Lithium metal is a promising anode material for high-energy-density batteries;however,its practical applications are significantly hindered by unstable lithium deposition and dendrite growth at the solid electrolyte i...Lithium metal is a promising anode material for high-energy-density batteries;however,its practical applications are significantly hindered by unstable lithium deposition and dendrite growth at the solid electrolyte interface.Functional protective coatings on lithium metal surfaces offer a viable solution to these challenges.Herein,an innovative adaptive protective layer for lithium metal anodes based on a thiourea H-bonded supramolecular polymer is developed for the first time.With dense thiourea H-bonding,the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(Li TFSI)incorporated poly(ether-thiourea)protective layer shows strong adhesion to the lithium metal surface and good adaptive properties.The unique viscoelastic and flow characteristics of the poly(ether-thiourea)coating facilitate uniform Li⁺flux,effectively suppressing dendrite formation at the solid electrolyte interface.Furthermore,this innovative polymer integrates in situ generated compounds,such as Li3N and Li_(2)O,significantly enhancing interfacial stability.A comprehensive analysis involving X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray tomography,and COMSOL simulations elucidates the beneficial effects of the adaptive coating.Enhanced performances in Li||Cu,Li||Li,Li||LiFePO_(4),and Li||S cells demonstrate the effectiveness of the poly(ether-thiourea)coating and its undeniable capability to improve lithium deposition and cycling stability.This study highlights a promising new candidate for developing supramolecular materials capable of stabilizing lithium metal anodes.展开更多
The formation of Zn dendrites and the occurrence of the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)at Zn anodes represent two major obstacles that significantly impede the widespread commercialization of aqueous Zn-ion batteries...The formation of Zn dendrites and the occurrence of the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)at Zn anodes represent two major obstacles that significantly impede the widespread commercialization of aqueous Zn-ion batteries.In this work,we propose sorbitan oleate(Span 80)as a novel amphiphilic electrolyte additive for 2 mol/L ZnSO_(4),demonstrating multifunctional performance.The unique ultra-long hydrophobic carbon chains of Span 80 effectively reduce free water molecules at the Zn anode-electrolyte interface,forming a robust hydrophobic interfacial layer that significantly suppresses HER and corrosion reactions.Simultaneously,carbon chains can enhance the desolvation effect of[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+),leading to improve rate performance.Additionally,the hydrophilic sorbitan groups in Span 80 selectively adsorb onto active sites of the Zn anode,promoting uniform Zn^(2+)deposition and suppressing dendrite growth.The optimized Zn||Zn symmetric cell exhibits outstanding cycling stability,sustaining reversible plating/stripping for 570 h at 50 mA/cm^(2) and the Zn||V_(2)O_(5) full cell retains exceptional stability over 2000 cycles at 1 A/g.Our work presents a promising strategy for suppressing interfacial side reactions by constructing a hydrophobic protective layer through the use of ultra-long carbon chain surfactants.This approach offers new insights into enhancing the performance of aqueous Zn-ion batteries.展开更多
Rechargeable aqueous zinc(Zn)-metal batteries hold great promise for next-generation energy storage systems.However,their practical application is hindered by several challenges,including dendrite formation,corrosion,...Rechargeable aqueous zinc(Zn)-metal batteries hold great promise for next-generation energy storage systems.However,their practical application is hindered by several challenges,including dendrite formation,corrosion,and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.To address these issues,we designed and fabricated a composite protective layer for Zn anodes by integrating carbon nanotubes(CNTs)with chitosan through a simple and scalable scraping process.The CNTs ensure uniform electric field distribution due to their high electrical conductivity,while protonated chitosan regulates ion transport and suppresses dendrite formation at the anode interface.The chitosan/CNTs composite layer also facilitates smooth Zn^(2+)deposition,enhancing the stability and reversibility of the Zn anode.As a result,the chitosan/CNTs@Zn anode demonstrates exceptional cycling stability,achieving over 3000 h of plating/stripping with minimal degradation.When paired with a V_(2)O_(5)cathode,the composite-protected anode significantly improves the cycle stability and energy density of the full cell.Techno-economic analysis confirms that batteries incorporating the chitosan/CNTs protective layer outperform those with bare Zn anodes in terms of energy density and overall performance under optimized conditions.This work provides a scalable and sustainable strategy to overcome the critical challenges of aqueous Zn-metal batteries,paving the way for their practical application in next-generation energy storage systems.展开更多
A variety of techniques, such as chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were applied to characterize the adhesion protective layer formed below the blast...A variety of techniques, such as chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were applied to characterize the adhesion protective layer formed below the blast furnace taphole level when a certain amount of titanium-bearing burden was used. Samples of the protective layer were extracted to identify the chemical composition, phase assemblage, andistribution. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of the protective layer was determined after clarifying the source of each componenFinally, a technical strategy was proposed for achieving a stable protective layer in the hearth. The results show that the protective layemainly exists in a bilayer form in the sidewall, namely, a titanium-bearing layer and a graphite layer. Both the layers contain the slag phaswhose major crystalline phase is magnesium melilite（Ca2Mg Si2O7） and the main source of the slag phase is coke ash. It is clearly determinethat solid particles such as graphite, Ti（C,N） and Mg Al2O4play an important role in the formation of the protective layer, and the key factofor promoting the formation of a stable protective layer is reasonable control of the evolution behavior of coke.展开更多
