A great earthquake broke out in WenChuan. A lot of people were killed, but somany people were rescused by soldiers.Here are stories about three recused pupils.Langzhen, aged three, was rescusedby the soldiers after be...A great earthquake broke out in WenChuan. A lot of people were killed, but somany people were rescused by soldiers.Here are stories about three recused pupils.Langzhen, aged three, was rescusedby the soldiers after being buried in ruinsfor 10 hours.展开更多
Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a mul...Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a multilevel hurdle model. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 906 primary school pupils in Kerman, Iran in 2012. The subjects were selected through a stratified cluster random sampling. At first, the whole target area was stratified according to two geographic areas, the north and south area. Then each area was stratified according to gender. In the next step, several schools were considered as clusters, which were selected randomly in each geographic area and gender strata. All the schoolchildren in these schools were included in this study as samples. Twelve-year-old pupils were examined for dental caries. The dependent variable in this study was the dmft/DMFT index. Eight variables, including socio-demographic information, were collected. Multilevel negative binomial hurdle model was employed for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of caries-free pupils was 30.1% and the mean dmft/DMFT was 3.6 ± 2.2. Negative binomial part of the adjusted model showed that the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for females was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10-1.79) times higher than males. Also, the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for overweight pupils was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74-0.98) times lower than those with normal weight. Logistic part of the adjusted model showed that the posibility of caries-free state in overweight pupils was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.22-3.11) times higher than those with normal weight. In addition, pupils whose fathers and mothers were workers and housewives, respectively, and those with a high maternal age were at a greater risk for caries experience than others (p < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI, gender, parent’s job and mother’s age at delivery were factors effecting on dental caries in schoolchildren. These pupils need more attention to dental care.展开更多
The aim of this research was to investigate conduct disorder among pupils of primary schools in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. School survey descriptive method was used and 384 pupils were selected from primary schoo...The aim of this research was to investigate conduct disorder among pupils of primary schools in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. School survey descriptive method was used and 384 pupils were selected from primary schools through systematic sampling technique. Age ranged from 5 to 17 years old with a mean of (9.34) years. The tools of data collection consisted of the Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory. The statis-tical tests used to analyze the collected data involve frequency and percentage, Pearson co-efficient of correlation, mean, t-test for one sample and t-test for two independent samples. The results of this research revealed that that the prevalence of conduct disorder among pupils of primary schools in Khartoum was low. There were significant differences in conduct disorder between male and females pupils. There were no significant differences between pupils of pre-paratory classes and pupils of elementary classes. There was no significant correlation between conduct disorder and age.展开更多
Introduction: Nutrition, particularly when too sweet or too fatty, is a major determinant of chronic diseases. This study aims to determine the frequency and associate factors of the excessive consumption of sweet dri...Introduction: Nutrition, particularly when too sweet or too fatty, is a major determinant of chronic diseases. This study aims to determine the frequency and associate factors of the excessive consumption of sweet drinks and fried food among secondary school pupils. Methods: It is cross-sectional study which was conducted from March to April 2016 among 1st, 4th and 7th form pupils of public and private schools in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. Nutritional investigation methods consisted in a reminder of the last 24 hours associated with a questionnaire on food consumption frequency. Excessive consumption of sweet drinks was defined as a consumption of more than 3 sweet drinks (soda) or sugary juice per day (~33 cl × 3);and excessive consumption of fried food as a consumption of more than 1 intake of fried food per day. Results: In total, 1993 pupils were interviewed. The mean age was 17.5 ± 3.6 years and sex-ratio 0.7. Excessive consumption of sweet drinks and fried food was recorded in 12.7% (n = 253) and 28.2% (n = 561) of pupils, respectively. The factors associated with excessive consumption of sweet drinks were: sex/female, sedentarily, desire to gain weight, lean or normal corpulence of the mother and breakfast intake;those associated with excessive consumption of fried food were: sex/female, being in 1st or 4th form, physical exercise practice and breakfast intake. But the fact to attend a private secondary school, to have a mother of normal corpulence and a concordance between self-image and actual weight status, were protective against excessive consumption of fried foods. Conclusion: This study has displayed prominently the fact that eating too sweet and too fatty concerned respectively 1/10 and 3/10 of pupils in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. The main modifiable factors of these eating habits included the level of education, the composition of breakfast and the influence of mothers. An intervention program in the form of a Communication for Continuous Behavioral Change intended for pupils and their mothers could help to improve this situation.展开更多
Introduction: Diet is a determinant of chronic non transmissible diseases. The aim of this study was to describe pupils’ diet in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectio...Introduction: Diet is a determinant of chronic non transmissible diseases. The aim of this study was to describe pupils’ diet in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that took place from March to April 2016, among 1st, 4th and 7th form pupils of public and private schools in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. Diet survey methods were a reminder of the last 24 hours and the questionnaire of consumption frequency. Results: A total of 1993 pupils were surveyed. The mean age was 17.5 ± 3.6 years and the sex ratio 0.7. The majority of pupils (90.5%) reported eating at least 3 meals a day. Dietary recommendations were different according to food groups. For example, vegetables (90.0%), fruits (75.4%) and dairy products (79.3%) were the least well consumed foods compared to recommendations. Protein and starch intake were inadequate among these pupils with 39.7% and 58.2% respectively. Almost 1/4 had a regular weekly alcohol consumption (23.4%) while an excessive consumption of sweet drinks and fried foods was noted in 12.7% and 28.2% of them, respectively. Conclusion: This study has revealed a general insufficiency in the recommended dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, proteins, starchy foods and dairy products among pupils, and on the other hand, a regular consumption of fatty, sugary and alcoholic foods for about a fifth of them. An intervention program such as “Communication for Continuous Behavior Change” would help improve these habits.展开更多
