This study systematically analyzes the influence mechanism of psychological factors on the competition performance of badminton athletes in capital universities through the recent actual participation of university te...This study systematically analyzes the influence mechanism of psychological factors on the competition performance of badminton athletes in capital universities through the recent actual participation of university teams in college badminton matches and combined with high-quality literature.The study finds that anxiety,self-efficacy,and factors from audiences and referees are the main influencing variables,and significant gender differences exist.Based on the empirical research results,a psychological intervention program combining mindfulness training,virtual reality technology,and biofeedback training is proposed to provide a scientific basis for psychological training of college badminton athletes.展开更多
Background:It has been broadly witnessed that a large number of adolescents are suffering emotional and mental health problems after COVID-19,and such adverse experiences in early life often extend into adulthood,resu...Background:It has been broadly witnessed that a large number of adolescents are suffering emotional and mental health problems after COVID-19,and such adverse experiences in early life often extend into adulthood,resulting in serious long-term implications.However,it is accepted that the literature examining the relationship between mental health problems in adolescents and their underlying psychological factors is limited.The purposes of the current study were to identify mental health problems of Korean adolescents and to investigate the possible influence of self-esteem,self-efficacy,and health locus of control on mental health problems.Methods:A total of 2104 Korean adolescents were randomly recruited from junior high and high schools located in Seoul,Korea.The Korean Symptom Checklist,and Self-esteem Scale,Health Locus of Control Scale,Self-efficacy Scale were applied to identify mental health problems and psychological factors among adolescents.Frequency analysis,independent t-tests,one-way ANOVA,correlation analysis,and multiple regression analysis were performed to test the study hypothesis.Results:Korean adolescents showed a high prevalence of depression(61.4%),anxiety(44.7%),interpersonal sensitivity(76.1%),and hostility(40.3%).In addition,the findings indicated significant gender and age differences in adolescent mental health problems.Moreover,results reported that the adolescents’mental health problems were significantly associated with psychological factors(R^(2)=0.51 for depression,0.38 for anxiety,0.33 for interpersonal sensitivity,and 0.23 for hostility).Conclusions:The current findings highlight the need for comprehensive,culturally relevant mental health strategies for Korean adolescents.The interventions that foster psychological resilience,promote positive self-concept,and encourage internal control beliefs may be effective in mitigating mental health challenges.展开更多
Objective To explore the relationship between psychological factors and efficacy of acupuncture on primary dysmenorrhea. Methods Sixty cases of primary dysmenorrhea were observed. Before acupuncture treatment, the sel...Objective To explore the relationship between psychological factors and efficacy of acupuncture on primary dysmenorrhea. Methods Sixty cases of primary dysmenorrhea were observed. Before acupuncture treatment, the self-designed confidence questionnaire was used to assess patients＇ confidence in acupuncture efficacy. Visual Analogue Scale （VAS） was adopted to assess patients＇ tension level during acupuncture. Self-rating anxiety scale （SAS） and self-rating depression scale （SDS） were applied to assess the situations of patients＇ anxiety and depression. Eysenck＇s personality questionnaire （EPQ） and Cattell sixteen personality factors questionnaire （16PF） were provided to assess the personal characters of patients. Pain intensity, pain duration and accompanied symptoms were recorded before and after acupuncture treatment so as to assess the efficacy. Canonical correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the psychological factors and acupuncture efficacy on primary dysmenorrhea. Results There were significant differences in grading of dysmenorrhea, pain intensity score and pain duration after treatment as compared statistically with those before treatment （all P〈0.001）. The standardized coefficients of dominance （r=0.679 7） and anxiety （r=-0.590 6） in personality factors and the reduction of pain duration （r=-0.904 2） among efficacy indices were the highest. The overall correlation coefficients were all lower between the indices of psychological factors and canonical variables of dysmenorrhea efficacy. Conclusion Acupuncture efficacy on primary dysmenorrhea has a certain correlation with dominance and anxiety of patients＇ personality factors. But, the psychological factors do not play a leading role in acupuncture treatment.展开更多
An Outpatient Department is the first point of contact with the hospital, and good Doctor-Patient communication would improve the service quality of the hospital, so it is important to construct a harmonious Doctor-Pa...An Outpatient Department is the first point of contact with the hospital, and good Doctor-Patient communication would improve the service quality of the hospital, so it is important to construct a harmonious Doctor-Patient relationship. This article, from the perspective of psychology, investigates into the common psychological factors which affect the Doctor-Patient communication, the appearance of the communication problem, and make suggestions on possible solutions accordingly.展开更多
Objective:The aim of this study is to analyze the differences in galanin(GAL)and 5‑hydroxytryptamine(5‑HT)levels in patients with different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)and its correlation with anx...Objective:The aim of this study is to analyze the differences in galanin(GAL)and 5‑hydroxytryptamine(5‑HT)levels in patients with different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)and its correlation with anxiety and depression in patients.Methods:Using the reflux disease questionnaire,238 patients with GERD were selected as the study group.According to the endoscopic performance,they were divided into the nonerosive reflux disease(NERD)group(114 patients)and the RE group(124 patients).Sixty healthy people were selected as the control group.All research subjects were tested using the self‑rating anxiety scale(SAS)and the self‑rating depression scale(SDS)to assess the severity of anxiety and depression.The levels of 5‑HT and GAL were analyzed using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Compared with the control group,5‑HT level in GERD patients without anxiety and depression was higher(t=1.97,P<0.05)and GAL level was lower(t=1.97,P<0.05).NERD patients demonstrated more server anxiety(F=55.92,P<0.05)and depression problems(F=36.51,P<0.05)compared to reflux esophagitis(RE)patients.The 5‑HT level was lower(F=54.53,P<0.05)and the GAL level was higher(F=8.00,P<0.05)in NERD patients compared with the control group.Furthermore,5‑HT level was negatively correlated with SAS(r=−0.789,P<0.05)and SDS(r=−0.787,P<0.05)scores;GAL level was positively correlated with SAS(r=0.688,P<0.05)and SDS(r=0.705,P<0.05)scores;5‑HT and GAL level were negatively correlated(r=−0.744,P<0.05).Conclusions:5‑HT level is higher and GAL level was lower in GERD patients without anxiety and depression than healthy people;the symptoms of anxiety and depression of NERD patients are more severe compared to those of RE patients;the severity of anxiety and depression was negatively correlated with the level of 5‑HT and positively with GAL level.展开更多
