Focusing on the ultralow expansion functionality of the crystalized glass containing the cordierite crystal phase with the molar composition 20.7MgO·20.7Al_(2)O_(3)·51.6SiO_(2)·7.0TiO_(2),we systematica...Focusing on the ultralow expansion functionality of the crystalized glass containing the cordierite crystal phase with the molar composition 20.7MgO·20.7Al_(2)O_(3)·51.6SiO_(2)·7.0TiO_(2),we systematically investigated impacts of thermal treatment protocols on T dependence of coefficients of thermal expansion(CTE).Except for the phase compositions,morphology is identified as another important factor to control the T dependence of CTE.By using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope,various modes of T dependence of CTE for crystallized glasses are ascribed to their different phase compositions and microstructure with finely dispersed nanoparticles.These understanding contributes to the further modification of CTE of the crystalized glass by altering their thermal treatment scenarios.展开更多
BACKGROUND The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells revolutionized regenerative medicine,providing a source for generating induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells(iMSCs).AIM To evaluate and...BACKGROUND The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells revolutionized regenerative medicine,providing a source for generating induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells(iMSCs).AIM To evaluate and compare five iMSC differentiation protocols,assessing their efficiency,phenotypic characteristics,and functional properties relative to primary mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).METHODS Five iMSC differentiation protocols were assessed:SB431542-based differentiation(iMSC1,iMSC3),an iMatrix-free method(iMSC2),growth factor supplementation(iMSC4),and embryoid body formation with retinoic acid(EB-iMSC).iMSC identity was confirmed according to the International Society for Cell&Gene Therapy 2006 criteria,requiring expression of surface markers(CD105,CD73,CD90)and absence of pluripotency markers.Functional assays were conducted to evaluate differentiation potential(osteogenic and adipogenic),proliferation,mitochondrial function,reactive oxygen species,senescence,and migration.RESULTS All iMSC types expressed MSC markers and lacked pluripotency markers.EBiMSC and iMSC2 showed enhanced osteogenesis(runt-related transcription factor 2;P≤0.01 and P≤0.0001,respectively),while adipogenic potential was reduced in iMSC2(Adipsin;P≤0.01)and EB-iMSC(Adipsin and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma;P≤0.0001 and P≤0.01,respectively).Proliferation was comparable or superior to bone marrow MSCs,except in iMSC1,with iMSC4 showing the highest rate(MTT assay;P values ranged from 0.01 to 0.001).Despite reduced mitochondrial health in iMSC3 and iMSC4(P≤0.001),reactive oxygen species levels were lower in all iMSCs(P values ranged from 0.001 to 0.0001),and senescence was significantly reduced in all iMSCs with the exception of iMSC1(P values ranged from 0.01 to 0.0001).Migration was most reduced in iMSC4(P≤0.001 at 24 hours and P≤0.0001 at 48 hours).CONCLUSION While all protocols generated functional iMSCs,variations in differentiation,proliferation,and function emphasize the impact of protocol selection.These findings contribute to optimizing iMSC generation for research and clinical applications.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus has become one of the major pandemics of the 21st century.In this scenario,nursing interventions are essential for improving self-care and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes ...BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus has become one of the major pandemics of the 21st century.In this scenario,nursing interventions are essential for improving self-care and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nursing interventions are crucial for managing the disease and preventing complications.AIM To analyse nursing interventions in recent years through a systematic review and meta-analysis and to propose improvements in care plans.METHODS This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of nursing interventions on quantitative glycaemic variables,such as glycated haemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose.RESULTS After confirming that the combined effect of all studies from the past 5 years positively impacts quantitative variables,a descriptive analysis of the studies with the most significant changes was conducted.Based on this,an improvement in diabetic patient care protocols has been proposed through follow-up plans tailored to the patient’s technological skills.CONCLUSION The combined results obtained and the proposal for improvement developed in this manuscript could help to improve the quality of life of many people around the world.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)has been growing over the past few years due to its flexibility and ease of use in real-time applications.The IoT's foremost task is ensuring that there is proper communication among dif...The Internet of Things(IoT)has been growing over the past few years due to its flexibility and ease of use in real-time applications.The IoT's foremost task is ensuring that there is proper communication among different types of applications and devices,and that the application layer protocols fulfill this necessity.However,as the number of applications grows,it is necessary to modify or enhance the application layer protocols according to specific IoT applications,allowing specific issues to be addressed,such as dynamic adaption to network conditions and interoperability.Recently,several IoT application layer protocols have been enhanced and modified according to application requirements.However,no existing survey articles focus on these protocols.In this article,we survey traditional and recent advances in IoT application layer protocols,as well as relevant real-time applications and their adapted application layer protocols for improving performance.As changing the nature of protocols for each application is unrealistic,machine learning offers means of making protocols intelligent and is able to adapt dynamically.In this context,we focus on providing open challenges to drive IoT application layer protocols in such a direction.展开更多