The physical and mental development of pupils could be arrested by inadequate food intake and infection with immediate and long term consequences. This has implications on decreased school performances, lower intellig...The physical and mental development of pupils could be arrested by inadequate food intake and infection with immediate and long term consequences. This has implications on decreased school performances, lower intelligent quotient levels, poor psychosocial development, and decreased cognitive functions. This study assessed the growth and body fat distribution among pupils aged 5 - 19 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pupils from five primary schools in different communities around Kainji Dam. This assessment was based on a comparison with reference standards set by the World Health Organization to determine their deviations. A qualified registered nurse carried out physical measurements to obtain age, height, and body weight using electronic weighing scale and stadiometer. Data were analyzed using Anthroplusv1.0.4 software. The overall prevalence of stunting was 21.5% with 8% being severely stunted. The prevalence of thinness was 35.2% with 11.2% being wasted while the overall prevalence of underweight was not calculated for children > 10 years old. The prevalence of underweight for 5 - 10 years old children was 16.9% with 2.4% being severely underweight. The curves for both male and female children deviated from normal distribution. Females have higher percentage of stunting than males. This study revealed a high prevalence of thinness and stunting which is the consequence of poor nutrition arising from multifaceted and interrelated circumstances such as poor feeding, eating practices and repeated infection. Intervention such as Home Grown School Feeding Programme of the Government is a right step in improving the nutritional status of pupils in rural communities.展开更多
This contribution deals with the level of general physical performance of 10-year-old male and female pupils attending primary schools. Fourth grade pupils attending primary schools in Banska Bystrica were tested in t...This contribution deals with the level of general physical performance of 10-year-old male and female pupils attending primary schools. Fourth grade pupils attending primary schools in Banska Bystrica were tested in the number of 433 pupils （220 boys and 213 girls）. The following indicators of general physical performance were monitored： sit-and-reach, standing long jump, sit-ups, flexed arm hang, shuttle run 4 ×10 m, endurance shuttle run. Also basic somatic indicators such as body height, body weight and BM! were found out. 10-year-old boys achieve better level in five tests of general physical performance. The girls achieve statistically better level in one test. When comparing it with the previous researches in Slovakia, we noted a lower level of general physical performance but a higher level of indicators of physical development of boys and girls from Banska Bystrica. Used set of tests affects the whole range of general physical performance, and it is adequate to the temporal, spatial and material conditions of schools.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:"">Background</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"">: </span></b><span style="font-family:"&quo...<b><span style="font-family:"">Background</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"">: </span></b><span style="font-family:"">Feco-oral transmitted diseases (FOTD) remain a public health issue, particularly in developing countries. Data concerning the carriage of <i>Salmonella</i> and intestinal parasites in children are available worldwide but are lacking in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the asymptomatic carriage of <i>Salmonella</i> and intestinal parasites in children of two primary schools in<span> Yaoundé. <b>Methods: </b>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conduc</span>ted from October 2017 to May 2018 in two primary schools (from rural and urban areas) in the 7<sup>th</sup> precinct of Yaoundé. Sociodemographic, clinical and paraclinical (rectal swab, direct examination of fresh stool and bacteriological culture on Hektoen medium) data were collected. <b>Results: </b>We included<b> </b>368 (192 boys) pupils from both schools (184 in each school) with a mean age of 8.99 ± 2.21 years. None of the children was infected by <i>Salmonella spp</i>. Intestinal parasite prevalence was 9.80% (6.52% of children from the urban school vs 13.04% from the rural ones). The intestinal parasite prevalence tended to be higher in girls than in boys (11.98% vs</span><span style="font-family:"">.</span><span style="font-family:""> 7.39%). Among intestinal parasites, protozoa were the most widely found. <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> and <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> were the most prevalent pathogenic intestinal protozoa (11.11% vs</span><span style="font-family:"">.</span><span style="font-family:""> 25<span>% of all positive stool exams). The helminths, less frequent, were</span> represented by <i>Ascaris lumbicoides</i> and <i>Enterobius vermicularis.</i> The factors associated with intestinal parasite carriage were mainly rural school location and age between 11</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">13 years. <b>Conclusion: </b>Among children in primary school, <i>Salmonella</i> infection was absent, while intestinal parasites are frequent, represented mostly by protozoa. This parasitism is in our cohort associated with the rural school location and the 11</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">13 years age group. This suggests that there is additional room for the implementation of prevention measures for intestinal parasite infections in our setting.展开更多
The ancients cloud: "reading broken volumes, writing such as god." Hence the importance of reading outside the classroom. "The Chinese Curriculum Standards" also specify that primary school reading...The ancients cloud: "reading broken volumes, writing such as god." Hence the importance of reading outside the classroom. "The Chinese Curriculum Standards" also specify that primary school reading should be no less than 1.45 million words. However, in the current practical teaching process, many primary school students have various problems in their reading ability, which cannot improve their logical thinking ability in the long run. Especially in many primary schools in rural areas, due to the influence of society, school, family and other factors, pupils' extracurricular reading is not optimistic, which is not conducive to the development of students and the improvement of the quality of rural primary education. In order to solve this problem, it is a good way to cultivate rural pupils' extracurricular reading habits. So how to cultivate rural pupils good extracurricular reading habits? I have carried on the concrete in-depth thinking here, put forward some strategies and methods for reference, in order to cultivate good extracurricular reading habits of rural pupils have some enlightenment.展开更多