Since China＇s reform and accession to the world trade organization （WTO）, the international labor division, cooperation, and communication of production have been a direction of the global productivity development....Since China＇s reform and accession to the world trade organization （WTO）, the international labor division, cooperation, and communication of production have been a direction of the global productivity development. The expansion of the world trade organization and the growth of multinational corporations have promoted China＇s market economy to head for internationalization; the exchanges of all countries＇ science and technology, culture, and education have become increasingly frequent and beyond the borders very early, so opening-up has become a world trend. China is playing an important role in this historical process. In this situation, the importance of language translation is increasing day by day, and an unprecedented prosperous situation has especially appeared to the interpretation. In order to accord with this new historical situation, many colleges and universities have set up language translation program and have offered interpretation course. To promote the economic development of China and train more senior interpreters, the studies of interpretation teaching and the improvement of interpretation teaching quality have been particularly important. In this paper, the relationship among memory, note-taking, and psychological factors are analyzed.展开更多
Objective: to investigate the correlation between psychological factors and the incidence of recurrent oral ulcer among college students in Mudanjiang area. Methods: 80 cases of recurrent oral ulcer were randomly sele...Objective: to investigate the correlation between psychological factors and the incidence of recurrent oral ulcer among college students in Mudanjiang area. Methods: 80 cases of recurrent oral ulcer were randomly selected from full-time college students in Mudanjiang area, the incidence of recurrent oral ulcer in college students was investigated by questionnaire, the psychological factors affecting the occurrence of the disease were evaluated, and the appropriate psychological intervention was carried out to compare the effects before and after the intervention. Results: 98.75% of the students had different stress events in the course of disease, among which learning pressure was the dominant one. After the intervention, the score of symptom scale was lower than that before the intervention, P < 0.05. Before and after the intervention, there was no difference in P psychosis and L dissimulation tendency, P > 0.05. After the intervention, N neuroticism was lower than before, and E inside and outside tendency was higher than before, P < 0.05. Conclusion: psychological factors are closely related to the occurrence of recurrent oral ulcer, and effective psychological intervention should be taken for college students in Mudanjiang area to reduce the incidence of recurrent oral ulcer.展开更多
Objective： To study the impact of De-qi （得气%, obtaining qi） and psychological factors on the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for primary dysmenorrhea, with an attempt to explore the relationship among De-qi, ps...Objective： To study the impact of De-qi （得气%, obtaining qi） and psychological factors on the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for primary dysmenorrhea, with an attempt to explore the relationship among De-qi, psychological factors, and clinical efficacy. Methods： The patients with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly assigned to a group of acupuncture with manual manipulation （manipulation group, n=67） and an acupuncture group without manipulation （non-manipulation group, n=64）. Pain intensity and pain duration were used as measures for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of the acupuncture treatment. De-qi, the sensations a patient experienced during the acupuncture treatment, was scored on a 4-point scale by the subjects. In addition, the psychological factors, including belief in acupuncture, the level of nervousness, anxiety, and depression, were quantitatively assessed. The personality of the subject was assessed using the Eysenck personality questionnaire （EPQ） and 16 personality factor questionnaire （16PF）. Results： Complete data were obtained from 120 patients, 60 patients in each group. There were statistically significant differences in pain intensity （W=2410.0, P〈0.01 ） and pain duration （W=3181.0, P〈0.01） between the two groups. The number of De-qi acupoints （W=1150.5, P〈0.01） and the average intensity of De-qi （W=1141.0, P〈0.01） were significantly higher in the manipulation group as compared with their non-manipulation counterparts. The correlation coefficients between De-qi and therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture were greater than those between psychological factors and therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions： Compared with the psychological factors, De-qi contributed more to the pain-relieving effect of acupuncture in subjects with primary dysmenorrhea. Moreover, manual manipulation is a prerequisite for eliciting and enhancing the De-qi sensations, and De-qi is critical for achieving therapeutic effects.展开更多
At present,the academic researches on moral choices focus mainly on the individuals’external behaviors,without fully considering the influences of the individuals’internal psychological factors.Based on the model of...At present,the academic researches on moral choices focus mainly on the individuals’external behaviors,without fully considering the influences of the individuals’internal psychological factors.Based on the model of complete information static games in the Non-cooperative Game theory,the present research has designed a“Red and Blue Experiment”to explore the psychological influencing factors of the new generation employees’moral choices.The research has conducted psychoanalysis on the new generation employees through experiments and interviews with 118 data sources,and concluded the characteristics in relation to the different stages of psychological processes and moral choices of the experimental population.Through comparative analysis,it is found that:the psychological factors,such as trust,doubt,and guilt will influence the new generation employees’moral choices,guiding them to make choices,such as risk aversion and mutual benefit and win-win,in the process.Additionally,the research has also provided effective scientific evidence for the new generation employees’mental health development and career planning.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Assessing and evaluating mental health status can provide educational planners valuable information to predict the quality of physicians' performance at work. These data can help physicians to practice...BACKGROUND: Assessing and evaluating mental health status can provide educational planners valuable information to predict the quality of physicians' performance at work. These data can help physicians to practice in the most desired way. The study aimed to evaluate factors affecting psychological morbidity in Iranian emergency medicine practitioners at educational hospitals of Tehran.METHODS: In this cross sectional study 204 participants(emergency medicine residents and specialists) from educational hospitals of Tehran were recruited and their psychological morbidity was assessed by using a 28-question Goldberg General Health Questionnaire(GHQ-28). Somatization, anxiety and sleep disorders, social dysfunction and depression were evaluated among practitioners and compared to demographic and job related variables.RESULTS: Two hundreds and four participants consisting of 146(71.6%) males and 58(28.4%) females were evaluated. Of all participants, 55(27%) were single and 149(73%) were married. Most of our participants(40.2%) were between 30–35 years old. By using GHQ-28, 129(63.2%) were recognized as normal and 75(36.8%) suffered some mental health disorders. There was a signifi cant gender difference between normal practitioners and practitioners with disorder(P=0.02) while marital status had no significant difference(P=0.2). Only 19(9.3%) declared having some major mental health issue in the previous month.CONCLUSION: Females encountered more mental health disorders than male(P=0.02) and the most common disorder observed was somatization(P=0.006).展开更多