As the main communication mediums in industrial control networks,industrial communication protocols are always vulnerable to extreme exploitations,and it is very difficult to take protective measures due to their seri...As the main communication mediums in industrial control networks,industrial communication protocols are always vulnerable to extreme exploitations,and it is very difficult to take protective measures due to their serious privacy.Based on the SDN(Software Defined Network)technology,this paper proposes a novel event-based anomaly detection approach to identify misbehaviors using non-public industrial communication protocols,and this approach can be installed in SDN switches as a security software appliance in SDN-based control systems.Furthermore,aiming at the unknown protocol specification and message format,this approach first restructures the industrial communication sessions and merges the payloads from industrial communication packets.After that,the feature selection and event sequence extraction can be carried out by using the N-gram model and K-means algorithm.Based on the obtained event sequences,this approach finally trains an event-based HMM(Hidden Markov Model)to identify aberrant industrial communication behaviors.Experimental results clearly show that the proposed approach has obvious advantages of classification accuracy and detection efficiency.展开更多
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, I...The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.展开更多
This paper presents a recovery algorithm for self-stabilizing communication protocols. It first describes some concepts and a formal description method for the algorithm. Then it proposes the algorithm procedures, pro...This paper presents a recovery algorithm for self-stabilizing communication protocols. It first describes some concepts and a formal description method for the algorithm. Then it proposes the algorithm procedures, proves its correctness and analyses its complexity. Finally, it also verifies the availability and efficiency of the algorithm by illustrating an example protocol with multi-processes.展开更多
This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics t...This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others;even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.展开更多
Provable security has become a popular approach for analyzing the security of cryptographic protocols.However,writing and verifying proofs by hand are prone to errors.This paper advocates the automatic security proof ...Provable security has become a popular approach for analyzing the security of cryptographic protocols.However,writing and verifying proofs by hand are prone to errors.This paper advocates the automatic security proof framework with sequences of games.We make slight modifications to Blanchet's calculus to make it easy for parsing the initial game.The main contribution of this work is that it introduces algebraic properties with observational equivalences to automatic security proofs,and thus can deal with some practical cryptographic schemes with hard problems.We illustrate the use of algebraic properties in the framework by proving the semantic security of the ElGamal encryption scheme.展开更多
Several cases of fatal pneumonia during November 2019 were linked initially to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,which the World Health Organization later designated as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)...Several cases of fatal pneumonia during November 2019 were linked initially to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,which the World Health Organization later designated as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11,2020.In the general population,COVID-19 severity can range from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to seriously ill.Its mortality rate could be as high as 49%.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have acknowledged that people with specific underlying medical conditions,among those who need immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation(SOT),are at an increased risk of developing severe illness from COVID-19.Liver transplantation is the second most prevalent SOT globally.Due to their immunosuppressed state,liver transplant(LT)recipients are more susceptible to serious infections.Therefore,comorbidities and prolonged immunosuppression among SOT recipients enhance the likelihood of severe COVID-19.It is crucial to comprehend the clinical picture,immunosuppressive management,prognosis,and prophylaxis of COVID-19 infection because it may pose a danger to transplant recipients.This review described the clinical and laboratory findings of COVID-19 in LT recipients and the risk factors for severe disease in this population group.In the following sections,we discussed current COVID-19 therapy choices,reviewed standard practice in modifying immunosuppressant regimens,and outlined the safety and efficacy of currently licensed drugs for inpatient and outpatient management.Additionally,we explored the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in LT recipients and mentioned the efficacy and safety of vaccination use.展开更多