Since ancient times, many people in the world have extraordinary memories. Whether they are political leaders, military strategists, scientific or literary masters, they all benefit from this extraordinary memory, whi...Since ancient times, many people in the world have extraordinary memories. Whether they are political leaders, military strategists, scientific or literary masters, they all benefit from this extraordinary memory, which has enabled them to achieve higher achievements in their work and career. The primary school students' education is the initial stage of the students' period, and it is also an important period for students to develop various learning habits. As the main component of basic education, the primary school students' main task is to master the basic knowledge of various disciplines and use them to achieve the ultimate learning goal-to solve practical problems in life. Teachers train them to learn and use this basic knowledge, and use the acquired basic knowledge to understand, analyze and solve problems. From this perspective, the memory ability of primary school students is particularly important. The memory ability of primary school students determines the speed of solving problems to a large extent, which also reflects the importance of strong memory. From this point of view, strong memory is one of the necessary and important prerequisites for primary school students' academic achievements. Therefore, memory is so important. As primary school teachers, students' memory needs to be cultivated and improved consciously. It is necessary to take primary school students' memory training as part of the actual classroom work in primary schools. This paper summarizes and tries the following methods to develop and improve students' memory, so as to provide reference for future work.展开更多
Interpersonal communication in schools is the main form of communication and interaction between students and people, and is also an important part of school education. Good interpersonal communication in schools can ...Interpersonal communication in schools is the main form of communication and interaction between students and people, and is also an important part of school education. Good interpersonal communication in schools can effectively promote the social development of students and lay a foundation for the establishment of good interpersonal relationship in the future. On-campus interpersonal communication of problem pupils is of more important significance to their behavioral, emotional and psychological development, but it is easy to be ignored. Therefore, we need to actively pay attention to on-campus interpersonal communication of problem pupils in order to promote the effective transformation of problem pupils.展开更多
pupils aged 9～12 years from six primary schools were cross-sectionally investigated on the psychological disorders with Conner Scale and EPQ. The results showed that the incidence of psychological disorders was 18. 2...pupils aged 9～12 years from six primary schools were cross-sectionally investigated on the psychological disorders with Conner Scale and EPQ. The results showed that the incidence of psychological disorders was 18. 2%,with 21. 3% in male and 15. 5% in female. The incidehees were significantly difrerent between male and remal (P<0. 05). The incidences or learning difficulty,hyperactivity and impulsive behavior were 8. 2%, 5. 3%,and 5.3% respectively.The family factors influencing the psychological disorders were the pupils'birth problems,the relationship between the pupils and their parents, and the parents'inappropriate prospect for the pupils.The investigation also found that the pupils with psychological disorders had more poor experiences or their family and school and more of them had obvious personality tendencies towards unstability or emotion,eccentricity and social immaturity as compared with the normal pupils. The effective measures to promote pupils'psychological health were suggested in this article.展开更多
Objective:The study is to analyze the influence of parent-child relationship on pupils’learning motivation,and to explore the mediating mechanism of teacher-student relationship in parent-child relationship and learn...Objective:The study is to analyze the influence of parent-child relationship on pupils’learning motivation,and to explore the mediating mechanism of teacher-student relationship in parent-child relationship and learning motivation.Method:This study conducted a questionnaire survey on 213 pupils in Grades 5 and 6 in two schools in Beijing using Pianta’s teacher-student relationship scale revised by Qu,Dornbush’s parent-child intimacy scale revised by Zhang and the learning motivation scale adapted by Hu.Results:Gender,grade,whether they are the only child and to be a class cadre or not show significant differences in some dimensions of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation.The total scores of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation are positively correlated,and some sub dimensions are also significantly correlated.Parent-child relationship and teacher-student relationship have a significant positive predictive effect on learning motivation,and parent-child relationship has a significant positive predictive effect on teacher-student relationship.Teacher-student relationship plays a mediating role in the influence of parent-child relationship on learning motivation.Conclusions:Parent-child relationship can promote the relationship between teachers and students,and then enhance pupils’learning motivation.展开更多
The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate children’s daily food memory and eating habits.The study found that the gender and school location had an impact on the nutritional condition of primary scho...The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate children’s daily food memory and eating habits.The study found that the gender and school location had an impact on the nutritional condition of primary school students as well as the school food scheme.The investigations were based on three hypotheses and three research questions.In this study,the Eating Habits and Daily Dietary Recall Scale was the tool utilized to gather data(EPDDRS).Four experts—three from the department of vocational education and one lecturer in test and measurement evaluation—validated the instrument’s face.The dependability indices of EPDDRS were calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha.While delivering the instruments,the researcher used the direct administration and retrieval approach.58 instructors and a sample size of 1240 students were selected using a systematic random selection approach.The obtained data was examined using mean and standard deviation to address the research objectives,and the null hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics and Analysis of variance(ANOVA)at the 0.05 level of significance.The main conclusions of this study were that the school meal program had a favorable impact on the students’nutritional status.Also,a balanced ration of nutrient-dense meals that were suitably varied was supplied for the students via the school food program.Also,the findings revealed a substantial difference in the mean assessments of male and female students about their eating patterns.On the school meal program’s dietary recall list,students from high,middle,and low socioeconomic status differ significantly.Recommendations were given to the government,schools,and parents based on the study’s findings.The study’s shortcomings were discussed,and recommendations for more research were made.展开更多