This retrospective study investigated, in two cohorts of subjects living in Southern Italy and awaiting treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC）, the variables related to diagnostic delay ascribable to the ...This retrospective study investigated, in two cohorts of subjects living in Southern Italy and awaiting treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC）, the variables related to diagnostic delay ascribable to the patient, with particular reference to the cognitive and psychological ones. A total of 156 patients with OSCC （mean age： 62 years, M/F： 2.39 ： 1） were recruited at the Universities of Palermo and Naples. Risk factors related to patient delay included： sociodemographic, health-related, cognitive and psychological variables. The analysis was conducted by considering two different delay ranges： dichotomous （≤1 month vs. 〉 1 month） and polytomous （〈1 month, 1-3 months, 〉3 months） delay. Data were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses and a Pvalue≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. For both delay measurements, the most relevant variables were： ＇Personal experience of cancer＇ （dichotomous delay： P=0.05, odds ratio （0R）=0.33, 95% confidence interval （CI）=0. 11-0.99; polytomous delay： P=0.006, Chi-square= 10.224） and ＇Unawareness＇ （dichotomous delay： P〈0.01, 0R=4.96, 95% CI--2.16-11.37; polytomous delay： P=0.087, Chi-square=4.77）. Also ＇Denial＇ （P〈0.01, 0R=6.84, 95% CI=2.31-20.24） and ＇Knowledge of cancer＇ （P=0.079, Chi-square=8.359） were found to be statistically significant both for dichotomous and for polytomous categorization of delay, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that, in the investigated cohorts, the knowledge about cancer issues is strongly linked to the patient delay. Educational interventions on the Mediterranean population are necessary in order to increase the patient awareness and to emphasize his/her key role in early diagnosis of OSCC.展开更多
In order to understand the psychological problems of pregnant women, this article explores the psychological problems and the sources of psychological stress of pregnant women who have a history of recurrent miscarria...In order to understand the psychological problems of pregnant women, this article explores the psychological problems and the sources of psychological stress of pregnant women who have a history of recurrent miscarriage after pregnancy. The analysis shows that the psychological stress of pregnant women may be one of the reasons for recurrent miscarriage. Strengthening mental health education during pregnancy can avoid the stimulation of bad emotions and environment, prevent the spontaneous abortion caused by psychological reasons, and improve the quality of pregnancy. It is particularly important to grasp the mental state of pregnant women with recurrent abortion timely and carry out corresponding psychological counseling and psychological nursing.展开更多
Objective To explore the inhibitory effects of Nardostachys Jatamansi DC.volatile oil(NJVO)on psychological factors substance P(SP)/cortisol(CORT)-induced hyperpigmentation.Methods The model of psychologically-induced...Objective To explore the inhibitory effects of Nardostachys Jatamansi DC.volatile oil(NJVO)on psychological factors substance P(SP)/cortisol(CORT)-induced hyperpigmentation.Methods The model of psychologically-induced hyperpigmentation of B16F10 cells was created using SP(10 nmol/L)+CORT(10µmol/L)for 72 h.The levels of melanin content,tyrosinase(TYR)activity using NaOH lysis and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine(L-DOPA)oxidation methods were assessed,respectively.The effect of NJVO on SP/CORT-induced normal human skin tissue pigmentation was detected by Masson staining.Protein expressions of tyrosinase-related protein 1(TRP-1),tyrosinase-relative protein 2(DCT),and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor were determined using Western blot.The melanosome number,maturation,and melanosomal structure changes were detected through transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence experiments.In vivo,zebrafish pigment content was evaluated in SP/CORT-induced zebrafish hyperpigmentation model.Results NJVO significantly reduced the melanin content(P<0.01)and inhibited tyrosinase activity(P<0.01),the pigmentation of the normal skin tissue in the NJVO group was significantly lower than that in the SP/CORT group(P<0.05).And NJVO considerably downregulated expressions of melanogenesis-related proteins(TYR,TRP-1,DCT)in cells(P<0.01).In addition,the number of melanosomes was decreased and the dentrites formation of B16F10 cells was inhibited after NJVO treatment(P<0.01).In vivo,NJVO significantly reduced the pigment content in the zebrafish body(P<0.01).Conclusion NJVO effectively reversed SP/CORT-induced hyperpigmentation by suppressing the activity and expression of TYR and TRPs and inhibiting melanosome maturation in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells.展开更多
In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing custome...In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing customer trust in AI systems through a mixed-methods approach, blending quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to create a comprehensive conceptual framework. Quantitatively, the study analyzes responses from 1248 participants using structural equation modeling (SEM), exploring interactions between technological factors like perceived usefulness and transparency, psychological factors including perceived risk and domain expertise, and organizational factors such as leadership support and ethical accountability. The results confirm the model, showing significant impacts of these factors on consumer trust and AI adoption attitudes. Qualitatively, the study includes 35 semi-structured interviews and five case studies, providing deeper insight into the dynamics shaping trust. Key themes identified include the necessity of explainability, domain competence, corporate culture, and stakeholder engagement in fostering trust. The qualitative findings complement the quantitative data, highlighting the complex interplay between technology capabilities, human perceptions, and organizational practices in establishing trust in AI. By integrating these findings, the study proposes a novel conceptual model that elucidates how various elements collectively influence consumer trust in AI. This model not only advances theoretical understanding but also offers practical implications for businesses and policymakers. The research contributes to the discourse on trust creation and decision-making in technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary efforts to address societal challenges associated with technological advancements. It lays the groundwork for future research, including longitudinal, cross-cultural, and industry-specific studies, to further explore consumer trust in AI.展开更多
Objective:Cryptorchidism affects up to 6% of full-term male infants, and orchidopexy has been shown to reduce impaired spermatogenesis and malignant risks significantly. However, the relationship between orchidopexy a...Objective:Cryptorchidism affects up to 6% of full-term male infants, and orchidopexy has been shown to reduce impaired spermatogenesis and malignant risks significantly. However, the relationship between orchidopexy and sexual function has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate sexual function outcomes in adult patients who underwent orchidopexy for unilateral undescended testis in childhood.Methods:Totally, 58 adult patients who underwent unilateral orchidopexy in childhood were enrolled in the study. Erectile dysfunction (ED) was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-15 questionnaire. All participants underwent serum (testosterone and follicular stimulating hormone levels) measurement and semen analysis. Paternity rates were evaluated to assess the patient's fertility. Additionally, anxiety, depression, and stress were measured by the self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, and visual analogue scale, respectively.