A long campaign life of blast furnaces is heavily linked to the existence of a protective layer in their hearths. In this work, we conducted dissection studies and investigated damage in blast furnace hearths to estim...A long campaign life of blast furnaces is heavily linked to the existence of a protective layer in their hearths. In this work, we conducted dissection studies and investigated damage in blast furnace hearths to estimate the formation mechanism of the protective layer. The results illustrate that a significant amount of graphite phase was trapped within the hearth protective layer. Furthermore, on the basis of the thermodynamic and kinetic calculations of the graphite precipitation process, a precipitation potential index related to the formation of the graphite-rich protective layer was proposed to characterize the formation ability of this layer. We determined that, under normal operating conditions, the precipitation of graphite phase ~om hot metal was thermodynamically possible. Among elements that exist in hot metal, C, Si, and P favor graphite precipitation, whereas Mn and Cr inhibit this process. Moreover, at the same hot-face temperature, an increase of carbon concentration in hot metal can shorten the precipitation time. Finally, the results suggest that measures such as reducing the hot-face tem- perature and increasing the degree of carbon saturation in hot metal are critically important to improve the precipitation potential index.展开更多
Lithium(Li)metal anodes with the high theoretical specific capacity(3860 mAh g^(-1))and most negative reduction potential(-3.04 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode)have been considered as an ultimate choice for energy st...Lithium(Li)metal anodes with the high theoretical specific capacity(3860 mAh g^(-1))and most negative reduction potential(-3.04 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode)have been considered as an ultimate choice for energy storage devices with high energy density[1-4].However,the practical applications of Li metalbased batteries(LMBs)are confronted with two tough issues:Li dendrite growth induced by uneven Li depositions and unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)(Fig.1a)[5,6].展开更多
Aqueous zinc anodes have attracted the attention of many researchers owing to their high safety,low cost,and high theoretical specific capacity.However,its practical application is severely limited by the dendrite gro...Aqueous zinc anodes have attracted the attention of many researchers owing to their high safety,low cost,and high theoretical specific capacity.However,its practical application is severely limited by the dendrite growth on zinc anode.Herein,we develop an intrinsically zincophobic barium-titanate protective layer with a porous structure to suppress the zinc dendrite formation by homogenizing the ion distribution on the anode surface,increasing the nucleation sites,and limiting the irregular zinc growth.Based on these synergistic effects,the coated zinc anode can exhibit long cycle life(840 h at 0.5 mA/cm^(2) for 0.5 mAh/cm^(2))and low voltage hysteresis(36 mV).This work can provide a feasible direction for the design of intrinsically zincophobic coating materials to uniformize the zinc stripping and plating.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries possess substantial potential for energy storage applications;however,they are hampered by challenges such as dendrite formation and uncontrolled side reactions occurring at the zinc anode.I...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries possess substantial potential for energy storage applications;however,they are hampered by challenges such as dendrite formation and uncontrolled side reactions occurring at the zinc anode.In our investigation,we sought to mitigate these issues through the utilization of in situ zinc complex formation reactions to engineer hydrophobic protective layers on the zinc anode surface.These robust interfacial layers serve as effective barriers,isolating the zinc anode from the electrolyte and active water molecules and thereby preventing hydrogen evolution and the generation of undesirable byproducts.Additionally,the presence of numerous zincophilic sites within these protective layers facilitates uniform zinc deposition while concurrently inhibiting dendrite growth.Through comprehensive evaluation of functional anodes featuring diverse functional groups and alkyl chain lengths,we meticulously scrutinized the underlying mechanisms influencing performance variations.This analysis involved precise modulation of interfacial hydrophobicity,rapid Zn^(2+)ion transport,and ordered deposition of Zn^(2+)ions.Notably,the optimized anode,fabricated with octadecylphosphate(OPA),demonstrated exceptional performance characteristics.The Zn//Zn symmetric cell exhibited remarkable longevity,exceeding 4000 h under a current density of 2 mA cm^(-2)and a capacity density of 2 mA h cm^(-2),Furthermore,when integrated with a VOH cathode,the complete cell exhibited superior capacity retention compared to anodes modified with alternative organic molecules.展开更多
In order to solve coal and gas outbursts during mining coal seam,studying on related problems were carried out. According to the theories of mining upper protective layer,proper mining plan were designed and performed...In order to solve coal and gas outbursts during mining coal seam,studying on related problems were carried out. According to the theories of mining upper protective layer,proper mining plan were designed and performed through field experiment. By means of examining several parameters obtained from the field experiment,the protective effects were evaluated and the protective scope and related parameters were determined. The results of field experiment show that the danger of outbursts was evidently eliminated and the method of mining protective layers is effective and the safety and economic benefits are remarkable. The research has really applied worth and will give beneficial references to mining area with analogous conditions.展开更多
Based on the occurrence features of Group B coal-seams at a coal mine in the Huainan coal mining area, the elasto-plastic mechanical damage constitutive functions and numerical model for the protective layer excavatio...Based on the occurrence features of Group B coal-seams at a coal mine in the Huainan coal mining area, the elasto-plastic mechanical damage constitutive functions and numerical model for the protective layer excavation were established. With the UDEC2D computer program, after the upper protective layer was mined, the stress field change trends, crack development, and expansion deformation trends of underlying coal rock seams in the floor of the working face were simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show the stress changes in coal rock seams, the evolution process of pre-cracks during the process of upper protective layer mining, the caved zone and fractured zone of the underlying coal rock seams. At the same time, the results from the actual investigation and analysis of protected layer deformation match the simulation values, which verifies the validity and accuracy of numerical simulation results. The study results have an important guiding significance for gas management in low permeability and high gas coal seams with similar mining conditions.展开更多