1 Do you have a smartphone?How well do you think you'd cope if someone took it from you for three weeks?This was the challenge that 26 pupils at a school in Colchester,England,recently faced as part of an experime...1 Do you have a smartphone?How well do you think you'd cope if someone took it from you for three weeks?This was the challenge that 26 pupils at a school in Colchester,England,recently faced as part of an experiment to find out how living without a phone would affect them.展开更多
AIM:To compare the efficacy of different administration regimens of compound tropicamide eyedrops(CTE)for pupil dilation for children with dark iris.METHODS:A prospective,comparative,randomized interventional study wa...AIM:To compare the efficacy of different administration regimens of compound tropicamide eyedrops(CTE)for pupil dilation for children with dark iris.METHODS:A prospective,comparative,randomized interventional study was conducted.Children in Group 1 received CTE 3 times with a 3min interval between each application.Children in Group 2 received CTE 4 times with a 5min interval between each application.We measured their pupil diameters at baseline(pre-drug instillation)and 30min and 60min post-drug instillation and assessed the pupillary light reflex at 60min post-drug instillation.RESULTS:In total,194 eyes of 101 children were enrolled.The changes of pupil diameter at 30min and 60min post-drug instillation were 1.2±0.6 mm and 2.3±1.0 mm in Group 1,and 2.3±0.9 mm and 3.7±1.0 mm in Group 2,respectively.Group 2 showed a larger change in pupil size than Group 1 at 30min(P<0.01)and 60min(P<0.01).The effect of pupil dilation in Group 2 was 1.25 times that in Group 1.The change in pupil size was positively associated with age.A higher proportion of children in Group 1 had smaller pupil diameter and reactive pupils at the final time point,with only 33 children(33.7%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 9 children(9.2%)had non-reactive pupils.Children in Group 2 achieved larger pupil diameter and more nonreactive pupils at the final time point,with 84 children(87.5%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 22 children(22.9%)had reactive pupils.CONCLUSION:Increasing the frequency of compound tropicamide and lengthening the interval between eye drop applications can produce stronger mydriatic effects.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of the Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 lens in achieving optimal visual outcomes for cataract surgery patients with axial length(AL)shorter than 24 mm.METHODS:A total of 21 subjects(37 eyes)were subm...AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of the Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 lens in achieving optimal visual outcomes for cataract surgery patients with axial length(AL)shorter than 24 mm.METHODS:A total of 21 subjects(37 eyes)were submitted to cataract surgery and implantation of Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 lens(Johnson&Johnson Vision)was assessed.Patients were examined at 5 m,80 cm,and 40 cm for uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA)and corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA),uncorrected intermediate(UCIVA),and uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA).Further,based on the optimal distance correction,the monocular defocusing curve in the range of+0.5 to-3.5 D was investigated.A simple patient-reported spectacle independence questionnaire(PRSIQ)was used to evaluate subjects’subjective feelings about their dependence on glasses at various distances.Multiple linear regression was employed to examine the association amony intraocular lenses(IOLs)diopter,AL,corneal curvature,anterior chamber depth,mean manifest refractive spherical equivalent,pupil,pupil/scan,target refraction,and near vision(logMAR).RESULTS:The study demonstrated enhanced UCNVA alongside comparable distant vision and UCIVA outcomes in eyes with AL shorter than 24 mm.Mean post-operative UCDVA significantly improved from preoperative levels 0.530±0.406(P=0.000).Notably,83.3%of eyes achieved 0.01 logMAR in UCNVA.Five unilateral cases with blended IOL implantation also showed satisfactory visual acuity and satisfaction.The 90.5%(19/21)achieved spectacle independence.The average score for self-reported spectacle-independence on the PRSIQ was 3.52 with a standard deviation of 0.98.The results of the regression analysis revealed that one predictor,the pupil/scan accounted for 27.6%of the variation in near vision[logMAR;F(1,35)=13.33,P<0.01].CONCLUSION:The results affirm the effectiveness of the Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 lens in enhancing visual outcomes for cataract surgery patients with AL shorter than 24 mm.Additionally,the pupil/scan emerges as a critical factor influencing postoperative near vision.展开更多
Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bri...Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bridge between past experiences and future behaviors.However,the brain continuously forms new memories,raising the question of how new memories are integrated without disrupting previously formed ones.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effect of pharmacological pupil alterations on intraocular lens(IOL)power calculations.METHODS:A systematic review and Meta-analysis of studies published before December 2023 in the PubMed,Embas...AIM:To investigate the effect of pharmacological pupil alterations on intraocular lens(IOL)power calculations.METHODS:A systematic review and Meta-analysis of studies published before December 2023 in the PubMed,Embase,and Cochrane library databases on the accuracy of pharmacological pupil changes on IOL power calculation was performed.The primary outcome was the results of IOL power calculations before and after the use of medications.Subgroup analyses were performed based on participants’basic characteristics,such as age,axial length(AL),and whether miosis or mydriasis were used as classification criteria for further analyses.Each eligible study was evaluated for potential risk of bias by the AHRQ assessment scale.The study was registered on PROSPERO(CRD 42024497535).RESULTS:A total of 3062 eyes from 21 studies were eligible.There was no significant difference in the IOL power calculation before and after pharmacological pupil changes using any of the Hoffer Q(WMD=0.055,95%CI=-0.046–0.156;P=0.29),SRK/T(WMD=0.003,95%CI=-0.073–0.080;P=0.93),Haigis(WMD=-0.030,95%CI=-0.176–0.116;P=0.69),Holladay 2(WMD=-0.042,95%CI=-0.366–0.282;P=0.80),and Barrett Universal Ⅱ(WMD=0.033,95%CI=-0.061–0.127;P=0.49)formulas.On the measurement of parameters related to IOL power calculation,for either miosis or mydriasis AL(P=0.98 and 0.29,respectively),lens thickness(P=0.96 and 0.13,respectively),and mean keratometry(P=0.90 and 0.86,respectively)did not present significant differences,while anterior chamber depth(P=0.07 and<0.01,respectively)and white-to-white distance(P=0.01 and 0.04,respectively)changed significantly between the two measurements prior and posterior.At the same time,despite there being some participants with the difference between the before and after calculations greater than 0.5 diopter,there was no significant difference in the incidence rate between these formulas.CONCLUSION:There is no significant effect of pharmacological pupil changes on the IOL power calculation.It will considerably reduce the visit time burden for patients who require cataract surgery.展开更多
文摘A great earthquake broke out in WenChuan. A lot of people were killed, but somany people were rescused by soldiers.Here are stories about three recused pupils.Langzhen, aged three, was rescusedby the soldiers after being buried in ruinsfor 10 hours.