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between IIEF-15 scores (intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, sexual desire, or overall satisfaction) comparing the cryptorchidism group with the control group;however, the ED was significantly higher in the cryptorchidism patients (p=0.000). At the median follow-up of 16.3 years, 15.5% of our patients complained of moderate to severe ED. Most patients were satisfied with their overall relationship and only 34.5% were not satisfied. Anxiety, depression, and stress were more prevalent in cryptorchidism than in healthy men (anxiety: 72.4% vs. 20.7%;depression: 19.0% vs. 5.2%;stress: 60.3% vs. 10.3%;p<0.05). Additionally, ED was negatively associated with anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms (r=−0.518, p=0.000;r=−0.448, p=0.000;r=−0.591, p=0.000, respectively). Moreover, ED had a significant correlation with advancing age, psychological factors (anxiety, depression, and stress), infertility, and low levels of testosterone (p<0.05).Conclusion:Low testosterone, infertility, and psychological burden (anxiety, depression, and stress) are used as factors for predicting ED outcomes after orchidopexy for undescended testis to guide physicians to evaluate the efficacy of testosterone replacement and psychological support in their management.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies,with their aggressiveness and poor prognosis,often trigger anxiety and depression in patients,but the roles of disease stage and psychosocial factors in this remain...BACKGROUND Hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies,with their aggressiveness and poor prognosis,often trigger anxiety and depression in patients,but the roles of disease stage and psychosocial factors in this remain unclear.AIM To explore the clinical characteristics and factors influencing comorbid anxiety and depression in patients with malignant liver,gallbladder,and pancreatic tumors.METHODS This study enrolled 150 participants,including 48 patients with early stage(IA-IB)hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies(Control Group 1),52 patients with middle-stage(IIA-IIIA)tumors(Observation Group),and 50 healthy individuals undergoing physical examination(Control Group 2).Anxiety and depression detection rates,and scores on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS),and Life Event Scale were compared across groups.The factors influencing emotion of each patient were collected and analyzed by group.RESULTS Anxiety and depression detection rates were significantly higher in the Observation Group(82.69%and 92.31%,respectively;P<0.05)than those in Control Groups 1(62.50%and 66.67%,respectively)and 2(10.00%and 8.00%,respectively).SAS and SDS scores showed similar trends.Life event stress scores and the presence of influencing factors,such as treatment side effects,pain,and economic burden,were also significantly elevated in the Observation Group.These findings suggest that psychological distress worsens as the disease progresses.CONCLUSION Patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies are prone to comorbid anxiety and depression,with increasing severity in the later disease stages.Despite the relatively small sample size,our findings suggest the need for psychological assessments and interventions in comprehensive cancer care.Future studies should consider expanding the sample size to enhance generalizability.Strengthening psychosocial support may improve patient outcomes and quality of life.展开更多
Background Most data about psychological factors relating to acute myocardial infarction （AMI） were obtained from studies carried out in western countries. Results from small descriptive cross-sectional studies in C...Background Most data about psychological factors relating to acute myocardial infarction （AMI） were obtained from studies carried out in western countries. Results from small descriptive cross-sectional studies in China were inconclusive. The aim of this study was to explore possible associations between psychological risk factors and AMI among the Chinese population with a large-scale case-control study.Methods This study was part of the INTER-HEART China study, itself part of the large international INTER-HEART study of cardiovascular risk factors. In this case-control study, 2909 cases and 2947 controls were recruited from 17 cities.Psychological stress, negative life events, depression and controllability of life circumstances were assessed.Results Cases reported more psychological stress at home or work and odds ratios （ORs） were 3.2 （95% CI 2.1-4.9）for permanent stress and 2.1 （95% CI 1.5-2.8） for several periods of stress respectively. More cases experienced depression compared with controls （19.6% vs. 9.3%） and ORs were 2.2 （95% CI 1.9-2.6）. Subjects with 1, 2 and 3 or more depressive symptoms had increased risk of AMI by 2.1, 2.2 and 2.6 fold, respectively, i.e., more depressive symptoms were associated with higher risks of AMI （P for trend ＜0.0001）. Women had a greater risk of AMI from depression （OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.2-4.0） compared to men （OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6-2.4）, P for interaction =0.0364. Negative life events in subjects were associated with increased risk of AMI, OR 1.7 （95% CI 1.4-2.0） for one event and 1.8 （95% CI 1.3-2.4） for two or more events. High levels of controllability of life circumstances reduced the risk for AMI （OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.7-1 .0）.Conclusions Several psychological factors were closely associated with increased AMI risk among Chinese population.Psychological stress had a greater AMI risk in men but depression was more significant among women.展开更多
It has since long been known, from everyday experience as well as from animal and human studies, that psychological processes-both affective and cognitive- exert an influence on gastrointestinal sensorimotor function....It has since long been known, from everyday experience as well as from animal and human studies, that psychological processes-both affective and cognitive- exert an influence on gastrointestinal sensorimotor function. More specifically, a link between psychological factors and visceral hypersensitivity has been suggested, mainly based on research in functional gastrointestinal disorder patients. However, until recently, the exact nature of this putative relationship remained unclear, mainly due to a lack of non-invasive methods to study the （neurobiological） mechanisms underlying this relationship in non-sleeping humans. As functional brain imaging, introduced in visceral sensory neuroscience some 10 years ago, does provide a method for in vivo study of brain-gut interactions, insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying visceral sensation in general and the influence of psychological factors more particularly, has rapidly grown. In this article, an overview of brain imaging evidence on gastrointestinal sensation will be given, with special emphasis on the brain mechanisms underlying the interaction between affective ＆ cognitive processes and visceral sensation. First, the reciprocal neural pathways between the brain and the gut （brain- gut axis） will be briefly outlined, including brain imaging evidence in healthy volunteers. Second, functional brain imaging studies assessing the influence of psychological factors on brain processing of visceral sensation in healthy humans will be discussed in more detail. Finally, brain imaging work investigating differences in brain responses to visceral distension between healthy volunteers and functional gastrointestinal disorder patients will be highlighted.展开更多
文摘This study systematically analyzes the influence mechanism of psychological factors on the competition performance of badminton athletes in capital universities through the recent actual participation of university teams in college badminton matches and combined with high-quality literature.The study finds that anxiety,self-efficacy,and factors from audiences and referees are the main influencing variables,and significant gender differences exist.Based on the empirical research results,a psychological intervention program combining mindfulness training,virtual reality technology,and biofeedback training is proposed to provide a scientific basis for psychological training of college badminton athletes.