Aiming at the limitation of the traditional method for determination of protection region, combined with the actual situation of a mine, a new method for determination of protection region was put forward （including ...Aiming at the limitation of the traditional method for determination of protection region, combined with the actual situation of a mine, a new method for determination of protection region was put forward （including the protection of working face layout and development direction）, that is, gas flow observation analysis on the spot and gas content contrast method. The protection region was determined by gas flow observation analysis, gas content contrast, and computer numerical simulation combined with engineering practice. In the process of gas content test, the fixed sampling method ＂big hole drill reaming, small orifice drill rod connected with core tube＂ was employed. The results show that the determined protection region is in accordance with the actual site situation. The fixed sampling method ensures the accuracy of gas measurement of gas content.展开更多
Over the years,zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have attracted attention as a promising next-generation energy storage technology because of their excellent safety,long cycling performance,eco-friendliness,and high-power densi...Over the years,zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have attracted attention as a promising next-generation energy storage technology because of their excellent safety,long cycling performance,eco-friendliness,and high-power density.However,issues,such as the corrosion and dissolution of the Zn anode,limited wet-tability,and lack of sufficient nucleation sites for Zn plating,have limited their practical application.The introduction of a protective layer comprising of tellurium(Te)nanobelts onto the surface of Zn anode has emerged as a promising approach to overcome these limitations and improve the electrochemical behav-ior by enhancing the safety and wettability of ZIBs,as well as providing numerous nucleation sites for Zn plating.In the presence of a Te-based protective layer,the energy power density of the surface-engineered Zn anode improved significantly(ranging from 310 to 144 W h kg^(-1),over a power density range of 270 to 1,800 W kg^(-1)),and the lifespan capability was extended.These results demonstrate that the proposed strategy of employing Te nanobelts as a protective layer holds great promise for enhancing the energy storage performance of zIBs,making them even more attractive as a viable energy storage solution forthefuture.展开更多
Anode free lithium metal batteries(AF-LMBs)have conspicuous advantages both in energy density and the compatibility of battery manufacturing process.However,the limited cycle life of AF-LMBs is a crucial factor hinder...Anode free lithium metal batteries(AF-LMBs)have conspicuous advantages both in energy density and the compatibility of battery manufacturing process.However,the limited cycle life of AF-LMBs is a crucial factor hindering its practical application.Fluorinated or nitride artificial inorganic solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)has been found as an effective method to prolong the lifespan of AF-LMBs.Herein,by investigating the impact of nano-sized inorganic gradient layers(LiF or Li3N)on initial Li deposition behavior,we notice that the Li^(+) diffusion barrier and the deposition morphology are highly depended on the thickness of inorganic layers.Thicker protective layers cause larger overpotential as well as more aggregated Li^(+) distribution.This study reveals that the ideal SEI should be synthesized thin and uniformly enough and uncontrollable artificial SEI can cause damage to the lifespan of AF-LMBs.展开更多
The electrochemical utilization of Zn anodes in aqueous batteries is hampered by the intricate and interconnected issues of Zn dendrite growth,H_(2)evolution and Zn corrosion reactions.In this study,a multifunctional ...The electrochemical utilization of Zn anodes in aqueous batteries is hampered by the intricate and interconnected issues of Zn dendrite growth,H_(2)evolution and Zn corrosion reactions.In this study,a multifunctional protective layer comprising MXene and graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))was constructed using a self-assembly strategy.The MXene/g-C_(3)N_(4)protective layer exhibited robust zincophilic characteristics,which facilitated a uniform distribution of the electric field and ensured a sufficient influx of Zn^(2+).This reduces the Zn^(2+)nucleation barrier and prevents dendrite growth.In addition,the hydrophobic nature of the protective layer,coupled with its negative charge,can repel SO_(4)^(2-)and select water molecules from the electrolyte,which aids in mitigating corrosion and H_(2)evolution.The symmetric Zn cell coated with the MXene/g-C_(3)N_(4)protective layer showed remarkable stability,achieving over 2000 h of reversible cycling at1 mA·cm^(-2).Furthermore,the MXene/g-C_(3)N_(4)-coated Zn anode paired with a sodium-doped V_(2)O_5cathode(NVO)exhibited enhanced cycling capability over 1500 cycles.展开更多
In order to understand the effect of mining height and floor lithology at the upper protective layer face on the pressure relief of protected coal seams, this paper uses a numerical simulation method to model the pres...In order to understand the effect of mining height and floor lithology at the upper protective layer face on the pressure relief of protected coal seams, this paper uses a numerical simulation method to model the pressure changes at protected coal seam during mining upper protective layer. The results show that the taller the mining height at the upper protective layer face, the greater the protection on protected coal seam due to the higher level of pressure release; the upper protective layer face with hard rock floor impedes the pressure release at the protected coal seam, which affects the overall effect of the pressure release at protected coal seam using the protective layer mining method.展开更多