文摘Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a multilevel hurdle model. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 906 primary school pupils in Kerman, Iran in 2012. The subjects were selected through a stratified cluster random sampling. At first, the whole target area was stratified according to two geographic areas, the north and south area. Then each area was stratified according to gender. In the next step, several schools were considered as clusters, which were selected randomly in each geographic area and gender strata. All the schoolchildren in these schools were included in this study as samples. Twelve-year-old pupils were examined for dental caries. The dependent variable in this study was the dmft/DMFT index. Eight variables, including socio-demographic information, were collected. Multilevel negative binomial hurdle model was employed for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of caries-free pupils was 30.1% and the mean dmft/DMFT was 3.6 ± 2.2. Negative binomial part of the adjusted model showed that the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for females was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10-1.79) times higher than males. Also, the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for overweight pupils was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74-0.98) times lower than those with normal weight. Logistic part of the adjusted model showed that the posibility of caries-free state in overweight pupils was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.22-3.11) times higher than those with normal weight. In addition, pupils whose fathers and mothers were workers and housewives, respectively, and those with a high maternal age were at a greater risk for caries experience than others (p < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI, gender, parent’s job and mother’s age at delivery were factors effecting on dental caries in schoolchildren. These pupils need more attention to dental care.
文摘The aim of this research was to investigate conduct disorder among pupils of primary schools in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. School survey descriptive method was used and 384 pupils were selected from primary schools through systematic sampling technique. Age ranged from 5 to 17 years old with a mean of (9.34) years. The tools of data collection consisted of the Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory. The statis-tical tests used to analyze the collected data involve frequency and percentage, Pearson co-efficient of correlation, mean, t-test for one sample and t-test for two independent samples. The results of this research revealed that that the prevalence of conduct disorder among pupils of primary schools in Khartoum was low. There were significant differences in conduct disorder between male and females pupils. There were no significant differences between pupils of pre-paratory classes and pupils of elementary classes. There was no significant correlation between conduct disorder and age.
文摘Introduction: Nutrition, particularly when too sweet or too fatty, is a major determinant of chronic diseases. This study aims to determine the frequency and associate factors of the excessive consumption of sweet drinks and fried food among secondary school pupils. Methods: It is cross-sectional study which was conducted from March to April 2016 among 1st, 4th and 7th form pupils of public and private schools in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. Nutritional investigation methods consisted in a reminder of the last 24 hours associated with a questionnaire on food consumption frequency. Excessive consumption of sweet drinks was defined as a consumption of more than 3 sweet drinks (soda) or sugary juice per day (~33 cl × 3);and excessive consumption of fried food as a consumption of more than 1 intake of fried food per day. Results: In total, 1993 pupils were interviewed. The mean age was 17.5 ± 3.6 years and sex-ratio 0.7. Excessive consumption of sweet drinks and fried food was recorded in 12.7% (n = 253) and 28.2% (n = 561) of pupils, respectively. The factors associated with excessive consumption of sweet drinks were: sex/female, sedentarily, desire to gain weight, lean or normal corpulence of the mother and breakfast intake;those associated with excessive consumption of fried food were: sex/female, being in 1st or 4th form, physical exercise practice and breakfast intake. But the fact to attend a private secondary school, to have a mother of normal corpulence and a concordance between self-image and actual weight status, were protective against excessive consumption of fried foods. Conclusion: This study has displayed prominently the fact that eating too sweet and too fatty concerned respectively 1/10 and 3/10 of pupils in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. The main modifiable factors of these eating habits included the level of education, the composition of breakfast and the influence of mothers. An intervention program in the form of a Communication for Continuous Behavioral Change intended for pupils and their mothers could help to improve this situation.
