The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?
To understand the complexity of the mathematical models of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and their shortage of practical PEMFC control, the PEMFC complex mechanism and the existing PEMFC models are anal...To understand the complexity of the mathematical models of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and their shortage of practical PEMFC control, the PEMFC complex mechanism and the existing PEMFC models are analyzed, and artificial neural networks based PEMFC modeling is advanced. The structure, algorithm, training and simulation of PEMFC modeling based on improved BP networks are given out in detail. The computer simulation and conducted experiment verify that this model is fast and accurate, and can be used as a suitable operational model for PEMFC real-time control.展开更多
In this work, the possible structures of electron and proton have been explored. Based on the potential expressions of electron and proton, we found that the electron and proton share the similar structure inside re a...In this work, the possible structures of electron and proton have been explored. Based on the potential expressions of electron and proton, we found that the electron and proton share the similar structure inside re and rn. And within re and rn, the conventional charge concept stops working, the same charge repelling force doesn’t exist anymore and as a result, the requirement of charge conservation is automatically removed. Whereas beyond re and rn, the potential expressions of electron and proton obey the point charge potentials as we normally understand. Therefore, the conventional charge concept can be applied and the requirement of charge conservation takes effect. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for the creations of electric monopole and magnetic monopole is discussed. In addition, to compare the particle size in micro-world, the balloon criterion is proposed. By this balloon criterion, the proton is determined about 10 times bigger than electron. From the physical picture about electron and proton described above, the stabilities of electron and proton can be explained quite well.展开更多
BACKGROUND： In localized brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy （^1H-MRS）, metabolite levels are often expressed as ratios, rather than absolute concentrations. Frequently, the denominator is creatine, which ...BACKGROUND： In localized brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy （^1H-MRS）, metabolite levels are often expressed as ratios, rather than absolute concentrations. Frequently, the denominator is creatine, which is assumed to be stable in normal, as well as many pathological, states. However, in vivo creatine levels do not remain constant. Therefore, absolute metabolite measurements, which provide the precise concentrations of certain chemical compounds, are superior to metabolite ratios for determining pathological and evolutional changes. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the feasibility of quantification analysis of brain metabolite changes caused by central analgesics nasal spray using the ^1H-MRS and linear combination model （LCModel） methods. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This neuroimaging, observational, animal study was performed at the Laboratory of the Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, China from July to December 2007. MATERIALS： Butorphanol tartrate nasal spray, as a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic, was purchased from Shanghai Hengrui Pharmacy, China. A General Electric Signa 1.5T System （General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA） and LCModel software （Stephen Provencher, Oakville, Ontario, Canada） were used in this study. METHODS： MRS images were acquired in ten healthy swine aged 2 weeks using single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopic sequence. A region of interest （2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm） was placed in the image centers of maximum brain parenchyma. Repeated MRS scanning was performed 15-20 minutes after intranasal administration of 1 mg of butorphanol tartrate. Three settings of repetition time/echo time were selected before and after nasal spray administration 3 000 ms/30 ms,1 500 ms/30 ms, and 3 000 ms/50 ms. Metabolite concentrations were estimated by LCModel software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ^1H-MRS spectra was obtained using various repetition time/echo time settings. Concentrations of glutamate compounds （glutamate ＋ glutamine）, N-acetyl aspartate, and choline were detected in swine brain prior to and following nasal spray treatment. RESULTS： The glutamate compounds curve was consistent with original spectra, when a repetition time/echo time of 3 000 ms/30 ms was adopted. Concentrations of glutamate compounds, N-acetyl aspartate, and choline decreased following administration. The most significant reduction was observed in glutamate compound concentrations from （9.28 ± 0.54） mmol/kg to （7.28 ± 0.54） mmol/kg （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： ^1H-MRS and LCModel software were effectively utilized to quantitatively analyze and measure brain metabolites. Glutamate compounds might be an important neurotransmitter in central analgesia.展开更多
Relying upon the basic tenets of scientific modeling, an ansatz for the evaluation of proton affinity of mole-cules are evolved in terms of a four component model. The components of the model chosen are global de-scri...Relying upon the basic tenets of scientific modeling, an ansatz for the evaluation of proton affinity of mole-cules are evolved in terms of a four component model. The components of the model chosen are global de-scriptors like ionization energies, global softness, electronegativity and electrophilicity index. These akin quantum mechanical descriptors of atoms and molecules are linked with the charge rearrangement and polarization that occur during the physico-chemical process of protonation of molecules. The suggested ansatz is invoked to compute the protonation energy of as many as 43 compounds of diverse physico-chemical nature viz, hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, esters, aliphatic amines and aromatic amines. A detailed comparative study of theoretically evaluated protonation energies of the above mentioned molecules vis-à-vis their corresponding experimental counterparts reveals that there is a close agreement between the theory and experiment. Thus the results strongly suggest that the proposed modeling and the ansatz for computing PA, the proton affinity, of molecules for studying the physico-chemical process of protonation may be valid proposition.展开更多
The radiative hypothesis has been revisited showing other characteristics, produced by the protons used as dyes in total disagree with the ones of the Body Image that appears on the Shroud of Turin. Our investigations...The radiative hypothesis has been revisited showing other characteristics, produced by the protons used as dyes in total disagree with the ones of the Body Image that appears on the Shroud of Turin. Our investigations highlight that for the protons to reach 3.7 cm in air, the distance that measures the range of discoloration effects, must be emitted with an energy of about 1.5 MeV using Wilson and Brobeck’s empirical formula and 1.35 MeV using Bethe’s. This last formula provides a result closer to reality. Bethe shows that the penetration depth is greater than that calculated empirically. Such a value of proton energy (1.35 MeV) makes it possible to satisfy the discoloration effects range for the Shroud but it is incompatible with a depth of penetration in linen that is only 200 nm. Moreover, using the same subatomic particles, we obtained on the colored linen a distribution of energy represented by regression but not linear. Thus, also the possible I(z) correlation, between color intensity and body-sheet distance, which should be due to the oxidizing action of protons, does not agree with that extracted from the Shroud of Turin.展开更多
文摘The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?