The scarcity of bandwidth in the radio spectrum has become more vital since the demand for more and more wireless applications has increased. Most of the spectrum bands have been allocated although many studies have s...The scarcity of bandwidth in the radio spectrum has become more vital since the demand for more and more wireless applications has increased. Most of the spectrum bands have been allocated although many studies have shown that these bands are significantly underutilized most of the time. The problem of unavailability of spectrum and inefficiency in its utilization has been smartly addressed by the cognitive radio （CR） technology which is an opportunistic network that senses the environment, observes the network changes, and then uses knowledge gained from the prior interaction with the network to make intelligent decisions by dynamically adapting their transmission characteristics. In this paper, some of the decentralized adaptive medium access control （MAC） protocols for CR networks have been critically analyzed, and a novel adaptive MAC protocol for CR networks, decentralized non-global MAC （DNG-MAC）, has been proposed. The results show the DNG-MAC outperforms other CR-MAC protocols in terms of time and energy efficiency.展开更多
We present a model based on Computational Temporal Logic(CTL)methods forverifying security requirements of electronic commerce,protocols.The model describes formally theauthentication,confidentiality integrity,non-rep...We present a model based on Computational Temporal Logic(CTL)methods forverifying security requirements of electronic commerce,protocols.The model describes formally theauthentication,confidentiality integrity,non-repudiation denial of serviee and access control ofthe e-lectronic commerce protocols.We illustrate as case study a variant of the Lu-Smolka protocolproposed by Lu-Smolka Moreover,we have discovered two attacks that allow a dishonest user topurchase a good debiting the amountto another user.And also,we compared our work with relativeresearch works and found lhat the formal way of this paper is more general to specify securityprotocols for E-Commerce.展开更多
Broadcasting is a basic technique in Mobile ad-hoc network(MANET),and it refers to sending a packet from one node to every other node within the transmission range.Flooding is a type of broadcast where the received pa...Broadcasting is a basic technique in Mobile ad-hoc network(MANET),and it refers to sending a packet from one node to every other node within the transmission range.Flooding is a type of broadcast where the received packet is retransmitted once by every node.The naive flooding technique,floods the network with query messages,while the random walk technique operates by contacting the subsets of every node’s neighbors at each step,thereby restricting the search space.One of the key challenges in an ad-hoc network is the resource or content discovery problem which is about locating the queried resource.Many earlier works have mainly focused on the simulation-based analysis of flooding,and its variants under a wired network.Although,there have been some empirical studies in peer-to-peer(P2P)networks,the analytical results are still lacking,especially in the context of P2P systems running over MANET.In this paper,we describe how P2P resource discovery protocols perform badly over MANETs.To address the limitations,we propose a new protocol named ABRW(Address Broadcast Random Walk),which is a lightweight search approach,designed considering the underlay topology aimed to better suit the unstructured architecture.We provide the mathematical model,measuring the performance of our proposed search scheme with different widely popular benchmarked search techniques.Further,we also derive three relevant search performance metrics,i.e.,mean no.of steps needed to find a resource,the probability of finding a resource,and the mean no.of message overhead.We validated the analytical expressions through simulations.The simulation results closely matched with our analyticalmodel,justifying our findings.Our proposed search algorithm under such highly dynamic self-evolving networks performed better,as it reduced the search latency,decreased the overall message overhead,and still equally had a good success rate.展开更多
Routing protocols are perceived to be growing hotspots and required to devote more time and work to studying it. Research on routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is significantly important to accurately guide...Routing protocols are perceived to be growing hotspots and required to devote more time and work to studying it. Research on routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is significantly important to accurately guide the application. Theoretical analysis and comparison are one of the key steps in the protocol research. Restricted by irreversible factors of power and others, lifetime of wireless sensor networks is very short. In this paper, we analyze and compare the characteristics and application fields of existing protocols. On the basis of that, this paper mainly proposes an improved directed diffusion exploring the phase of reinforcing path, which chooses the way to strengthen the path after evaluating the critical factors. It was determined by simulation that improved directed diffusion has a higher transmission rate, and it satisfies the requirements, which balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the lifetime.展开更多