In order to prevent coal and methane outbursts, mining protective layers is an effective means, yet no precedents of mining multiple protective layers is discoveried in seams which includes several seams are prone to ...In order to prevent coal and methane outbursts, mining protective layers is an effective means, yet no precedents of mining multiple protective layers is discoveried in seams which includes several seams are prone to outburst like Xinzhuangzi Mine. This paper perfected the related theories through analyzing mining multiple upper protective layers. By means of examining several parameters, it synthetically analyzed and ascer- tains the protected effectiveness and scope and reasonable parameters, finally obtained the specific indexes and effectiveness of mining multiple protective layers in coal seams cluster.展开更多
The visceral protective layer is a standard component of the ABTHERA<sup>TM</sup> systems for temporary abdominal closures. Nonetheless, there are circumstances where the standard, fenestrated visceral pro...The visceral protective layer is a standard component of the ABTHERA<sup>TM</sup> systems for temporary abdominal closures. Nonetheless, there are circumstances where the standard, fenestrated visceral protective layer is too large to be successfully applied into every patient’s open abdomen, such as within the abdomen of a child, smaller adult or a patient with previously placed ostomies or drains. The fenestrated, visceral protective layer may require alterations or tailoring for adequate deployment instead of placing the bulk of the visceral protective layer entirely into the open abdomen for temporary abdominal closure. This case report illustrates how the visceral protective layer can be adapted or “reimagined” to conform to a patient with unique or complex abdominal domain features when utilizing the ABTHERA<sup>TM</sup> device prior to facial closure or abdominal wall reconstruction. Photographs are utilized in a step-by-step fashion to aid the clinician in these detailed maneuvers.展开更多
The thermodynamic instability of zinc anodes in aqueous electrolytes leads to issues such as corrosion,hydrogen evolution reactions(HER), and dendrite growth, severely hindering the practical application of zinc-based...The thermodynamic instability of zinc anodes in aqueous electrolytes leads to issues such as corrosion,hydrogen evolution reactions(HER), and dendrite growth, severely hindering the practical application of zinc-based aqueous energy storage devices. To address these challenges, this work proposes a dualfunction zinc anode protective layer, composed of Zn-Al-In layered double oxides(ILDO) by rationally designing Zn-Al layered double hydroxides(Zn-Al LDHs) for the first time. Differing from previous works on the LDHs coatings, firstly, the ILDO layer accelerates zinc-ion desolvation and also captures and anchors SO_(4)^(2-). Secondly, the in-situ formation of the Zn-In alloy phase effectively lowers the nucleation energy barrier, thereby regulating zinc nucleation. Consequently, the zinc anode with the ILDO protective layer demonstrates long-term stability exceeding 1900 h and low voltage hysteresis of 7.5 m V at 0.5 m A cm^(-2) and 0.5 m A h cm^(-2). Additionally, it significantly enhances the rate capability and cycling performance of Zn@ILDO//MnO_(2) full batteries and Zn@ILDO//activated carbon zinc-ion hybrid capacitors.This simple and effective dual-function protective layer strategy offers a promising approach for achieving high-performance zinc-ion batteries.展开更多
Silicon(Si)has been attracting extensive attention for rechargeable lithium(Li)‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low potential vs Li/Li+.However,it remains challenging and problematic to stabili...Silicon(Si)has been attracting extensive attention for rechargeable lithium(Li)‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low potential vs Li/Li+.However,it remains challenging and problematic to stabilize the Si materials during electrochemical cycling because of the huge volume expansion,which results in losing electric contact and pulverization of Si particles.Consequently,the Si anode materials generally suffer from poor cycling,poor rate performance,and low coulomb efficiency,preventing them from practical applications.Up‐to‐date,there are numerous reports on the engineering of Si anode materials at microscale and nanoscale with significantly improved electrochemical performances.In this review,we will concentrate on various precisely designed protective layers for silicon‐based materials,including carbon layers,inorganic layers,and conductive polymer protective layer.First,we briefly introduced the alloying and failure mechanism of Si as anode materials upon electrochemical reactions.Following that,representative cases have been introduced and summarized to illustrate the purpose and advancement of protective coating layers,for instance,to alleviate pulverization and improve conductivity caused by volume expansion of Si particles during charge/discharge process,and maintain the surface stability of Si particles to form a stable solid‐electrolyte interphase layer.At last,possible strategies on the protective coating layer for stabilizing silicon anode materials that can be applied in the future have been indicated.展开更多
Lithium(Li)metal has been considered as one of the most promising anodes for high-energy-density batteries.However,the hyperactivity of metallic Li and its dendrite growth are the major hurdles to its practical applic...Lithium(Li)metal has been considered as one of the most promising anodes for high-energy-density batteries.However,the hyperactivity of metallic Li and its dendrite growth are the major hurdles to its practical applications.Herein,a multi-functional solid-interphase-protective layer with excellent waterproof performance and fast self-healing properties was modified on the surface of Li metal to address the above issues.Under the protection of this interface,the metallic Li(denoted as P-Li)exhibited superior electrochemical stability in both Li/Li symmetric cells and full cells.Notably,even after being exposed to humid air for 3 h,the LiFePO_(4)||Li full battery with P-Li anodes still showed long-term stability with a transcendental capacity retention of~100% after 100 cycles,revealing a significant advantage to the non-working LiFePO_(4)||Li battery with air-exposed bare Li anodes.展开更多
基金Yongsheng Zhang(CSC no.202106050027),Xiaolong He(CSC no.202106340039),Yinyu Xiang(CSC no.201806950083)acknowledge the financial support from the Chinese Scholarship Council(CSC)the Advanced Materials Research program of the Zernike Institute under the Bonus Incentive Scheme of the Dutch Ministry for Education,Culture and Science(OCW)the Battery NL-Next Generation Battery based on Understanding Materials Interfaces project(with project number NWA 1389.20.089)of the NWA research program“Research on Routes by Consortia(ORC)”funded by the Dutch Research Council(NWO)。