基金supported by Seoul National University of Science and Technology.
文摘Background:It has been broadly witnessed that a large number of adolescents are suffering emotional and mental health problems after COVID-19,and such adverse experiences in early life often extend into adulthood,resulting in serious long-term implications.However,it is accepted that the literature examining the relationship between mental health problems in adolescents and their underlying psychological factors is limited.The purposes of the current study were to identify mental health problems of Korean adolescents and to investigate the possible influence of self-esteem,self-efficacy,and health locus of control on mental health problems.Methods:A total of 2104 Korean adolescents were randomly recruited from junior high and high schools located in Seoul,Korea.The Korean Symptom Checklist,and Self-esteem Scale,Health Locus of Control Scale,Self-efficacy Scale were applied to identify mental health problems and psychological factors among adolescents.Frequency analysis,independent t-tests,one-way ANOVA,correlation analysis,and multiple regression analysis were performed to test the study hypothesis.Results:Korean adolescents showed a high prevalence of depression(61.4%),anxiety(44.7%),interpersonal sensitivity(76.1%),and hostility(40.3%).In addition,the findings indicated significant gender and age differences in adolescent mental health problems.Moreover,results reported that the adolescents’mental health problems were significantly associated with psychological factors(R^(2)=0.51 for depression,0.38 for anxiety,0.33 for interpersonal sensitivity,and 0.23 for hostility).Conclusions:The current findings highlight the need for comprehensive,culturally relevant mental health strategies for Korean adolescents.The interventions that foster psychological resilience,promote positive self-concept,and encourage internal control beliefs may be effective in mitigating mental health challenges.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (973 Program): 2006 CB 504502
文摘Objective To explore the relationship between psychological factors and efficacy of acupuncture on primary dysmenorrhea. Methods Sixty cases of primary dysmenorrhea were observed. Before acupuncture treatment, the self-designed confidence questionnaire was used to assess patients＇ confidence in acupuncture efficacy. Visual Analogue Scale （VAS） was adopted to assess patients＇ tension level during acupuncture. Self-rating anxiety scale （SAS） and self-rating depression scale （SDS） were applied to assess the situations of patients＇ anxiety and depression. Eysenck＇s personality questionnaire （EPQ） and Cattell sixteen personality factors questionnaire （16PF） were provided to assess the personal characters of patients. Pain intensity, pain duration and accompanied symptoms were recorded before and after acupuncture treatment so as to assess the efficacy. Canonical correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the psychological factors and acupuncture efficacy on primary dysmenorrhea. Results There were significant differences in grading of dysmenorrhea, pain intensity score and pain duration after treatment as compared statistically with those before treatment （all P〈0.001）. The standardized coefficients of dominance （r=0.679 7） and anxiety （r=-0.590 6） in personality factors and the reduction of pain duration （r=-0.904 2） among efficacy indices were the highest. The overall correlation coefficients were all lower between the indices of psychological factors and canonical variables of dysmenorrhea efficacy. Conclusion Acupuncture efficacy on primary dysmenorrhea has a certain correlation with dominance and anxiety of patients＇ personality factors. But, the psychological factors do not play a leading role in acupuncture treatment.
文摘An Outpatient Department is the first point of contact with the hospital, and good Doctor-Patient communication would improve the service quality of the hospital, so it is important to construct a harmonious Doctor-Patient relationship. This article, from the perspective of psychology, investigates into the common psychological factors which affect the Doctor-Patient communication, the appearance of the communication problem, and make suggestions on possible solutions accordingly.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81570392)National Key R and D Program of China(2016YFE0126000)+1 种基金Open Project of Key Laboratory of Zoonosis in Jiangsu Province(HX20014)Key R and D Projects of Yangzhou(YZ2020097).