A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organizing, temporary, infrastructure-free, multi-hop, dynamic topology wireless network that contains collection of cooperative autonomous freely roaming mobile nodes. The no...A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organizing, temporary, infrastructure-free, multi-hop, dynamic topology wireless network that contains collection of cooperative autonomous freely roaming mobile nodes. The nodes communicate with each other by wireless radio links with no human intervention. Each mobile node functions as a specialized router to forward information to other mobile nodes. In order to provide efficient end-to-end communication with the network of nodes, a routing protocol is used to discover the optimal routes between the nodes. The routing protocols meant for wired networks can not be used for mobile ad hoc networks because of the mobility of nodes. Routing in ad hoc networks is nontrivial due to highly dynamic nature of the nodes. Various routing protocols have been proposed and widely evaluated for efficient routing of packets. This research paper presents an overview on classification of wide range of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc wireless networks proposed in the literature and shows the performance evaluation of the routing protocols: DSDV, AODV, FSR, LAR, OLSR, STAR and ZRP using the network simulator QualNet 4.0 to determine which protocols may perform best in large networks. To judge the merit of a routing protocol, one needs performance metrics (throughput, end-to-end delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead) with which to measure its suitability and performance. Our simulation experiments show that the LAR protocol achieve relatively good performance compared to other routing protocols.展开更多
The area of formal verification of protocols has gained substantial importance in the recent years. The research results and subsequent applications have amply demonstrated that the formal verification tools have inde...The area of formal verification of protocols has gained substantial importance in the recent years. The research results and subsequent applications have amply demonstrated that the formal verification tools have indeed helped correct the protocols even after being standardized. However, the standard protocol verification tools and techniques do not verify the security properties of a cryptographic protocol. This has resulted in the emergence of the security protocol verifiers to fill the need. In this paper, taking the two popular security verification tools namely Scyther and ProVerif as the basis, we identify a few security protocols and implement them in both Scyther and ProVerif, to aptly evaluate the tools, in terms of the security properties of the selected protocols. In the process, we not only characteristically present a comparative evaluation of the two tools, but also reveal interesting security properties of the protocols selected, showing their strengths and weaknesses. To the best of our knowledge, this is a unique attempt to juxtapose and evaluate the two verification tools using the selected security protocols.展开更多
The Ediacaran Period follows the Cryogenian Period in the wake of a snowball Earth glaciation and precedes the Cambrian Period with its rising tide of animal radiation.It is also the longest among all stratigraphicall...The Ediacaran Period follows the Cryogenian Period in the wake of a snowball Earth glaciation and precedes the Cambrian Period with its rising tide of animal radiation.It is also the longest among all stratigraphically defined geological periods,lasting 94 million years(635–541 Ma).展开更多
The need of communication protocols in today’s environment increases as much as the network explores. Many new kinds of protocols, e.g. for information sharing, security, etc., are being developed day-to-day which of...The need of communication protocols in today’s environment increases as much as the network explores. Many new kinds of protocols, e.g. for information sharing, security, etc., are being developed day-to-day which often leads to rapid, premature developments. Many protocols have not scaled to satisfy important properties like deadlock and livelock freedom, since MDA focuses on the rapid development rather than on the quality of the developed models. In order to fix the above, we introduce a 2-Phase strategy based on the UML state machine and sequence diagram. The state machine is converted into PROMELA code as a protocol model and its properties are derived from the sequence diagram as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) through automation. The PROMELA code is interpreted through the SPIN model checker, which helps to simulate the behavior of protocol. Later the automated LTL properties are supplemented to the SPIN for the verification of protocol properties. The results are compared with the developed UML model and SPIN simulated model. Our test results impress the designer to verify the expected results with the system design and to identify the errors which are unnoticed during the design phase.展开更多
The exploitation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is constrained by limited power, low computing power and storage and short-range radio transmission. Many routing protocols respecting these constraints were develope...The exploitation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is constrained by limited power, low computing power and storage and short-range radio transmission. Many routing protocols respecting these constraints were developed but, it still lacks formal and standardized solutions being able to help in their configuration. The configuration management that responds to this concern is very important in this type of network. It consists of the definition of data models to configure and is very necessary for the good network performance. Tangible results were obtained in traditional networks with the emergence of NETCONF and YANG standards, but on the best of our humble knowledge there are none yet in WSNs. We propose in this paper wsn-routing-protocol, a YANG data model for routing protocols configuration in WSNs. Following our model, we propose two YANG configuration data models based on the latter: they are respectively aodv for AODV and rpl for RPL.展开更多