文摘Lithium metal is a promising anode material for high-energy-density batteries;however,its practical applications are significantly hindered by unstable lithium deposition and dendrite growth at the solid electrolyte interface.Functional protective coatings on lithium metal surfaces offer a viable solution to these challenges.Herein,an innovative adaptive protective layer for lithium metal anodes based on a thiourea H-bonded supramolecular polymer is developed for the first time.With dense thiourea H-bonding,the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(Li TFSI)incorporated poly(ether-thiourea)protective layer shows strong adhesion to the lithium metal surface and good adaptive properties.The unique viscoelastic and flow characteristics of the poly(ether-thiourea)coating facilitate uniform Li⁺flux,effectively suppressing dendrite formation at the solid electrolyte interface.Furthermore,this innovative polymer integrates in situ generated compounds,such as Li3N and Li_(2)O,significantly enhancing interfacial stability.A comprehensive analysis involving X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray tomography,and COMSOL simulations elucidates the beneficial effects of the adaptive coating.Enhanced performances in Li||Cu,Li||Li,Li||LiFePO_(4),and Li||S cells demonstrate the effectiveness of the poly(ether-thiourea)coating and its undeniable capability to improve lithium deposition and cycling stability.This study highlights a promising new candidate for developing supramolecular materials capable of stabilizing lithium metal anodes.
基金supported by the financial support from the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023B1515120095)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52471229 and 52171210)the Jilin Province Science and Technology Department Program(No.20240101004JJ).
文摘The formation of Zn dendrites and the occurrence of the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)at Zn anodes represent two major obstacles that significantly impede the widespread commercialization of aqueous Zn-ion batteries.In this work,we propose sorbitan oleate(Span 80)as a novel amphiphilic electrolyte additive for 2 mol/L ZnSO_(4),demonstrating multifunctional performance.The unique ultra-long hydrophobic carbon chains of Span 80 effectively reduce free water molecules at the Zn anode-electrolyte interface,forming a robust hydrophobic interfacial layer that significantly suppresses HER and corrosion reactions.Simultaneously,carbon chains can enhance the desolvation effect of[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+),leading to improve rate performance.Additionally,the hydrophilic sorbitan groups in Span 80 selectively adsorb onto active sites of the Zn anode,promoting uniform Zn^(2+)deposition and suppressing dendrite growth.The optimized Zn||Zn symmetric cell exhibits outstanding cycling stability,sustaining reversible plating/stripping for 570 h at 50 mA/cm^(2) and the Zn||V_(2)O_(5) full cell retains exceptional stability over 2000 cycles at 1 A/g.Our work presents a promising strategy for suppressing interfacial side reactions by constructing a hydrophobic protective layer through the use of ultra-long carbon chain surfactants.This approach offers new insights into enhancing the performance of aqueous Zn-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279139,62227815,22465026,22469015)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1504500)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(2024JQ06,2022MS2010,2024MS05005)Inner Mongolia University Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project(11200-5223737)。
文摘Rechargeable aqueous zinc(Zn)-metal batteries hold great promise for next-generation energy storage systems.However,their practical application is hindered by several challenges,including dendrite formation,corrosion,and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.To address these issues,we designed and fabricated a composite protective layer for Zn anodes by integrating carbon nanotubes(CNTs)with chitosan through a simple and scalable scraping process.The CNTs ensure uniform electric field distribution due to their high electrical conductivity,while protonated chitosan regulates ion transport and suppresses dendrite formation at the anode interface.The chitosan/CNTs composite layer also facilitates smooth Zn^(2+)deposition,enhancing the stability and reversibility of the Zn anode.As a result,the chitosan/CNTs@Zn anode demonstrates exceptional cycling stability,achieving over 3000 h of plating/stripping with minimal degradation.When paired with a V_(2)O_(5)cathode,the composite-protected anode significantly improves the cycle stability and energy density of the full cell.Techno-economic analysis confirms that batteries incorporating the chitosan/CNTs protective layer outperform those with bare Zn anodes in terms of energy density and overall performance under optimized conditions.This work provides a scalable and sustainable strategy to overcome the critical challenges of aqueous Zn-metal batteries,paving the way for their practical application in next-generation energy storage systems.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51304014)the Natural Science Foundation of China and Baosteel(No.51134008)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB720401)
文摘A variety of techniques, such as chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were applied to characterize the adhesion protective layer formed below the blast furnace taphole level when a certain amount of titanium-bearing burden was used. Samples of the protective layer were extracted to identify the chemical composition, phase assemblage, andistribution. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of the protective layer was determined after clarifying the source of each componenFinally, a technical strategy was proposed for achieving a stable protective layer in the hearth. The results show that the protective layemainly exists in a bilayer form in the sidewall, namely, a titanium-bearing layer and a graphite layer. Both the layers contain the slag phaswhose major crystalline phase is magnesium melilite（Ca2Mg Si2O7） and the main source of the slag phase is coke ash. It is clearly determinethat solid particles such as graphite, Ti（C,N） and Mg Al2O4play an important role in the formation of the protective layer, and the key factofor promoting the formation of a stable protective layer is reasonable control of the evolution behavior of coke.
