Background:Prosocial behavior plays a crucial role in improving interpersonal relationships and social well-being,especially in times of crisis.The COVID-19 pandemic caused a severe humanitarian crisis,prompting gover...Background:Prosocial behavior plays a crucial role in improving interpersonal relationships and social well-being,especially in times of crisis.The COVID-19 pandemic caused a severe humanitarian crisis,prompting governments to implement measures such as social confinement.The main objective of the study was to analyze the psychological and sociodemographic variables that may predict prosocial behavior during quarantine.Methods:The sample consisted of 172 participants from Spain,divided into two groups based on whether they reported an increase in prosocial behaviors during quarantine.An online survey was administered to analyze the psychological and sociodemographic variables.Results:Overall,results demonstrate that emotional regulation,morality and age may predict prosocial behavior.Conclusions:Understanding the predictors of prosocial behavior during social crises is crucial for devising effective policies aimed at fostering community resilience and support networks,with particular attention to factors such as the capacity to regulate emotions,morality,and age.展开更多
Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(T...Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)and C57 BL/6 J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement(moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction(SI)zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session(targetpresent) than in the first 15 min session(targetabsent), which was different from that found in mice.Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary,our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.展开更多
Objectives:The present study examined the relationship between college students’moral elevation and prosocial behavior.As well as the mediating role of perceived social support and the moderating role of moral identi...Objectives:The present study examined the relationship between college students’moral elevation and prosocial behavior.As well as the mediating role of perceived social support and the moderating role of moral identity.Methods:A sample of 489 college students were recruited for the study.They were asked to complete a series of questionnaires,including Moral Elevation Scale(MES),Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS),Moral Identity Scale(MIS)and Prosocial Tendency Measure(PTM).As part of the data analysis,we used correlation analysis and the method of constructing latent variable structural equation model to explore the mechanism of action among variables.Results:After controlling for gender,discipline,the research found that:(1)Moral elevation positively predicted the prosocial behavior among the college students;(2)Perceived social support mediated the relationship between moral elevation and prosocial behavior;(3)Moral identity moderated the second half of the model(i.e.,the link between perceived social support and prosocial behavior).Specifically,the mediating effect of perceived social support was stronger for college students with high-level moral identity compared to those with low-level moral identity.Conclusions:Moral identity significantly moderates the mediating effect of perceived social support,and the mediating model with moderated is established.展开更多
Background:Theory of Mind(ToM)and empathy are crucial cognitive and emotional capacities that influence social interactions.While their role in promoting prosocial behavior has been established,the potential moderatin...Background:Theory of Mind(ToM)and empathy are crucial cognitive and emotional capacities that influence social interactions.While their role in promoting prosocial behavior has been established,the potential moderating effect of mindfulness on this relationship remains unexplored.Understanding these complex interactions is vital for developing effective interventions to foster prosocial behavior among college students.This study examines the influence of ToM on college students’prosocial behavior and explores the moderating role of mindfulness in this relationship.Methods:A mixed-methods approach combining questionnaires and experimental design was employed.Study 1:A survey of 759 college students(mean age 22.03 years;477 females)was conducted using the ToM Scale,Interpersonal Reactivity Index,Prosocial Behavior Tendency Scale,and Mindfulness Awareness Scale.Data were analyzed using correlation and moderated mediation analyses.Study 2:An 8-week mindfulness attention training program was implemented for the intervention group and compared with a control group.Mindfulness training served as a moderating variable to validate Model 59 from Study 1.Results:1.Study 1 found:(a)ToM was significantly positively correlated with prosocial behavior(r=0.31,p<0.01).(b)Empathy partially mediated the relationship between ToM and prosocial behavior(β=0.10,p<0.001,95%CI[0.06,0.14]).(c)Mindfulness negatively moderated the direct path between ToM and three dimensions of prosocial behavior,as well as the indirect path between empathy and kin altruism and reciprocal altruism.Specifically,high levels of mindfulness weakened the direct impact of ToM on prosocial behavior.High levels of mindfulness also weakened the indirect influence of ToM on prosocial behavior through empathy.2.Study 2 results showed:(a)The intervention group had significantly higher levels of trait mindfulness compared to the control group(t=2.56,p<0.05).(b)The validity of the moderated mediation model 59 from Study 1 was verified.Conclusion:While ToM and empathy play crucial roles in fostering prosocial behavior,mindfulness exhibits a more complex influence than anticipated,potentially inhibiting prosocial behavior under certain circumstances.These findings offer novel insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior and underscore the importance of considering multiple interacting factors in its promotion.展开更多