文摘Introduction: Diet is a determinant of chronic non transmissible diseases. The aim of this study was to describe pupils’ diet in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that took place from March to April 2016, among 1st, 4th and 7th form pupils of public and private schools in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. Diet survey methods were a reminder of the last 24 hours and the questionnaire of consumption frequency. Results: A total of 1993 pupils were surveyed. The mean age was 17.5 ± 3.6 years and the sex ratio 0.7. The majority of pupils (90.5%) reported eating at least 3 meals a day. Dietary recommendations were different according to food groups. For example, vegetables (90.0%), fruits (75.4%) and dairy products (79.3%) were the least well consumed foods compared to recommendations. Protein and starch intake were inadequate among these pupils with 39.7% and 58.2% respectively. Almost 1/4 had a regular weekly alcohol consumption (23.4%) while an excessive consumption of sweet drinks and fried foods was noted in 12.7% and 28.2% of them, respectively. Conclusion: This study has revealed a general insufficiency in the recommended dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, proteins, starchy foods and dairy products among pupils, and on the other hand, a regular consumption of fatty, sugary and alcoholic foods for about a fifth of them. An intervention program such as “Communication for Continuous Behavior Change” would help improve these habits.
文摘The physical and mental development of pupils could be arrested by inadequate food intake and infection with immediate and long term consequences. This has implications on decreased school performances, lower intelligent quotient levels, poor psychosocial development, and decreased cognitive functions. This study assessed the growth and body fat distribution among pupils aged 5 - 19 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pupils from five primary schools in different communities around Kainji Dam. This assessment was based on a comparison with reference standards set by the World Health Organization to determine their deviations. A qualified registered nurse carried out physical measurements to obtain age, height, and body weight using electronic weighing scale and stadiometer. Data were analyzed using Anthroplusv1.0.4 software. The overall prevalence of stunting was 21.5% with 8% being severely stunted. The prevalence of thinness was 35.2% with 11.2% being wasted while the overall prevalence of underweight was not calculated for children > 10 years old. The prevalence of underweight for 5 - 10 years old children was 16.9% with 2.4% being severely underweight. The curves for both male and female children deviated from normal distribution. Females have higher percentage of stunting than males. This study revealed a high prevalence of thinness and stunting which is the consequence of poor nutrition arising from multifaceted and interrelated circumstances such as poor feeding, eating practices and repeated infection. Intervention such as Home Grown School Feeding Programme of the Government is a right step in improving the nutritional status of pupils in rural communities.
文摘This contribution deals with the level of general physical performance of 10-year-old male and female pupils attending primary schools. Fourth grade pupils attending primary schools in Banska Bystrica were tested in the number of 433 pupils （220 boys and 213 girls）. The following indicators of general physical performance were monitored： sit-and-reach, standing long jump, sit-ups, flexed arm hang, shuttle run 4 ×10 m, endurance shuttle run. Also basic somatic indicators such as body height, body weight and BM! were found out. 10-year-old boys achieve better level in five tests of general physical performance. The girls achieve statistically better level in one test. When comparing it with the previous researches in Slovakia, we noted a lower level of general physical performance but a higher level of indicators of physical development of boys and girls from Banska Bystrica. Used set of tests affects the whole range of general physical performance, and it is adequate to the temporal, spatial and material conditions of schools.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:"">Background</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"">: </span></b><span style="font-family:"">Feco-oral transmitted diseases (FOTD) remain a public health issue, particularly in developing countries. Data concerning the carriage of <i>Salmonella</i> and intestinal parasites in children are available worldwide but are lacking in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the asymptomatic carriage of <i>Salmonella</i> and intestinal parasites in children of two primary schools in<span> Yaoundé. <b>Methods: </b>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conduc</span>ted from October 2017 to May 2018 in two primary schools (from rural and urban areas) in the 7<sup>th</sup> precinct of Yaoundé. Sociodemographic, clinical and paraclinical (rectal swab, direct examination of fresh stool and bacteriological culture on Hektoen medium) data were collected. <b>Results: </b>We included<b> </b>368 (192 boys) pupils from both schools (184 in each school) with a mean age of 8.99 ± 2.21 years. None of the children was infected by <i>Salmonella spp</i>. Intestinal parasite prevalence was 9.80% (6.52% of children from the urban school vs 13.04% from the rural ones). The intestinal parasite prevalence tended to be higher in girls than in boys (11.98% vs</span><span style="font-family:"">.</span><span style="font-family:""> 7.39%). Among intestinal parasites, protozoa were the most widely found. <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> and <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> were the most prevalent pathogenic intestinal protozoa (11.11% vs</span><span style="font-family:"">.</span><span style="font-family:""> 25<span>% of all positive stool exams). The helminths, less frequent, were</span> represented by <i>Ascaris lumbicoides</i> and <i>Enterobius vermicularis.</i> The factors associated with intestinal parasite carriage were mainly rural school location and age between 11</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">13 years. <b>Conclusion: </b>Among children in primary school, <i>Salmonella</i> infection was absent, while intestinal parasites are frequent, represented mostly by protozoa. This parasitism is in our cohort associated with the rural school location and the 11</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">13 years age group. This suggests that there is additional room for the implementation of prevention measures for intestinal parasite infections in our setting.
文摘The ancients cloud: "reading broken volumes, writing such as god." Hence the importance of reading outside the classroom. "The Chinese Curriculum Standards" also specify that primary school reading should be no less than 1.45 million words. However, in the current practical teaching process, many primary school students have various problems in their reading ability, which cannot improve their logical thinking ability in the long run. Especially in many primary schools in rural areas, due to the influence of society, school, family and other factors, pupils' extracurricular reading is not optimistic, which is not conducive to the development of students and the improvement of the quality of rural primary education. In order to solve this problem, it is a good way to cultivate rural pupils' extracurricular reading habits. So how to cultivate rural pupils good extracurricular reading habits? I have carried on the concrete in-depth thinking here, put forward some strategies and methods for reference, in order to cultivate good extracurricular reading habits of rural pupils have some enlightenment.