基金supported the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (No. 51304014)the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy (No. 41603007)
文摘A long campaign life of blast furnaces is heavily linked to the existence of a protective layer in their hearths. In this work, we conducted dissection studies and investigated damage in blast furnace hearths to estimate the formation mechanism of the protective layer. The results illustrate that a significant amount of graphite phase was trapped within the hearth protective layer. Furthermore, on the basis of the thermodynamic and kinetic calculations of the graphite precipitation process, a precipitation potential index related to the formation of the graphite-rich protective layer was proposed to characterize the formation ability of this layer. We determined that, under normal operating conditions, the precipitation of graphite phase ~om hot metal was thermodynamically possible. Among elements that exist in hot metal, C, Si, and P favor graphite precipitation, whereas Mn and Cr inhibit this process. Moreover, at the same hot-face temperature, an increase of carbon concentration in hot metal can shorten the precipitation time. Finally, the results suggest that measures such as reducing the hot-face tem- perature and increasing the degree of carbon saturation in hot metal are critically important to improve the precipitation potential index.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program,China(2016YFA0202500 and 2016YFA0200102)National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(21805161,21808124,U1932220)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universites of Central South University,China(2020zzts471)。
文摘Lithium(Li)metal anodes with the high theoretical specific capacity(3860 mAh g^(-1))and most negative reduction potential(-3.04 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode)have been considered as an ultimate choice for energy storage devices with high energy density[1-4].However,the practical applications of Li metalbased batteries(LMBs)are confronted with two tough issues:Li dendrite growth induced by uneven Li depositions and unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)(Fig.1a)[5,6].
基金supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.U19A2019,U22109181)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project of China(Nos.2017TP1001 and 2020JJ2042)the Open Research Fund of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Henan Normal University。
文摘Aqueous zinc anodes have attracted the attention of many researchers owing to their high safety,low cost,and high theoretical specific capacity.However,its practical application is severely limited by the dendrite growth on zinc anode.Herein,we develop an intrinsically zincophobic barium-titanate protective layer with a porous structure to suppress the zinc dendrite formation by homogenizing the ion distribution on the anode surface,increasing the nucleation sites,and limiting the irregular zinc growth.Based on these synergistic effects,the coated zinc anode can exhibit long cycle life(840 h at 0.5 mA/cm^(2) for 0.5 mAh/cm^(2))and low voltage hysteresis(36 mV).This work can provide a feasible direction for the design of intrinsically zincophobic coating materials to uniformize the zinc stripping and plating.
基金financially supported by the Jiangsu Distinguished Professors Project (No.1711510024)the Funding for Scientific Research Startup of Jiangsu University (No.4111510015,19JDG044)+5 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Program for High-Level Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talents Introductionthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.22008091)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (No.CX (21)1007)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2023A1515010894)the Open Project of Luzhou Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Application Technology (HYJH-2302-A)the National Institute of Education,Singapore,under its Academic Research Fund (RI 1/21 EAH)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries possess substantial potential for energy storage applications;however,they are hampered by challenges such as dendrite formation and uncontrolled side reactions occurring at the zinc anode.In our investigation,we sought to mitigate these issues through the utilization of in situ zinc complex formation reactions to engineer hydrophobic protective layers on the zinc anode surface.These robust interfacial layers serve as effective barriers,isolating the zinc anode from the electrolyte and active water molecules and thereby preventing hydrogen evolution and the generation of undesirable byproducts.Additionally,the presence of numerous zincophilic sites within these protective layers facilitates uniform zinc deposition while concurrently inhibiting dendrite growth.Through comprehensive evaluation of functional anodes featuring diverse functional groups and alkyl chain lengths,we meticulously scrutinized the underlying mechanisms influencing performance variations.This analysis involved precise modulation of interfacial hydrophobicity,rapid Zn^(2+)ion transport,and ordered deposition of Zn^(2+)ions.Notably,the optimized anode,fabricated with octadecylphosphate(OPA),demonstrated exceptional performance characteristics.The Zn//Zn symmetric cell exhibited remarkable longevity,exceeding 4000 h under a current density of 2 mA cm^(-2)and a capacity density of 2 mA h cm^(-2),Furthermore,when integrated with a VOH cathode,the complete cell exhibited superior capacity retention compared to anodes modified with alternative organic molecules.