文摘Objective:The aim of this study is to analyze the differences in galanin(GAL)and 5‑hydroxytryptamine(5‑HT)levels in patients with different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)and its correlation with anxiety and depression in patients.Methods:Using the reflux disease questionnaire,238 patients with GERD were selected as the study group.According to the endoscopic performance,they were divided into the nonerosive reflux disease(NERD)group(114 patients)and the RE group(124 patients).Sixty healthy people were selected as the control group.All research subjects were tested using the self‑rating anxiety scale(SAS)and the self‑rating depression scale(SDS)to assess the severity of anxiety and depression.The levels of 5‑HT and GAL were analyzed using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Compared with the control group,5‑HT level in GERD patients without anxiety and depression was higher(t=1.97,P<0.05)and GAL level was lower(t=1.97,P<0.05).NERD patients demonstrated more server anxiety(F=55.92,P<0.05)and depression problems(F=36.51,P<0.05)compared to reflux esophagitis(RE)patients.The 5‑HT level was lower(F=54.53,P<0.05)and the GAL level was higher(F=8.00,P<0.05)in NERD patients compared with the control group.Furthermore,5‑HT level was negatively correlated with SAS(r=−0.789,P<0.05)and SDS(r=−0.787,P<0.05)scores;GAL level was positively correlated with SAS(r=0.688,P<0.05)and SDS(r=0.705,P<0.05)scores;5‑HT and GAL level were negatively correlated(r=−0.744,P<0.05).Conclusions:5‑HT level is higher and GAL level was lower in GERD patients without anxiety and depression than healthy people;the symptoms of anxiety and depression of NERD patients are more severe compared to those of RE patients;the severity of anxiety and depression was negatively correlated with the level of 5‑HT and positively with GAL level.
文摘Since China＇s reform and accession to the world trade organization （WTO）, the international labor division, cooperation, and communication of production have been a direction of the global productivity development. The expansion of the world trade organization and the growth of multinational corporations have promoted China＇s market economy to head for internationalization; the exchanges of all countries＇ science and technology, culture, and education have become increasingly frequent and beyond the borders very early, so opening-up has become a world trend. China is playing an important role in this historical process. In this situation, the importance of language translation is increasing day by day, and an unprecedented prosperous situation has especially appeared to the interpretation. In order to accord with this new historical situation, many colleges and universities have set up language translation program and have offered interpretation course. To promote the economic development of China and train more senior interpreters, the studies of interpretation teaching and the improvement of interpretation teaching quality have been particularly important. In this paper, the relationship among memory, note-taking, and psychological factors are analyzed.
文摘Objective: to investigate the correlation between psychological factors and the incidence of recurrent oral ulcer among college students in Mudanjiang area. Methods: 80 cases of recurrent oral ulcer were randomly selected from full-time college students in Mudanjiang area, the incidence of recurrent oral ulcer in college students was investigated by questionnaire, the psychological factors affecting the occurrence of the disease were evaluated, and the appropriate psychological intervention was carried out to compare the effects before and after the intervention. Results: 98.75% of the students had different stress events in the course of disease, among which learning pressure was the dominant one. After the intervention, the score of symptom scale was lower than that before the intervention, P < 0.05. Before and after the intervention, there was no difference in P psychosis and L dissimulation tendency, P > 0.05. After the intervention, N neuroticism was lower than before, and E inside and outside tendency was higher than before, P < 0.05. Conclusion: psychological factors are closely related to the occurrence of recurrent oral ulcer, and effective psychological intervention should be taken for college students in Mudanjiang area to reduce the incidence of recurrent oral ulcer.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 program,No.2006CB504502)
文摘Objective： To study the impact of De-qi （得气%, obtaining qi） and psychological factors on the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for primary dysmenorrhea, with an attempt to explore the relationship among De-qi, psychological factors, and clinical efficacy. Methods： The patients with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly assigned to a group of acupuncture with manual manipulation （manipulation group, n=67） and an acupuncture group without manipulation （non-manipulation group, n=64）. Pain intensity and pain duration were used as measures for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of the acupuncture treatment. De-qi, the sensations a patient experienced during the acupuncture treatment, was scored on a 4-point scale by the subjects. In addition, the psychological factors, including belief in acupuncture, the level of nervousness, anxiety, and depression, were quantitatively assessed. The personality of the subject was assessed using the Eysenck personality questionnaire （EPQ） and 16 personality factor questionnaire （16PF）. Results： Complete data were obtained from 120 patients, 60 patients in each group. There were statistically significant differences in pain intensity （W=2410.0, P〈0.01 ） and pain duration （W=3181.0, P〈0.01） between the two groups. The number of De-qi acupoints （W=1150.5, P〈0.01） and the average intensity of De-qi （W=1141.0, P〈0.01） were significantly higher in the manipulation group as compared with their non-manipulation counterparts. The correlation coefficients between De-qi and therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture were greater than those between psychological factors and therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions： Compared with the psychological factors, De-qi contributed more to the pain-relieving effect of acupuncture in subjects with primary dysmenorrhea. Moreover, manual manipulation is a prerequisite for eliciting and enhancing the De-qi sensations, and De-qi is critical for achieving therapeutic effects.
基金funded by the special fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of Southwest Petroleum University(Project No.2019RW020),Project Name:Research on the Psychology and Behaviour of Chinese New Generation Employees under the Background of“One Belt and One Road”.
文摘At present,the academic researches on moral choices focus mainly on the individuals’external behaviors,without fully considering the influences of the individuals’internal psychological factors.Based on the model of complete information static games in the Non-cooperative Game theory,the present research has designed a“Red and Blue Experiment”to explore the psychological influencing factors of the new generation employees’moral choices.The research has conducted psychoanalysis on the new generation employees through experiments and interviews with 118 data sources,and concluded the characteristics in relation to the different stages of psychological processes and moral choices of the experimental population.Through comparative analysis,it is found that:the psychological factors,such as trust,doubt,and guilt will influence the new generation employees’moral choices,guiding them to make choices,such as risk aversion and mutual benefit and win-win,in the process.Additionally,the research has also provided effective scientific evidence for the new generation employees’mental health development and career planning.
文摘BACKGROUND: Assessing and evaluating mental health status can provide educational planners valuable information to predict the quality of physicians' performance at work. These data can help physicians to practice in the most desired way. The study aimed to evaluate factors affecting psychological morbidity in Iranian emergency medicine practitioners at educational hospitals of Tehran.METHODS: In this cross sectional study 204 participants(emergency medicine residents and specialists) from educational hospitals of Tehran were recruited and their psychological morbidity was assessed by using a 28-question Goldberg General Health Questionnaire(GHQ-28). Somatization, anxiety and sleep disorders, social dysfunction and depression were evaluated among practitioners and compared to demographic and job related variables.RESULTS: Two hundreds and four participants consisting of 146(71.6%) males and 58(28.4%) females were evaluated. Of all participants, 55(27%) were single and 149(73%) were married. Most of our participants(40.2%) were between 30–35 years old. By using GHQ-28, 129(63.2%) were recognized as normal and 75(36.8%) suffered some mental health disorders. There was a signifi cant gender difference between normal practitioners and practitioners with disorder(P=0.02) while marital status had no significant difference(P=0.2). Only 19(9.3%) declared having some major mental health issue in the previous month.CONCLUSION: Females encountered more mental health disorders than male(P=0.02) and the most common disorder observed was somatization(P=0.006).