The extracellular matrix(ECM)is a non-cellular three-dimensional structure present in all tissues that is essential for the intestinal maintenance,function and structure,as well as for providing physical support for t...The extracellular matrix(ECM)is a non-cellular three-dimensional structure present in all tissues that is essential for the intestinal maintenance,function and structure,as well as for providing physical support for tissue integrity and elasticity.ECM enables the regulation of various processes involved in tissue homeostasis,being vital for healing,growth,migration and cell differentiation.Structurally,ECM is composed of water,polysaccharides and proteins,such as collagen fibers and proteoglycans,which are specifically arranged for each tissue.In pathological scenarios,such as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),the deposition and remodeling of the ECM can be altered in relation to the homeostatic composition.IBD,such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease,can be differentiated according to ECM alterations,such as circulating levels of collagen,laminin and vimentin neoepitopes.In this context,ECM presents parti-cularities in both physiological and pathological processes,however,exploring methods of tissue decellularization is emerging as a promising frontier for new therapeutic interventions and clinical protocols,promoting the development of new approaches to intestinal diseases.展开更多
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52172007)Jiangsu Science and Technology Innovation Project for Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality(No.BE2022035)。
文摘Focusing on the ultralow expansion functionality of the crystalized glass containing the cordierite crystal phase with the molar composition 20.7MgO·20.7Al_(2)O_(3)·51.6SiO_(2)·7.0TiO_(2),we systematically investigated impacts of thermal treatment protocols on T dependence of coefficients of thermal expansion(CTE).Except for the phase compositions,morphology is identified as another important factor to control the T dependence of CTE.By using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope,various modes of T dependence of CTE for crystallized glasses are ascribed to their different phase compositions and microstructure with finely dispersed nanoparticles.These understanding contributes to the further modification of CTE of the crystalized glass by altering their thermal treatment scenarios.
文摘BACKGROUND The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells revolutionized regenerative medicine,providing a source for generating induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells(iMSCs).AIM To evaluate and compare five iMSC differentiation protocols,assessing their efficiency,phenotypic characteristics,and functional properties relative to primary mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).METHODS Five iMSC differentiation protocols were assessed:SB431542-based differentiation(iMSC1,iMSC3),an iMatrix-free method(iMSC2),growth factor supplementation(iMSC4),and embryoid body formation with retinoic acid(EB-iMSC).iMSC identity was confirmed according to the International Society for Cell&Gene Therapy 2006 criteria,requiring expression of surface markers(CD105,CD73,CD90)and absence of pluripotency markers.Functional assays were conducted to evaluate differentiation potential(osteogenic and adipogenic),proliferation,mitochondrial function,reactive oxygen species,senescence,and migration.RESULTS All iMSC types expressed MSC markers and lacked pluripotency markers.EBiMSC and iMSC2 showed enhanced osteogenesis(runt-related transcription factor 2;P≤0.01 and P≤0.0001,respectively),while adipogenic potential was reduced in iMSC2(Adipsin;P≤0.01)and EB-iMSC(Adipsin and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma;P≤0.0001 and P≤0.01,respectively).Proliferation was comparable or superior to bone marrow MSCs,except in iMSC1,with iMSC4 showing the highest rate(MTT assay;P values ranged from 0.01 to 0.001).Despite reduced mitochondrial health in iMSC3 and iMSC4(P≤0.001),reactive oxygen species levels were lower in all iMSCs(P values ranged from 0.001 to 0.0001),and senescence was significantly reduced in all iMSCs with the exception of iMSC1(P values ranged from 0.01 to 0.0001).Migration was most reduced in iMSC4(P≤0.001 at 24 hours and P≤0.0001 at 48 hours).CONCLUSION While all protocols generated functional iMSCs,variations in differentiation,proliferation,and function emphasize the impact of protocol selection.These findings contribute to optimizing iMSC generation for research and clinical applications.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus has become one of the major pandemics of the 21st century.In this scenario,nursing interventions are essential for improving self-care and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nursing interventions are crucial for managing the disease and preventing complications.AIM To analyse nursing interventions in recent years through a systematic review and meta-analysis and to propose improvements in care plans.METHODS This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of nursing interventions on quantitative glycaemic variables,such as glycated haemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose.RESULTS After confirming that the combined effect of all studies from the past 5 years positively impacts quantitative variables,a descriptive analysis of the studies with the most significant changes was conducted.Based on this,an improvement in diabetic patient care protocols has been proposed through follow-up plans tailored to the patient’s technological skills.CONCLUSION The combined results obtained and the proposal for improvement developed in this manuscript could help to improve the quality of life of many people around the world.