文摘In order to solve coal and gas outbursts during mining coal seam,studying on related problems were carried out. According to the theories of mining upper protective layer,proper mining plan were designed and performed through field experiment. By means of examining several parameters obtained from the field experiment,the protective effects were evaluated and the protective scope and related parameters were determined. The results of field experiment show that the danger of outbursts was evidently eliminated and the method of mining protective layers is effective and the safety and economic benefits are remarkable. The research has really applied worth and will give beneficial references to mining area with analogous conditions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51004003） the Natural Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of Anhui Province （K J2010A091 ）
文摘Based on the occurrence features of Group B coal-seams at a coal mine in the Huainan coal mining area, the elasto-plastic mechanical damage constitutive functions and numerical model for the protective layer excavation were established. With the UDEC2D computer program, after the upper protective layer was mined, the stress field change trends, crack development, and expansion deformation trends of underlying coal rock seams in the floor of the working face were simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show the stress changes in coal rock seams, the evolution process of pre-cracks during the process of upper protective layer mining, the caved zone and fractured zone of the underlying coal rock seams. At the same time, the results from the actual investigation and analysis of protected layer deformation match the simulation values, which verifies the validity and accuracy of numerical simulation results. The study results have an important guiding significance for gas management in low permeability and high gas coal seams with similar mining conditions.
文摘Aiming at the limitation of the traditional method for determination of protection region, combined with the actual situation of a mine, a new method for determination of protection region was put forward （including the protection of working face layout and development direction）, that is, gas flow observation analysis on the spot and gas content contrast method. The protection region was determined by gas flow observation analysis, gas content contrast, and computer numerical simulation combined with engineering practice. In the process of gas content test, the fixed sampling method ＂big hole drill reaming, small orifice drill rod connected with core tube＂ was employed. The results show that the determined protection region is in accordance with the actual site situation. The fixed sampling method ensures the accuracy of gas measurement of gas content.
基金supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(RS-2023-00303581,Multiscale Simulation-Driven Development of Cost-Effective and Stable Aqueous Zn Ion Battery with Energy Density of 110 Wh/L for Energy Storage Systems:A Korea-USA Collaboration)。
文摘Over the years,zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have attracted attention as a promising next-generation energy storage technology because of their excellent safety,long cycling performance,eco-friendliness,and high-power density.However,issues,such as the corrosion and dissolution of the Zn anode,limited wet-tability,and lack of sufficient nucleation sites for Zn plating,have limited their practical application.The introduction of a protective layer comprising of tellurium(Te)nanobelts onto the surface of Zn anode has emerged as a promising approach to overcome these limitations and improve the electrochemical behav-ior by enhancing the safety and wettability of ZIBs,as well as providing numerous nucleation sites for Zn plating.In the presence of a Te-based protective layer,the energy power density of the surface-engineered Zn anode improved significantly(ranging from 310 to 144 W h kg^(-1),over a power density range of 270 to 1,800 W kg^(-1)),and the lifespan capability was extended.These results demonstrate that the proposed strategy of employing Te nanobelts as a protective layer holds great promise for enhancing the energy storage performance of zIBs,making them even more attractive as a viable energy storage solution forthefuture.
基金supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(No.22379014)Shanxi key research and development program(No.202102060301011)。
文摘Anode free lithium metal batteries(AF-LMBs)have conspicuous advantages both in energy density and the compatibility of battery manufacturing process.However,the limited cycle life of AF-LMBs is a crucial factor hindering its practical application.Fluorinated or nitride artificial inorganic solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)has been found as an effective method to prolong the lifespan of AF-LMBs.Herein,by investigating the impact of nano-sized inorganic gradient layers(LiF or Li3N)on initial Li deposition behavior,we notice that the Li^(+) diffusion barrier and the deposition morphology are highly depended on the thickness of inorganic layers.Thicker protective layers cause larger overpotential as well as more aggregated Li^(+) distribution.This study reveals that the ideal SEI should be synthesized thin and uniformly enough and uncontrollable artificial SEI can cause damage to the lifespan of AF-LMBs.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2020JJ4684)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52104315)+1 种基金the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52121004)the Open Project of the Key Laboratory of digital flavor research of Hunan China Tobacco Industry Co.,Ltd(No.202143000834024)。
文摘The electrochemical utilization of Zn anodes in aqueous batteries is hampered by the intricate and interconnected issues of Zn dendrite growth,H_(2)evolution and Zn corrosion reactions.In this study,a multifunctional protective layer comprising MXene and graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))was constructed using a self-assembly strategy.The MXene/g-C_(3)N_(4)protective layer exhibited robust zincophilic characteristics,which facilitated a uniform distribution of the electric field and ensured a sufficient influx of Zn^(2+).This reduces the Zn^(2+)nucleation barrier and prevents dendrite growth.In addition,the hydrophobic nature of the protective layer,coupled with its negative charge,can repel SO_(4)^(2-)and select water molecules from the electrolyte,which aids in mitigating corrosion and H_(2)evolution.The symmetric Zn cell coated with the MXene/g-C_(3)N_(4)protective layer showed remarkable stability,achieving over 2000 h of reversible cycling at1 mA·cm^(-2).Furthermore,the MXene/g-C_(3)N_(4)-coated Zn anode paired with a sodium-doped V_(2)O_5cathode(NVO)exhibited enhanced cycling capability over 1500 cycles.