Previous studies have highlighted the critical role that the belief in a just world(BJW)plays in maintaining and promoting prosocial behaviors within individuals.Considered a stable personality trait,the crux of BJW l...Previous studies have highlighted the critical role that the belief in a just world(BJW)plays in maintaining and promoting prosocial behaviors within individuals.Considered a stable personality trait,the crux of BJW lies in the conviction that individuals receive what they deserve,and deserve what they receive.Simultaneously,the relationship between BJW and prosocial behavior is impacted by an individual’s sense of fairness or unfairness.However,past research has primarily focused on real-life prosocial behavior,with limited exploration into the relationship between BJW and online prosocial behavior.This study,comprising a survey and an experiment,aimed to delve deeper into this relationship.The survey section randomly selected 4212 college students to examine how BJW correlates with online prosocial behavior.Findings predominantly revealed a significant positive correlation between online prosocial behavior and BJW.Additionally,the study explored how gender and place of origin influence these behaviors.Results showed that male students and those from urban areas exhibited significantly higher online prosocial behavior.The experimental research investigated the performance differences in online prosocial behaviors among college students under different fairness scenarios,revealing that the online prosocial behavior in an unfair situation was significantly higher than in fair or neutral situations.Furthermore,in unfair situations,a significant correlation was observed between BJW and online prosocial behavior.The findings from this study significantly advance our understanding of the dynamics between BJW and online prosocial behavior among college students,emphasizing that perceived injustices can markedly enhance prosocial behaviors in virtual settings.This study underscores the profound impact of fairness perceptions and highlights the modulating effects of gender and geographical background on online interactions.展开更多
Numerous studies have examined the relationship between social support and prosocial behavior and have concluded that social support is an important factor in generating prosocial behavior.However,different studies ha...Numerous studies have examined the relationship between social support and prosocial behavior and have concluded that social support is an important factor in generating prosocial behavior.However,different studies have produced different conclusions,and the moderating effect on the relationship is not entirely clear.The current study uses a threelevel meta-analysis method to clarify the relationship between social support and prosocial behavior,and explores the moderating variables that affect the relationship between the two variables.Through a systematic literature search,a total of 92 studies,418 effect sizes,and 74,378 participants were obtained.The main effects test found a significant positive correlation between social support and prosocial behavior.Tests of the moderating effects indicated that the relationship between social support and prosocial behavior was moderated by year of publication,source of social support,measurement of social support and measurement of prosocial behavior.In summary,social support plays an important role in prosocial behavior,and exploring their relationship is beneficial to families,schools and society in guiding individuals’prosocial behavior.展开更多
The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant o...The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak in 2022.In a zero-COVID policy,China chose to quarantine all neighborhoods with viral infections.The almost random presence of infected cases provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between the proximity of danger(i.e.potential Omicron infection)and the prosocial behavior of residents in quarantine zones.For the first time,we find an inverted U-shape relationship:residents exhibit a stronger prosocial behavior when living closer to infected cases in the neighborhood,but this positive effect diminishes when they are too close to each other.Furthermore,such non-linear relationship is salient in residents’interpersonal helping but not in their cooperative behavior.Policymakers should be mindful of the different prosocial responses and target their efforts to help communities navigate quarantine periods more effectively.展开更多