基金The authors would like to thank DST(SERB),Government of India for grant No.EEQ/2018/000888The work was also supported by the Archimedes Foundation under the Dora plus Grant 11-15/OO/11476We also acknowledge financial support to UoH-IoE by MHRD(F11/9/2019-U3(A)).
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)has been growing over the past few years due to its flexibility and ease of use in real-time applications.The IoT's foremost task is ensuring that there is proper communication among different types of applications and devices,and that the application layer protocols fulfill this necessity.However,as the number of applications grows,it is necessary to modify or enhance the application layer protocols according to specific IoT applications,allowing specific issues to be addressed,such as dynamic adaption to network conditions and interoperability.Recently,several IoT application layer protocols have been enhanced and modified according to application requirements.However,no existing survey articles focus on these protocols.In this article,we survey traditional and recent advances in IoT application layer protocols,as well as relevant real-time applications and their adapted application layer protocols for improving performance.As changing the nature of protocols for each application is unrealistic,machine learning offers means of making protocols intelligent and is able to adapt dynamically.In this context,we focus on providing open challenges to drive IoT application layer protocols in such a direction.
基金This work is supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(618QN219)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61501447)the General Project of Scientific Research of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LYB201616).
文摘As the main communication mediums in industrial control networks,industrial communication protocols are always vulnerable to extreme exploitations,and it is very difficult to take protective measures due to their serious privacy.Based on the SDN(Software Defined Network)technology,this paper proposes a novel event-based anomaly detection approach to identify misbehaviors using non-public industrial communication protocols,and this approach can be installed in SDN switches as a security software appliance in SDN-based control systems.Furthermore,aiming at the unknown protocol specification and message format,this approach first restructures the industrial communication sessions and merges the payloads from industrial communication packets.After that,the feature selection and event sequence extraction can be carried out by using the N-gram model and K-means algorithm.Based on the obtained event sequences,this approach finally trains an event-based HMM(Hidden Markov Model)to identify aberrant industrial communication behaviors.Experimental results clearly show that the proposed approach has obvious advantages of classification accuracy and detection efficiency.
文摘The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China and NSF of Hubei Province.
文摘This paper presents a recovery algorithm for self-stabilizing communication protocols. It first describes some concepts and a formal description method for the algorithm. Then it proposes the algorithm procedures, proves its correctness and analyses its complexity. Finally, it also verifies the availability and efficiency of the algorithm by illustrating an example protocol with multi-processes.
文摘This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others;even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.
基金National High Technical Research and Development Program of China(863 program)under Grant No. 2007AA01Z471
文摘Provable security has become a popular approach for analyzing the security of cryptographic protocols.However,writing and verifying proofs by hand are prone to errors.This paper advocates the automatic security proof framework with sequences of games.We make slight modifications to Blanchet's calculus to make it easy for parsing the initial game.The main contribution of this work is that it introduces algebraic properties with observational equivalences to automatic security proofs,and thus can deal with some practical cryptographic schemes with hard problems.We illustrate the use of algebraic properties in the framework by proving the semantic security of the ElGamal encryption scheme.
文摘Several cases of fatal pneumonia during November 2019 were linked initially to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,which the World Health Organization later designated as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11,2020.In the general population,COVID-19 severity can range from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to seriously ill.Its mortality rate could be as high as 49%.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have acknowledged that people with specific underlying medical conditions,among those who need immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation(SOT),are at an increased risk of developing severe illness from COVID-19.Liver transplantation is the second most prevalent SOT globally.Due to their immunosuppressed state,liver transplant(LT)recipients are more susceptible to serious infections.Therefore,comorbidities and prolonged immunosuppression among SOT recipients enhance the likelihood of severe COVID-19.It is crucial to comprehend the clinical picture,immunosuppressive management,prognosis,and prophylaxis of COVID-19 infection because it may pose a danger to transplant recipients.This review described the clinical and laboratory findings of COVID-19 in LT recipients and the risk factors for severe disease in this population group.In the following sections,we discussed current COVID-19 therapy choices,reviewed standard practice in modifying immunosuppressant regimens,and outlined the safety and efficacy of currently licensed drugs for inpatient and outpatient management.Additionally,we explored the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in LT recipients and mentioned the efficacy and safety of vaccination use.