文摘In order to understand the effect of mining height and floor lithology at the upper protective layer face on the pressure relief of protected coal seams, this paper uses a numerical simulation method to model the pressure changes at protected coal seam during mining upper protective layer. The results show that the taller the mining height at the upper protective layer face, the greater the protection on protected coal seam due to the higher level of pressure release; the upper protective layer face with hard rock floor impedes the pressure release at the protected coal seam, which affects the overall effect of the pressure release at protected coal seam using the protective layer mining method.
文摘In order to prevent coal and methane outbursts, mining protective layers is an effective means, yet no precedents of mining multiple protective layers is discoveried in seams which includes several seams are prone to outburst like Xinzhuangzi Mine. This paper perfected the related theories through analyzing mining multiple upper protective layers. By means of examining several parameters, it synthetically analyzed and ascer- tains the protected effectiveness and scope and reasonable parameters, finally obtained the specific indexes and effectiveness of mining multiple protective layers in coal seams cluster.
文摘The visceral protective layer is a standard component of the ABTHERA<sup>TM</sup> systems for temporary abdominal closures. Nonetheless, there are circumstances where the standard, fenestrated visceral protective layer is too large to be successfully applied into every patient’s open abdomen, such as within the abdomen of a child, smaller adult or a patient with previously placed ostomies or drains. The fenestrated, visceral protective layer may require alterations or tailoring for adequate deployment instead of placing the bulk of the visceral protective layer entirely into the open abdomen for temporary abdominal closure. This case report illustrates how the visceral protective layer can be adapted or “reimagined” to conform to a patient with unique or complex abdominal domain features when utilizing the ABTHERA<sup>TM</sup> device prior to facial closure or abdominal wall reconstruction. Photographs are utilized in a step-by-step fashion to aid the clinician in these detailed maneuvers.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No.2020JJ4734)High Performance Computing Center of Central South University。
文摘The thermodynamic instability of zinc anodes in aqueous electrolytes leads to issues such as corrosion,hydrogen evolution reactions(HER), and dendrite growth, severely hindering the practical application of zinc-based aqueous energy storage devices. To address these challenges, this work proposes a dualfunction zinc anode protective layer, composed of Zn-Al-In layered double oxides(ILDO) by rationally designing Zn-Al layered double hydroxides(Zn-Al LDHs) for the first time. Differing from previous works on the LDHs coatings, firstly, the ILDO layer accelerates zinc-ion desolvation and also captures and anchors SO_(4)^(2-). Secondly, the in-situ formation of the Zn-In alloy phase effectively lowers the nucleation energy barrier, thereby regulating zinc nucleation. Consequently, the zinc anode with the ILDO protective layer demonstrates long-term stability exceeding 1900 h and low voltage hysteresis of 7.5 m V at 0.5 m A cm^(-2) and 0.5 m A h cm^(-2). Additionally, it significantly enhances the rate capability and cycling performance of Zn@ILDO//MnO_(2) full batteries and Zn@ILDO//activated carbon zinc-ion hybrid capacitors.This simple and effective dual-function protective layer strategy offers a promising approach for achieving high-performance zinc-ion batteries.
基金Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,Grant/Award Number:18H03869National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51872333,51874357。
文摘Silicon(Si)has been attracting extensive attention for rechargeable lithium(Li)‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low potential vs Li/Li+.However,it remains challenging and problematic to stabilize the Si materials during electrochemical cycling because of the huge volume expansion,which results in losing electric contact and pulverization of Si particles.Consequently,the Si anode materials generally suffer from poor cycling,poor rate performance,and low coulomb efficiency,preventing them from practical applications.Up‐to‐date,there are numerous reports on the engineering of Si anode materials at microscale and nanoscale with significantly improved electrochemical performances.In this review,we will concentrate on various precisely designed protective layers for silicon‐based materials,including carbon layers,inorganic layers,and conductive polymer protective layer.First,we briefly introduced the alloying and failure mechanism of Si as anode materials upon electrochemical reactions.Following that,representative cases have been introduced and summarized to illustrate the purpose and advancement of protective coating layers,for instance,to alleviate pulverization and improve conductivity caused by volume expansion of Si particles during charge/discharge process,and maintain the surface stability of Si particles to form a stable solid‐electrolyte interphase layer.At last,possible strategies on the protective coating layer for stabilizing silicon anode materials that can be applied in the future have been indicated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975063)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2020205019,B2021205019,B2019205249 and B2021205029)the School Fund of Hebei Normal University(L2017B03)。
文摘Lithium(Li)metal has been considered as one of the most promising anodes for high-energy-density batteries.However,the hyperactivity of metallic Li and its dendrite growth are the major hurdles to its practical applications.Herein,a multi-functional solid-interphase-protective layer with excellent waterproof performance and fast self-healing properties was modified on the surface of Li metal to address the above issues.Under the protection of this interface,the metallic Li(denoted as P-Li)exhibited superior electrochemical stability in both Li/Li symmetric cells and full cells.Notably,even after being exposed to humid air for 3 h,the LiFePO_(4)||Li full battery with P-Li anodes still showed long-term stability with a transcendental capacity retention of~100% after 100 cycles,revealing a significant advantage to the non-working LiFePO_(4)||Li battery with air-exposed bare Li anodes.