文摘This retrospective study investigated, in two cohorts of subjects living in Southern Italy and awaiting treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC）, the variables related to diagnostic delay ascribable to the patient, with particular reference to the cognitive and psychological ones. A total of 156 patients with OSCC （mean age： 62 years, M/F： 2.39 ： 1） were recruited at the Universities of Palermo and Naples. Risk factors related to patient delay included： sociodemographic, health-related, cognitive and psychological variables. The analysis was conducted by considering two different delay ranges： dichotomous （≤1 month vs. 〉 1 month） and polytomous （〈1 month, 1-3 months, 〉3 months） delay. Data were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses and a Pvalue≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. For both delay measurements, the most relevant variables were： ＇Personal experience of cancer＇ （dichotomous delay： P=0.05, odds ratio （0R）=0.33, 95% confidence interval （CI）=0. 11-0.99; polytomous delay： P=0.006, Chi-square= 10.224） and ＇Unawareness＇ （dichotomous delay： P〈0.01, 0R=4.96, 95% CI--2.16-11.37; polytomous delay： P=0.087, Chi-square=4.77）. Also ＇Denial＇ （P〈0.01, 0R=6.84, 95% CI=2.31-20.24） and ＇Knowledge of cancer＇ （P=0.079, Chi-square=8.359） were found to be statistically significant both for dichotomous and for polytomous categorization of delay, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that, in the investigated cohorts, the knowledge about cancer issues is strongly linked to the patient delay. Educational interventions on the Mediterranean population are necessary in order to increase the patient awareness and to emphasize his/her key role in early diagnosis of OSCC.
文摘In order to understand the psychological problems of pregnant women, this article explores the psychological problems and the sources of psychological stress of pregnant women who have a history of recurrent miscarriage after pregnancy. The analysis shows that the psychological stress of pregnant women may be one of the reasons for recurrent miscarriage. Strengthening mental health education during pregnancy can avoid the stimulation of bad emotions and environment, prevent the spontaneous abortion caused by psychological reasons, and improve the quality of pregnancy. It is particularly important to grasp the mental state of pregnant women with recurrent abortion timely and carry out corresponding psychological counseling and psychological nursing.
基金Supported by the Open Project of National Major Science and Technology Infrastructure of Translational Medicine,China(No.TMSK-2021-404)。
文摘Objective To explore the inhibitory effects of Nardostachys Jatamansi DC.volatile oil(NJVO)on psychological factors substance P(SP)/cortisol(CORT)-induced hyperpigmentation.Methods The model of psychologically-induced hyperpigmentation of B16F10 cells was created using SP(10 nmol/L)+CORT(10µmol/L)for 72 h.The levels of melanin content,tyrosinase(TYR)activity using NaOH lysis and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine(L-DOPA)oxidation methods were assessed,respectively.The effect of NJVO on SP/CORT-induced normal human skin tissue pigmentation was detected by Masson staining.Protein expressions of tyrosinase-related protein 1(TRP-1),tyrosinase-relative protein 2(DCT),and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor were determined using Western blot.The melanosome number,maturation,and melanosomal structure changes were detected through transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence experiments.In vivo,zebrafish pigment content was evaluated in SP/CORT-induced zebrafish hyperpigmentation model.Results NJVO significantly reduced the melanin content(P<0.01)and inhibited tyrosinase activity(P<0.01),the pigmentation of the normal skin tissue in the NJVO group was significantly lower than that in the SP/CORT group(P<0.05).And NJVO considerably downregulated expressions of melanogenesis-related proteins(TYR,TRP-1,DCT)in cells(P<0.01).In addition,the number of melanosomes was decreased and the dentrites formation of B16F10 cells was inhibited after NJVO treatment(P<0.01).In vivo,NJVO significantly reduced the pigment content in the zebrafish body(P<0.01).Conclusion NJVO effectively reversed SP/CORT-induced hyperpigmentation by suppressing the activity and expression of TYR and TRPs and inhibiting melanosome maturation in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells.
文摘In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing customer trust in AI systems through a mixed-methods approach, blending quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to create a comprehensive conceptual framework. Quantitatively, the study analyzes responses from 1248 participants using structural equation modeling (SEM), exploring interactions between technological factors like perceived usefulness and transparency, psychological factors including perceived risk and domain expertise, and organizational factors such as leadership support and ethical accountability. The results confirm the model, showing significant impacts of these factors on consumer trust and AI adoption attitudes. Qualitatively, the study includes 35 semi-structured interviews and five case studies, providing deeper insight into the dynamics shaping trust. Key themes identified include the necessity of explainability, domain competence, corporate culture, and stakeholder engagement in fostering trust. The qualitative findings complement the quantitative data, highlighting the complex interplay between technology capabilities, human perceptions, and organizational practices in establishing trust in AI. By integrating these findings, the study proposes a novel conceptual model that elucidates how various elements collectively influence consumer trust in AI. This model not only advances theoretical understanding but also offers practical implications for businesses and policymakers. The research contributes to the discourse on trust creation and decision-making in technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary efforts to address societal challenges associated with technological advancements. It lays the groundwork for future research, including longitudinal, cross-cultural, and industry-specific studies, to further explore consumer trust in AI.