文摘Since ancient times, many people in the world have extraordinary memories. Whether they are political leaders, military strategists, scientific or literary masters, they all benefit from this extraordinary memory, which has enabled them to achieve higher achievements in their work and career. The primary school students' education is the initial stage of the students' period, and it is also an important period for students to develop various learning habits. As the main component of basic education, the primary school students' main task is to master the basic knowledge of various disciplines and use them to achieve the ultimate learning goal-to solve practical problems in life. Teachers train them to learn and use this basic knowledge, and use the acquired basic knowledge to understand, analyze and solve problems. From this perspective, the memory ability of primary school students is particularly important. The memory ability of primary school students determines the speed of solving problems to a large extent, which also reflects the importance of strong memory. From this point of view, strong memory is one of the necessary and important prerequisites for primary school students' academic achievements. Therefore, memory is so important. As primary school teachers, students' memory needs to be cultivated and improved consciously. It is necessary to take primary school students' memory training as part of the actual classroom work in primary schools. This paper summarizes and tries the following methods to develop and improve students' memory, so as to provide reference for future work.
文摘Interpersonal communication in schools is the main form of communication and interaction between students and people, and is also an important part of school education. Good interpersonal communication in schools can effectively promote the social development of students and lay a foundation for the establishment of good interpersonal relationship in the future. On-campus interpersonal communication of problem pupils is of more important significance to their behavioral, emotional and psychological development, but it is easy to be ignored. Therefore, we need to actively pay attention to on-campus interpersonal communication of problem pupils in order to promote the effective transformation of problem pupils.
文摘pupils aged 9～12 years from six primary schools were cross-sectionally investigated on the psychological disorders with Conner Scale and EPQ. The results showed that the incidence of psychological disorders was 18. 2%,with 21. 3% in male and 15. 5% in female. The incidehees were significantly difrerent between male and remal (P<0. 05). The incidences or learning difficulty,hyperactivity and impulsive behavior were 8. 2%, 5. 3%,and 5.3% respectively.The family factors influencing the psychological disorders were the pupils'birth problems,the relationship between the pupils and their parents, and the parents'inappropriate prospect for the pupils.The investigation also found that the pupils with psychological disorders had more poor experiences or their family and school and more of them had obvious personality tendencies towards unstability or emotion,eccentricity and social immaturity as compared with the normal pupils. The effective measures to promote pupils'psychological health were suggested in this article.
基金Collaborative education project of industry university cooperation of the Ministry of Education of China:Research on practice teaching of the competency of future mental health teachers based on virtual reality(No.202102080005).
文摘Objective:The study is to analyze the influence of parent-child relationship on pupils’learning motivation,and to explore the mediating mechanism of teacher-student relationship in parent-child relationship and learning motivation.Method:This study conducted a questionnaire survey on 213 pupils in Grades 5 and 6 in two schools in Beijing using Pianta’s teacher-student relationship scale revised by Qu,Dornbush’s parent-child intimacy scale revised by Zhang and the learning motivation scale adapted by Hu.Results:Gender,grade,whether they are the only child and to be a class cadre or not show significant differences in some dimensions of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation.The total scores of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation are positively correlated,and some sub dimensions are also significantly correlated.Parent-child relationship and teacher-student relationship have a significant positive predictive effect on learning motivation,and parent-child relationship has a significant positive predictive effect on teacher-student relationship.Teacher-student relationship plays a mediating role in the influence of parent-child relationship on learning motivation.Conclusions:Parent-child relationship can promote the relationship between teachers and students,and then enhance pupils’learning motivation.
文摘The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate children’s daily food memory and eating habits.The study found that the gender and school location had an impact on the nutritional condition of primary school students as well as the school food scheme.The investigations were based on three hypotheses and three research questions.In this study,the Eating Habits and Daily Dietary Recall Scale was the tool utilized to gather data(EPDDRS).Four experts—three from the department of vocational education and one lecturer in test and measurement evaluation—validated the instrument’s face.The dependability indices of EPDDRS were calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha.While delivering the instruments,the researcher used the direct administration and retrieval approach.58 instructors and a sample size of 1240 students were selected using a systematic random selection approach.The obtained data was examined using mean and standard deviation to address the research objectives,and the null hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics and Analysis of variance(ANOVA)at the 0.05 level of significance.The main conclusions of this study were that the school meal program had a favorable impact on the students’nutritional status.Also,a balanced ration of nutrient-dense meals that were suitably varied was supplied for the students via the school food program.Also,the findings revealed a substantial difference in the mean assessments of male and female students about their eating patterns.On the school meal program’s dietary recall list,students from high,middle,and low socioeconomic status differ significantly.Recommendations were given to the government,schools,and parents based on the study’s findings.The study’s shortcomings were discussed,and recommendations for more research were made.
文摘1 Do you have a smartphone?How well do you think you'd cope if someone took it from you for three weeks?This was the challenge that 26 pupils at a school in Colchester,England,recently faced as part of an experiment to find out how living without a phone would affect them.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82371093,No.72342015)R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(No.KZ202110025039).