While advanced Large Language Models(LLMs)can simulate human-like prosocial behaviors,the degree to which they align with human prosocial values and the underlying afective mechanisms remain unclear.This study address...While advanced Large Language Models(LLMs)can simulate human-like prosocial behaviors,the degree to which they align with human prosocial values and the underlying afective mechanisms remain unclear.This study addressed these gaps using the third-party punishment(TPP)paradigm,comparing LLM agents(GPT and DeepSeek series)with human participants(n=100).The LLM agents(n=500,100 agents per model)were one-to-one constructed based on the demographic and psychological features of human participants.Prompt engineering was employed to initiate TPP games and record punitive decisions and afective responses in LLM agents.Results revealed that:(1)GPT-4o,DeepSeek-V3,and DeepSeek-R1 models demonstrated stronger fairness value alignment,choosing punitive options more frequently than humans in TPP games;(2)all LLMs replicated the human pathway from unfairness through negative afective response to punitive decisions,with stronger mediation efects of negative emotions observed in DeepSeek models than GPT models;(3)only DeepSeek-R1 exhibited the human-like positive feedback loop from previous punitive decisions to positive afective feedback and subsequent punitive choices;(4)most LLMs(excluding GPT-3.5)showed signifcant representational similarity to human afect-decision patterns;(5)notably,all LLMs displayed rigid afective dynamics,characterized by lower afective variability and higher afective inertia than the fexible,contextsensitive fuctuations observed in humans.These fndings highlight notable advances in prosocial value alignment but underscore the necessity to enhance their afective dynamics to foster robust,adaptive prosocial LLMs.Such advancements could not only accelerate LLMs'alignment with human values but also provide empirical support for the broader applicability of prosocial theories to LLM agents.展开更多
Humans are the most prosocial primate species and they often exhibit high levels of prosocial behavior toward genetically unrelated individuals.Traditional evolutionary theories are not sufficient to explain the indiv...Humans are the most prosocial primate species and they often exhibit high levels of prosocial behavior toward genetically unrelated individuals.Traditional evolutionary theories are not sufficient to explain the individual differences and mechanisms related to prosociality.In this study,we focused on the gene–situation interaction in prosocial behaviors,and the patterns of genotype variance related to cooperation and comforting in different situations.We explored the interaction between the oxytocin receptor(OXTR)gene and situations,and the genotype variance under low and high prosociality situations between outgroup and ingroup recipients in a sample of 422 Chinese males.Prosociality was tested by measuring the prosocial tendencies,and prosocial behaviors were tested in cooperation and comforting tasks.OXTR single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.The results suggested that the relationship between OXTR SNPs(specifically rs13316193,rs1042778 and rs237887)and prosocial behavior varied across different situations,and that the associations were moderated by the recipient’s identity and the prosocial cost.Our findings indicate the action of a moderating mechanism between the OXTR gene and prosocial behaviors according to situational factors.展开更多
This study investigated the efects of boarding at school on students'prosocial behaviors in rural China using data from the National Children's Study of China.The instrumental variable(IV)approach was used to ...This study investigated the efects of boarding at school on students'prosocial behaviors in rural China using data from the National Children's Study of China.The instrumental variable(IV)approach was used to control for potential endogeneity,and the IVs were the proportion of boarding students in higher grades and the school area per student.The ordinary least squares and IV estimates showed that boarding students exhibited more prosocial behaviors,including compliance with rules,positive traits,and altruistic attitudes.These results were robust.Heterogeneity analyses suggested that students from low-income families,children who were not"left behind,"high-grade students,and female students were more likely to benefit from boarding.We found that these effects were primarily due to boarding students developing stronger feelings of trust and support from their peers and teachers and participating in more school-organized events and team activities.展开更多
Cyberspace has significantly influenced people’s perceptions of social interactions and communication.As a result,the conventional theories of kin selection and reciprocal altruism fall short in completely elucidatin...Cyberspace has significantly influenced people’s perceptions of social interactions and communication.As a result,the conventional theories of kin selection and reciprocal altruism fall short in completely elucidating online prosocial behavior.Based on the social information processing model,we propose an analytical framework to explain the donation behaviors on online platform.Through collecting textual and visual data from Tencent Gongyi platform pertaining to disease relief projects,and employing techniques encompassing text analysis,image analysis,and propensity score matching,we investigate the impact of both internal emotional cues and external contextual cues on donation behaviors.It is found that positive emotions tend to attract a larger number of donations,while negative emotions tend to result in higher per capita donation amounts.Furthermore,these effects manifest differently under distinct external contextual conditions.展开更多
