis based on the Monte Carlo data produced from the simulation of 2HDM with proton antiproton collisions at the Tevatron = 1.96 TeV (Fermi Lab) and proton proton collisions at the LHC = 14 TeV (CERN) with final state includes electron, muon, multiple jets and missing transverse energy via the production and decay of the new Higgs in the hard process where the dominant background (electrons and muons) for this process comes from the Standard Model processes via the production and decay of top quark pair. We assumed that the branching ratio of charged Higgs boson to tau lepton and neutrino is 100%. We used the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) which are an efficient technique to discriminate the signal of charged Higgs boson from the SM background for charged Higgs boson masses between 80 GeV and 160 GeV. Also we calculated the production cross section at different energies, decay width, branching ration and different kinematics distribution for charged Higgs boson and for the final state particles.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10635020, 10775057)Ministry of Education of China (306022)
文摘In the frame of the quark recombination model, we study the momentum distributions and correlations of constituent quarks in jets by analyzing the final state hadrons generated by PYTHIA for the hard parton fragmentation processes in vacuum. Parameterizations for the distributions are tabulated.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11477130,11775094)the 111 project of the foreign expert bureau of China+2 种基金the financial support from Suranaree University of Technology and the Office of the Higher Education Commission under the NRU project of Thailandthe financial support from Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics in Central China Normal University(QLPL201805)the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project(WDJC-2019-13)
文摘We propose a forward method based on PYTHIA6.4 to study the jet properties in ultra-relativistic pp collisions. In the forward method, the partonic initial states are first generated with PYTHIA6.4 and then hadronized in the Lund string fragmentation model, and finally the hadronic jets are constructed from the created hadrons. Jet prop-√erties calculated with the forward method for pp collisions at s1/2=7 TeV are comparable to those calculated with the usual anti-kt algorithm（backward method） in PYTHIA6.4. The comparison between the backward and forward methods may contribute to the understanding of the partonic origin of jets in the backward method.
基金the Inspire Fellowship research grant(DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2018/IF180285).
文摘Recent studies on high-multiplicity events in small collision systems(proton-proton and proton-lead)have drawn considerable research interest toward the possibility of the formation of partonic medium in such systems.One of the important consequences of the formation of dense partonic medium is the quenching of high-momentum final-state particles,resulting in several experimental observations such as suppression in nuclear modification factor RAA,modification of jet shape observableρ(r)and jet fragmentation(z^(ch))distributions,etc.In this work,we studyρ(r)and z^(ch)for inclusive charged-particle jets in proton-proton(pp)collisions at√s=13 TeV using the PYTHIA 8 Monash 2013 Monte Carlo simulation.We show that the color reconnection(CR)and multiparton interaction(MPI)mechanisms in PYTHIA 8 can lead to an increased rate of jet production.We also find that the mechanisms of MPI and CR and change in the gluonic contribution in high-multiplicity events result in significant modification ofρ(r)and z^(ch)compared to those in minimum bias events for 10<p_(T,jet)^(ch)<20 GeV/c.We notice a direct connection of<N_(MPI)>and gluonic contribution with the amount of modification inρ(r):the larger the number of MPIs and/or gluonic contribution,the larger the amount of modification ofρ(r).