文摘The scarcity of bandwidth in the radio spectrum has become more vital since the demand for more and more wireless applications has increased. Most of the spectrum bands have been allocated although many studies have shown that these bands are significantly underutilized most of the time. The problem of unavailability of spectrum and inefficiency in its utilization has been smartly addressed by the cognitive radio （CR） technology which is an opportunistic network that senses the environment, observes the network changes, and then uses knowledge gained from the prior interaction with the network to make intelligent decisions by dynamically adapting their transmission characteristics. In this paper, some of the decentralized adaptive medium access control （MAC） protocols for CR networks have been critically analyzed, and a novel adaptive MAC protocol for CR networks, decentralized non-global MAC （DNG-MAC）, has been proposed. The results show the DNG-MAC outperforms other CR-MAC protocols in terms of time and energy efficiency.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation ofthe Department of Education of Guangdong Province(Z03001)
文摘We present a model based on Computational Temporal Logic(CTL)methods forverifying security requirements of electronic commerce,protocols.The model describes formally theauthentication,confidentiality integrity,non-repudiation denial of serviee and access control ofthe e-lectronic commerce protocols.We illustrate as case study a variant of the Lu-Smolka protocolproposed by Lu-Smolka Moreover,we have discovered two attacks that allow a dishonest user topurchase a good debiting the amountto another user.And also,we compared our work with relativeresearch works and found lhat the formal way of this paper is more general to specify securityprotocols for E-Commerce.
文摘Broadcasting is a basic technique in Mobile ad-hoc network(MANET),and it refers to sending a packet from one node to every other node within the transmission range.Flooding is a type of broadcast where the received packet is retransmitted once by every node.The naive flooding technique,floods the network with query messages,while the random walk technique operates by contacting the subsets of every node’s neighbors at each step,thereby restricting the search space.One of the key challenges in an ad-hoc network is the resource or content discovery problem which is about locating the queried resource.Many earlier works have mainly focused on the simulation-based analysis of flooding,and its variants under a wired network.Although,there have been some empirical studies in peer-to-peer(P2P)networks,the analytical results are still lacking,especially in the context of P2P systems running over MANET.In this paper,we describe how P2P resource discovery protocols perform badly over MANETs.To address the limitations,we propose a new protocol named ABRW(Address Broadcast Random Walk),which is a lightweight search approach,designed considering the underlay topology aimed to better suit the unstructured architecture.We provide the mathematical model,measuring the performance of our proposed search scheme with different widely popular benchmarked search techniques.Further,we also derive three relevant search performance metrics,i.e.,mean no.of steps needed to find a resource,the probability of finding a resource,and the mean no.of message overhead.We validated the analytical expressions through simulations.The simulation results closely matched with our analyticalmodel,justifying our findings.Our proposed search algorithm under such highly dynamic self-evolving networks performed better,as it reduced the search latency,decreased the overall message overhead,and still equally had a good success rate.
文摘Routing protocols are perceived to be growing hotspots and required to devote more time and work to studying it. Research on routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is significantly important to accurately guide the application. Theoretical analysis and comparison are one of the key steps in the protocol research. Restricted by irreversible factors of power and others, lifetime of wireless sensor networks is very short. In this paper, we analyze and compare the characteristics and application fields of existing protocols. On the basis of that, this paper mainly proposes an improved directed diffusion exploring the phase of reinforcing path, which chooses the way to strengthen the path after evaluating the critical factors. It was determined by simulation that improved directed diffusion has a higher transmission rate, and it satisfies the requirements, which balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the lifetime.
文摘A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organizing, temporary, infrastructure-free, multi-hop, dynamic topology wireless network that contains collection of cooperative autonomous freely roaming mobile nodes. The nodes communicate with each other by wireless radio links with no human intervention. Each mobile node functions as a specialized router to forward information to other mobile nodes. In order to provide efficient end-to-end communication with the network of nodes, a routing protocol is used to discover the optimal routes between the nodes. The routing protocols meant for wired networks can not be used for mobile ad hoc networks because of the mobility of nodes. Routing in ad hoc networks is nontrivial due to highly dynamic nature of the nodes. Various routing protocols have been proposed and widely evaluated for efficient routing of packets. This research paper presents an overview on classification of wide range of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc wireless networks proposed in the literature and shows the performance evaluation of the routing protocols: DSDV, AODV, FSR, LAR, OLSR, STAR and ZRP using the network simulator QualNet 4.0 to determine which protocols may perform best in large networks. To judge the merit of a routing protocol, one needs performance metrics (throughput, end-to-end delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead) with which to measure its suitability and performance. Our simulation experiments show that the LAR protocol achieve relatively good performance compared to other routing protocols.