In the existing literature on awe,many research findings indicate the positive impact of awe on prosocial behavior.However,very few studies have examined awe in organizational contexts,and researchers have neglected t...In the existing literature on awe,many research findings indicate the positive impact of awe on prosocial behavior.However,very few studies have examined awe in organizational contexts,and researchers have neglected to investigate the effect of awe induced by workplace elicitors.In a between-subject experimental study(N=264),we introduced awe elicited by work factors,and examined its effect on prosocial intention and behavior(as compared with the neutral emotion condition and pleasantness condition).The results showed significant differences between prosocial intention and prosocial behavior in the three conditions.Importantly,awe evoked by workplace elicitors has a significant positive effect on prosocial behavior,and prosocial intention mediates this relationship.This study is among the first to examine the impact of awe induced by workplace elicitors,the results of which suggest that managers should consider creating workplaces that inspire awe.展开更多
The present study examined the relationships between bullying,trauma-related guilt,traumarelated shame,and prosocial behaviors.We investigated 1,322 college students using a longitudinal approach to explore the intern...The present study examined the relationships between bullying,trauma-related guilt,traumarelated shame,and prosocial behaviors.We investigated 1,322 college students using a longitudinal approach to explore the internal mechanism between bullying,prosocial behaviors,and the probable mediating effects of trauma-related guilt and shame.The results suggested that bullying negatively predicted prosocial behaviors and that trauma-related guilt played a positive mediating role.In contrast,trauma-related shame played a negative mediating role in the relationship between bullying and prosocial behaviors.These findings indicated that traumarelated guilt and shame played adaptive and maladaptive roles after bullying victimization,which also provided a theoretical basis for the relevant intervention.展开更多
Empathy allows humans and other animals to share the emotional state of another, adopting that individual’s perspective on a given situation. This ability is fundamental for species living in groups. Helping behavior...Empathy allows humans and other animals to share the emotional state of another, adopting that individual’s perspective on a given situation. This ability is fundamental for species living in groups. Helping behavior in laboratory animals has been used to study empathy. In this test, subjects are exposed to a conspecific that is trapped and learn to open the cage to release the other animal. However, the interpretation of helping behavior as an emphatically motivated action is still controversial. Here we review the studies that use the helping behavioral test proposed by Ben-Ami Bartal and colleagues in 2011 to better understand motivational factors for this behavior. In addition, we compare methodological aspects of these studies. In conclusion, helping behavior can be driven by empathy, but other factors such as the desire for social contact and learning components cannot be ruled out as motivators. In addition, studies focused on evaluating neurobiological mechanisms underlying helping behavior in laboratory rodents can help elucidate the factors involved in releasing the trapped co-specific.展开更多
Prosocial risky behavior(PRB)refers to actions taken at personal risk for the benefit of others or societal welfare,combining risk-taking with prosocial intent,and involving the integrated processing of individual ris...Prosocial risky behavior(PRB)refers to actions taken at personal risk for the benefit of others or societal welfare,combining risk-taking with prosocial intent,and involving the integrated processing of individual risk and social preferences.Building upon the review and evaluation of the definitions of PRB,existing research tools,theoretical models,and neural mechanisms,this paper elucidates the synergistic interaction and mechanisms of the emotional drive and cognitive reasoning systems in PRB.It constructs a dual-system collaborative model for PRB.Furthermore,to address the shortcomings of existing PRB research tools,such as limited cross-domain applicability and low reliability,this paper designs a PRB research paradigm within the economic decision-making domain.Combined with the dual-system collaborative model of PRB,this paper proposes a cognitive computational modeling concept for PRB and preliminarily verifies its reliability.Future research should conduct cross-cultural studies,utilizing cognitive neuroscientific technologies,to explore the cultural differences in the mechanisms underlying PRB,thereby enhancing the cross-cultural interpretive power of the constructed dual-system collaborative model of PRB.This broadens the theoretical explanatory pathways and research dimensions of PRB.展开更多