文摘Objective:Cryptorchidism affects up to 6% of full-term male infants, and orchidopexy has been shown to reduce impaired spermatogenesis and malignant risks significantly. However, the relationship between orchidopexy and sexual function has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate sexual function outcomes in adult patients who underwent orchidopexy for unilateral undescended testis in childhood.Methods:Totally, 58 adult patients who underwent unilateral orchidopexy in childhood were enrolled in the study. Erectile dysfunction (ED) was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-15 questionnaire. All participants underwent serum (testosterone and follicular stimulating hormone levels) measurement and semen analysis. Paternity rates were evaluated to assess the patient's fertility. Additionally, anxiety, depression, and stress were measured by the self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, and visual analogue scale, respectively.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between IIEF-15 scores (intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, sexual desire, or overall satisfaction) comparing the cryptorchidism group with the control group;however, the ED was significantly higher in the cryptorchidism patients (p=0.000). At the median follow-up of 16.3 years, 15.5% of our patients complained of moderate to severe ED. Most patients were satisfied with their overall relationship and only 34.5% were not satisfied. Anxiety, depression, and stress were more prevalent in cryptorchidism than in healthy men (anxiety: 72.4% vs. 20.7%;depression: 19.0% vs. 5.2%;stress: 60.3% vs. 10.3%;p<0.05). Additionally, ED was negatively associated with anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms (r=−0.518, p=0.000;r=−0.448, p=0.000;r=−0.591, p=0.000, respectively). Moreover, ED had a significant correlation with advancing age, psychological factors (anxiety, depression, and stress), infertility, and low levels of testosterone (p<0.05).Conclusion:Low testosterone, infertility, and psychological burden (anxiety, depression, and stress) are used as factors for predicting ED outcomes after orchidopexy for undescended testis to guide physicians to evaluate the efficacy of testosterone replacement and psychological support in their management.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies,with their aggressiveness and poor prognosis,often trigger anxiety and depression in patients,but the roles of disease stage and psychosocial factors in this remain unclear.AIM To explore the clinical characteristics and factors influencing comorbid anxiety and depression in patients with malignant liver,gallbladder,and pancreatic tumors.METHODS This study enrolled 150 participants,including 48 patients with early stage(IA-IB)hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies(Control Group 1),52 patients with middle-stage(IIA-IIIA)tumors(Observation Group),and 50 healthy individuals undergoing physical examination(Control Group 2).Anxiety and depression detection rates,and scores on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS),and Life Event Scale were compared across groups.The factors influencing emotion of each patient were collected and analyzed by group.RESULTS Anxiety and depression detection rates were significantly higher in the Observation Group(82.69%and 92.31%,respectively;P<0.05)than those in Control Groups 1(62.50%and 66.67%,respectively)and 2(10.00%and 8.00%,respectively).SAS and SDS scores showed similar trends.Life event stress scores and the presence of influencing factors,such as treatment side effects,pain,and economic burden,were also significantly elevated in the Observation Group.These findings suggest that psychological distress worsens as the disease progresses.CONCLUSION Patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies are prone to comorbid anxiety and depression,with increasing severity in the later disease stages.Despite the relatively small sample size,our findings suggest the need for psychological assessments and interventions in comprehensive cancer care.Future studies should consider expanding the sample size to enhance generalizability.Strengthening psychosocial support may improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
文摘Background Most data about psychological factors relating to acute myocardial infarction （AMI） were obtained from studies carried out in western countries. Results from small descriptive cross-sectional studies in China were inconclusive. The aim of this study was to explore possible associations between psychological risk factors and AMI among the Chinese population with a large-scale case-control study.Methods This study was part of the INTER-HEART China study, itself part of the large international INTER-HEART study of cardiovascular risk factors. In this case-control study, 2909 cases and 2947 controls were recruited from 17 cities.Psychological stress, negative life events, depression and controllability of life circumstances were assessed.Results Cases reported more psychological stress at home or work and odds ratios （ORs） were 3.2 （95% CI 2.1-4.9）for permanent stress and 2.1 （95% CI 1.5-2.8） for several periods of stress respectively. More cases experienced depression compared with controls （19.6% vs. 9.3%） and ORs were 2.2 （95% CI 1.9-2.6）. Subjects with 1, 2 and 3 or more depressive symptoms had increased risk of AMI by 2.1, 2.2 and 2.6 fold, respectively, i.e., more depressive symptoms were associated with higher risks of AMI （P for trend ＜0.0001）. Women had a greater risk of AMI from depression （OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.2-4.0） compared to men （OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6-2.4）, P for interaction =0.0364. Negative life events in subjects were associated with increased risk of AMI, OR 1.7 （95% CI 1.4-2.0） for one event and 1.8 （95% CI 1.3-2.4） for two or more events. High levels of controllability of life circumstances reduced the risk for AMI （OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.7-1 .0）.Conclusions Several psychological factors were closely associated with increased AMI risk among Chinese population.Psychological stress had a greater AMI risk in men but depression was more significant among women.
文摘It has since long been known, from everyday experience as well as from animal and human studies, that psychological processes-both affective and cognitive- exert an influence on gastrointestinal sensorimotor function. More specifically, a link between psychological factors and visceral hypersensitivity has been suggested, mainly based on research in functional gastrointestinal disorder patients. However, until recently, the exact nature of this putative relationship remained unclear, mainly due to a lack of non-invasive methods to study the （neurobiological） mechanisms underlying this relationship in non-sleeping humans. As functional brain imaging, introduced in visceral sensory neuroscience some 10 years ago, does provide a method for in vivo study of brain-gut interactions, insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying visceral sensation in general and the influence of psychological factors more particularly, has rapidly grown. In this article, an overview of brain imaging evidence on gastrointestinal sensation will be given, with special emphasis on the brain mechanisms underlying the interaction between affective ＆ cognitive processes and visceral sensation. First, the reciprocal neural pathways between the brain and the gut （brain- gut axis） will be briefly outlined, including brain imaging evidence in healthy volunteers. Second, functional brain imaging studies assessing the influence of psychological factors on brain processing of visceral sensation in healthy humans will be discussed in more detail. Finally, brain imaging work investigating differences in brain responses to visceral distension between healthy volunteers and functional gastrointestinal disorder patients will be highlighted.