文摘The area of formal verification of protocols has gained substantial importance in the recent years. The research results and subsequent applications have amply demonstrated that the formal verification tools have indeed helped correct the protocols even after being standardized. However, the standard protocol verification tools and techniques do not verify the security properties of a cryptographic protocol. This has resulted in the emergence of the security protocol verifiers to fill the need. In this paper, taking the two popular security verification tools namely Scyther and ProVerif as the basis, we identify a few security protocols and implement them in both Scyther and ProVerif, to aptly evaluate the tools, in terms of the security properties of the selected protocols. In the process, we not only characteristically present a comparative evaluation of the two tools, but also reveal interesting security properties of the protocols selected, showing their strengths and weaknesses. To the best of our knowledge, this is a unique attempt to juxtapose and evaluate the two verification tools using the selected security protocols.
基金support was provided by the International Commission on Stratigraphy,National Science Foundation(EAR-1523334 to Stanley FinneyEAR-1528553 to SX)+4 种基金NASA Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology Program(NNX15AL27G to SX)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41272011 and 41410104004 to CZ and SX)Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2013CB835005 to CZ)Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZZD-EW-02 to CZ)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)Discovery Grants to GMN and ML,Queen’s University Research Chair to GMN,Russian Science Foundation(14-17-00409 to DVG).
文摘The Ediacaran Period follows the Cryogenian Period in the wake of a snowball Earth glaciation and precedes the Cambrian Period with its rising tide of animal radiation.It is also the longest among all stratigraphically defined geological periods,lasting 94 million years(635–541 Ma).
文摘The need of communication protocols in today’s environment increases as much as the network explores. Many new kinds of protocols, e.g. for information sharing, security, etc., are being developed day-to-day which often leads to rapid, premature developments. Many protocols have not scaled to satisfy important properties like deadlock and livelock freedom, since MDA focuses on the rapid development rather than on the quality of the developed models. In order to fix the above, we introduce a 2-Phase strategy based on the UML state machine and sequence diagram. The state machine is converted into PROMELA code as a protocol model and its properties are derived from the sequence diagram as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) through automation. The PROMELA code is interpreted through the SPIN model checker, which helps to simulate the behavior of protocol. Later the automated LTL properties are supplemented to the SPIN for the verification of protocol properties. The results are compared with the developed UML model and SPIN simulated model. Our test results impress the designer to verify the expected results with the system design and to identify the errors which are unnoticed during the design phase.
文摘The exploitation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is constrained by limited power, low computing power and storage and short-range radio transmission. Many routing protocols respecting these constraints were developed but, it still lacks formal and standardized solutions being able to help in their configuration. The configuration management that responds to this concern is very important in this type of network. It consists of the definition of data models to configure and is very necessary for the good network performance. Tangible results were obtained in traditional networks with the emergence of NETCONF and YANG standards, but on the best of our humble knowledge there are none yet in WSNs. We propose in this paper wsn-routing-protocol, a YANG data model for routing protocols configuration in WSNs. Following our model, we propose two YANG configuration data models based on the latter: they are respectively aodv for AODV and rpl for RPL.
基金Supported by São Paulo Research Foundation(Fundação de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado de São Paulo-FAPESP,Brazil),No.2014/25927-2,No.2018/07862-1,No.2021/05445-7,and No.2022/00086-1the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq,Brazil)and the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education(Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-CAPES,Brazil).
文摘The extracellular matrix(ECM)is a non-cellular three-dimensional structure present in all tissues that is essential for the intestinal maintenance,function and structure,as well as for providing physical support for tissue integrity and elasticity.ECM enables the regulation of various processes involved in tissue homeostasis,being vital for healing,growth,migration and cell differentiation.Structurally,ECM is composed of water,polysaccharides and proteins,such as collagen fibers and proteoglycans,which are specifically arranged for each tissue.In pathological scenarios,such as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),the deposition and remodeling of the ECM can be altered in relation to the homeostatic composition.IBD,such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease,can be differentiated according to ECM alterations,such as circulating levels of collagen,laminin and vimentin neoepitopes.In this context,ECM presents parti-cularities in both physiological and pathological processes,however,exploring methods of tissue decellularization is emerging as a promising frontier for new therapeutic interventions and clinical protocols,promoting the development of new approaches to intestinal diseases.