Objectives:This study investigates the association between victimization experience and the tendency to defend on behalf of victims during school bullying incidents in public settings,with a focus on the mediating eff...Objectives:This study investigates the association between victimization experience and the tendency to defend on behalf of victims during school bullying incidents in public settings,with a focus on the mediating effect of empathy and the moderating role of school level among Chinese children and adolescents.Methods:Data were collected by a cross-sectional survey.A total of 1491 students in Grades 4–11 participated(Boys=52.8%;Mean_(age)=13.00 years,Standard Deviation_(age)=2.31).Structural equation modeling is employed to test the hypotheses.Results:The results indicate that empathy measures partially mediate the relationship between victimization experience and defending tendency in public in-school bullying situations.In particular,individuals with a history of victimization typically demonstrate lower levels of empathy.They are less likely to protect victims in school bullying situations in the presence of others,which suggests that empathy plays a significant mediating role in this relationship.Group differences were found between primary and secondary school students,which indicates that the hypothesized model should be considered through a developmental perspective.Conclusions:The findings of this study emphasize the importance of children’s benign peer relationships,and practitioners are encouraged to prevent victimization in schools and care for students who have been victimized;specific measures include cultivating empathy,teaching defending skills that have been found to help reduce the adverse effects of victimization,and encouraging prosocial behavior during children's socialization development.展开更多
Background:Today,mental illness is one of the most serious social issues in Japan.To proactively prevent psychological disorders and improve and maintain well-being,each individual must take action and engage in small...Background:Today,mental illness is one of the most serious social issues in Japan.To proactively prevent psychological disorders and improve and maintain well-being,each individual must take action and engage in small yet significant daily activities for their well-being on a daily basis.The purpose of this study was to investigate if our daily engagement in oyatsu activities,sharing and giving snacks,can enhance hedonic and eudaimonic well-being.Methods:We conducted a randomized controlled,open-label,parallel-group comparative design trial.Participants were recruited from a community website run by a snack company in Japan.Participants who were 20 years old or older without currently experiencing physical or mental illnesses were included.The participants in the intervention group(n=152)were instructed to do oyatsu activities,defined as sharing or giving snacks to others,for one month intentionally,while the participants in the control group(n=154)were not given any instructions.Hedonic or subjective well-being(SWB)was measured using the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience(SPANE)and Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS),and eudaimonic well-being was measured by the Flourishing Scale(FS).A one-way independent t-test was conducted to determine statistically significant differences in the degree of improvement of the scores between the intervention and the control groups.Results:The primary outcome was the difference in change in FS scores from baseline to one-month follow-up between the groups,and the secondary outcome was the difference in change in SWLS and SPANE scores.We found a significant between-group difference in the improvement in FS score from baseline to one-month follow-up(t(280)=2.235,p=0.03),as well as SPANE-P(t(280)=3.514,p<0.001),SPANE-N(t(282)=−2.651,p=0.01)and SWLS(t(281)=2.842,p=0.01).Conclusions:Engaging in oyatsu activities might improve hedonic and eudaimonic well-being partly due to the prosocial nature of oyatsu activities.展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Education,Culture and Sport(Predoctoral Contract University Faculty Training Program:FPU15/04335)later by the Spanish Public Administration“Ministerio de Universidades”and the European Union through the“NextGeneration EU”(Postdoctoral contract Margarita Salas).
文摘Background:Prosocial behavior plays a crucial role in improving interpersonal relationships and social well-being,especially in times of crisis.The COVID-19 pandemic caused a severe humanitarian crisis,prompting governments to implement measures such as social confinement.The main objective of the study was to analyze the psychological and sociodemographic variables that may predict prosocial behavior during quarantine.Methods:The sample consisted of 172 participants from Spain,divided into two groups based on whether they reported an increase in prosocial behaviors during quarantine.An online survey was administered to analyze the psychological and sociodemographic variables.Results:Overall,results demonstrate that emotional regulation,morality and age may predict prosocial behavior.Conclusions:Understanding the predictors of prosocial behavior during social crises is crucial for devising effective policies aimed at fostering community resilience and support networks,with particular attention to factors such as the capacity to regulate emotions,morality,and age.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81671344,31500859)Major International(Regional)Joint Research Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81920108018)+1 种基金1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence,Special Foundation for Brain Research from the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong(2018B030334001)West China Hospital of Sichuan University(ZY2016103,ZY2016203)。
文摘Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)and C57 BL/6 J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement(moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction(SI)zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session(targetpresent) than in the first 15 min session(targetabsent), which was different from that found in mice.Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary,our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.