文摘AIM:To compare the efficacy of different administration regimens of compound tropicamide eyedrops(CTE)for pupil dilation for children with dark iris.METHODS:A prospective,comparative,randomized interventional study was conducted.Children in Group 1 received CTE 3 times with a 3min interval between each application.Children in Group 2 received CTE 4 times with a 5min interval between each application.We measured their pupil diameters at baseline(pre-drug instillation)and 30min and 60min post-drug instillation and assessed the pupillary light reflex at 60min post-drug instillation.RESULTS:In total,194 eyes of 101 children were enrolled.The changes of pupil diameter at 30min and 60min post-drug instillation were 1.2±0.6 mm and 2.3±1.0 mm in Group 1,and 2.3±0.9 mm and 3.7±1.0 mm in Group 2,respectively.Group 2 showed a larger change in pupil size than Group 1 at 30min(P<0.01)and 60min(P<0.01).The effect of pupil dilation in Group 2 was 1.25 times that in Group 1.The change in pupil size was positively associated with age.A higher proportion of children in Group 1 had smaller pupil diameter and reactive pupils at the final time point,with only 33 children(33.7%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 9 children(9.2%)had non-reactive pupils.Children in Group 2 achieved larger pupil diameter and more nonreactive pupils at the final time point,with 84 children(87.5%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 22 children(22.9%)had reactive pupils.CONCLUSION:Increasing the frequency of compound tropicamide and lengthening the interval between eye drop applications can produce stronger mydriatic effects.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of the Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 lens in achieving optimal visual outcomes for cataract surgery patients with axial length(AL)shorter than 24 mm.METHODS:A total of 21 subjects(37 eyes)were submitted to cataract surgery and implantation of Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 lens(Johnson&Johnson Vision)was assessed.Patients were examined at 5 m,80 cm,and 40 cm for uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA)and corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA),uncorrected intermediate(UCIVA),and uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA).Further,based on the optimal distance correction,the monocular defocusing curve in the range of+0.5 to-3.5 D was investigated.A simple patient-reported spectacle independence questionnaire(PRSIQ)was used to evaluate subjects’subjective feelings about their dependence on glasses at various distances.Multiple linear regression was employed to examine the association amony intraocular lenses(IOLs)diopter,AL,corneal curvature,anterior chamber depth,mean manifest refractive spherical equivalent,pupil,pupil/scan,target refraction,and near vision(logMAR).RESULTS:The study demonstrated enhanced UCNVA alongside comparable distant vision and UCIVA outcomes in eyes with AL shorter than 24 mm.Mean post-operative UCDVA significantly improved from preoperative levels 0.530±0.406(P=0.000).Notably,83.3%of eyes achieved 0.01 logMAR in UCNVA.Five unilateral cases with blended IOL implantation also showed satisfactory visual acuity and satisfaction.The 90.5%(19/21)achieved spectacle independence.The average score for self-reported spectacle-independence on the PRSIQ was 3.52 with a standard deviation of 0.98.The results of the regression analysis revealed that one predictor,the pupil/scan accounted for 27.6%of the variation in near vision[logMAR;F(1,35)=13.33,P<0.01].CONCLUSION:The results affirm the effectiveness of the Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 lens in enhancing visual outcomes for cataract surgery patients with AL shorter than 24 mm.Additionally,the pupil/scan emerges as a critical factor influencing postoperative near vision.
文摘Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bridge between past experiences and future behaviors.However,the brain continuously forms new memories,raising the question of how new memories are integrated without disrupting previously formed ones.
基金Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation from Beijing Municipal Government(No.7202030).
文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of pharmacological pupil alterations on intraocular lens(IOL)power calculations.METHODS:A systematic review and Meta-analysis of studies published before December 2023 in the PubMed,Embase,and Cochrane library databases on the accuracy of pharmacological pupil changes on IOL power calculation was performed.The primary outcome was the results of IOL power calculations before and after the use of medications.Subgroup analyses were performed based on participants’basic characteristics,such as age,axial length(AL),and whether miosis or mydriasis were used as classification criteria for further analyses.Each eligible study was evaluated for potential risk of bias by the AHRQ assessment scale.The study was registered on PROSPERO(CRD 42024497535).RESULTS:A total of 3062 eyes from 21 studies were eligible.There was no significant difference in the IOL power calculation before and after pharmacological pupil changes using any of the Hoffer Q(WMD=0.055,95%CI=-0.046–0.156;P=0.29),SRK/T(WMD=0.003,95%CI=-0.073–0.080;P=0.93),Haigis(WMD=-0.030,95%CI=-0.176–0.116;P=0.69),Holladay 2(WMD=-0.042,95%CI=-0.366–0.282;P=0.80),and Barrett Universal Ⅱ(WMD=0.033,95%CI=-0.061–0.127;P=0.49)formulas.On the measurement of parameters related to IOL power calculation,for either miosis or mydriasis AL(P=0.98 and 0.29,respectively),lens thickness(P=0.96 and 0.13,respectively),and mean keratometry(P=0.90 and 0.86,respectively)did not present significant differences,while anterior chamber depth(P=0.07 and<0.01,respectively)and white-to-white distance(P=0.01 and 0.04,respectively)changed significantly between the two measurements prior and posterior.At the same time,despite there being some participants with the difference between the before and after calculations greater than 0.5 diopter,there was no significant difference in the incidence rate between these formulas.CONCLUSION:There is no significant effect of pharmacological pupil changes on the IOL power calculation.It will considerably reduce the visit time burden for patients who require cataract surgery.