文摘To understand the complexity of the mathematical models of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and their shortage of practical PEMFC control, the PEMFC complex mechanism and the existing PEMFC models are analyzed, and artificial neural networks based PEMFC modeling is advanced. The structure, algorithm, training and simulation of PEMFC modeling based on improved BP networks are given out in detail. The computer simulation and conducted experiment verify that this model is fast and accurate, and can be used as a suitable operational model for PEMFC real-time control.
文摘In this work, the possible structures of electron and proton have been explored. Based on the potential expressions of electron and proton, we found that the electron and proton share the similar structure inside re and rn. And within re and rn, the conventional charge concept stops working, the same charge repelling force doesn’t exist anymore and as a result, the requirement of charge conservation is automatically removed. Whereas beyond re and rn, the potential expressions of electron and proton obey the point charge potentials as we normally understand. Therefore, the conventional charge concept can be applied and the requirement of charge conservation takes effect. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for the creations of electric monopole and magnetic monopole is discussed. In addition, to compare the particle size in micro-world, the balloon criterion is proposed. By this balloon criterion, the proton is determined about 10 times bigger than electron. From the physical picture about electron and proton described above, the stabilities of electron and proton can be explained quite well.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 3047051530570480
文摘BACKGROUND： In localized brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy （^1H-MRS）, metabolite levels are often expressed as ratios, rather than absolute concentrations. Frequently, the denominator is creatine, which is assumed to be stable in normal, as well as many pathological, states. However, in vivo creatine levels do not remain constant. Therefore, absolute metabolite measurements, which provide the precise concentrations of certain chemical compounds, are superior to metabolite ratios for determining pathological and evolutional changes. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the feasibility of quantification analysis of brain metabolite changes caused by central analgesics nasal spray using the ^1H-MRS and linear combination model （LCModel） methods. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This neuroimaging, observational, animal study was performed at the Laboratory of the Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, China from July to December 2007. MATERIALS： Butorphanol tartrate nasal spray, as a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic, was purchased from Shanghai Hengrui Pharmacy, China. A General Electric Signa 1.5T System （General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA） and LCModel software （Stephen Provencher, Oakville, Ontario, Canada） were used in this study. METHODS： MRS images were acquired in ten healthy swine aged 2 weeks using single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopic sequence. A region of interest （2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm） was placed in the image centers of maximum brain parenchyma. Repeated MRS scanning was performed 15-20 minutes after intranasal administration of 1 mg of butorphanol tartrate. Three settings of repetition time/echo time were selected before and after nasal spray administration 3 000 ms/30 ms,1 500 ms/30 ms, and 3 000 ms/50 ms. Metabolite concentrations were estimated by LCModel software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ^1H-MRS spectra was obtained using various repetition time/echo time settings. Concentrations of glutamate compounds （glutamate ＋ glutamine）, N-acetyl aspartate, and choline were detected in swine brain prior to and following nasal spray treatment. RESULTS： The glutamate compounds curve was consistent with original spectra, when a repetition time/echo time of 3 000 ms/30 ms was adopted. Concentrations of glutamate compounds, N-acetyl aspartate, and choline decreased following administration. The most significant reduction was observed in glutamate compound concentrations from （9.28 ± 0.54） mmol/kg to （7.28 ± 0.54） mmol/kg （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： ^1H-MRS and LCModel software were effectively utilized to quantitatively analyze and measure brain metabolites. Glutamate compounds might be an important neurotransmitter in central analgesia.
文摘Relying upon the basic tenets of scientific modeling, an ansatz for the evaluation of proton affinity of mole-cules are evolved in terms of a four component model. The components of the model chosen are global de-scriptors like ionization energies, global softness, electronegativity and electrophilicity index. These akin quantum mechanical descriptors of atoms and molecules are linked with the charge rearrangement and polarization that occur during the physico-chemical process of protonation of molecules. The suggested ansatz is invoked to compute the protonation energy of as many as 43 compounds of diverse physico-chemical nature viz, hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, esters, aliphatic amines and aromatic amines. A detailed comparative study of theoretically evaluated protonation energies of the above mentioned molecules vis-à-vis their corresponding experimental counterparts reveals that there is a close agreement between the theory and experiment. Thus the results strongly suggest that the proposed modeling and the ansatz for computing PA, the proton affinity, of molecules for studying the physico-chemical process of protonation may be valid proposition.
文摘The radiative hypothesis has been revisited showing other characteristics, produced by the protons used as dyes in total disagree with the ones of the Body Image that appears on the Shroud of Turin. Our investigations highlight that for the protons to reach 3.7 cm in air, the distance that measures the range of discoloration effects, must be emitted with an energy of about 1.5 MeV using Wilson and Brobeck’s empirical formula and 1.35 MeV using Bethe’s. This last formula provides a result closer to reality. Bethe shows that the penetration depth is greater than that calculated empirically. Such a value of proton energy (1.35 MeV) makes it possible to satisfy the discoloration effects range for the Shroud but it is incompatible with a depth of penetration in linen that is only 200 nm. Moreover, using the same subatomic particles, we obtained on the colored linen a distribution of energy represented by regression but not linear. Thus, also the possible I(z) correlation, between color intensity and body-sheet distance, which should be due to the oxidizing action of protons, does not agree with that extracted from the Shroud of Turin.