基金the Chinese National Office for Education Sciences Planning(Grant No.DBA190311).
文摘Objectives:The present study examined the relationship between college students’moral elevation and prosocial behavior.As well as the mediating role of perceived social support and the moderating role of moral identity.Methods:A sample of 489 college students were recruited for the study.They were asked to complete a series of questionnaires,including Moral Elevation Scale(MES),Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS),Moral Identity Scale(MIS)and Prosocial Tendency Measure(PTM).As part of the data analysis,we used correlation analysis and the method of constructing latent variable structural equation model to explore the mechanism of action among variables.Results:After controlling for gender,discipline,the research found that:(1)Moral elevation positively predicted the prosocial behavior among the college students;(2)Perceived social support mediated the relationship between moral elevation and prosocial behavior;(3)Moral identity moderated the second half of the model(i.e.,the link between perceived social support and prosocial behavior).Specifically,the mediating effect of perceived social support was stronger for college students with high-level moral identity compared to those with low-level moral identity.Conclusions:Moral identity significantly moderates the mediating effect of perceived social support,and the mediating model with moderated is established.
基金supported by the 2023 School Level Scientific Research Project of Hechi University(No.2023XJPT004).
文摘Background:Theory of Mind(ToM)and empathy are crucial cognitive and emotional capacities that influence social interactions.While their role in promoting prosocial behavior has been established,the potential moderating effect of mindfulness on this relationship remains unexplored.Understanding these complex interactions is vital for developing effective interventions to foster prosocial behavior among college students.This study examines the influence of ToM on college students’prosocial behavior and explores the moderating role of mindfulness in this relationship.Methods:A mixed-methods approach combining questionnaires and experimental design was employed.Study 1:A survey of 759 college students(mean age 22.03 years;477 females)was conducted using the ToM Scale,Interpersonal Reactivity Index,Prosocial Behavior Tendency Scale,and Mindfulness Awareness Scale.Data were analyzed using correlation and moderated mediation analyses.Study 2:An 8-week mindfulness attention training program was implemented for the intervention group and compared with a control group.Mindfulness training served as a moderating variable to validate Model 59 from Study 1.Results:1.Study 1 found:(a)ToM was significantly positively correlated with prosocial behavior(r=0.31,p<0.01).(b)Empathy partially mediated the relationship between ToM and prosocial behavior(β=0.10,p<0.001,95%CI[0.06,0.14]).(c)Mindfulness negatively moderated the direct path between ToM and three dimensions of prosocial behavior,as well as the indirect path between empathy and kin altruism and reciprocal altruism.Specifically,high levels of mindfulness weakened the direct impact of ToM on prosocial behavior.High levels of mindfulness also weakened the indirect influence of ToM on prosocial behavior through empathy.2.Study 2 results showed:(a)The intervention group had significantly higher levels of trait mindfulness compared to the control group(t=2.56,p<0.05).(b)The validity of the moderated mediation model 59 from Study 1 was verified.Conclusion:While ToM and empathy play crucial roles in fostering prosocial behavior,mindfulness exhibits a more complex influence than anticipated,potentially inhibiting prosocial behavior under certain circumstances.These findings offer novel insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior and underscore the importance of considering multiple interacting factors in its promotion.
基金the Research Funds for the Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for the Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Children and Adolescents at Zhejiang Normal University,Grant/Award Number:YS131X23002the Humanities and Social Science Project of the Ministry of Education,Grant/Award Number:19YJC710100+2 种基金the Outstanding Youth Program of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Grant/Award Number:XJQ201931Open Research Fund of College of Teacher Education,Zhejiang Normal University,Grant/Award Number:jykf20019Fujian Social Science Planning Project of China,Grant/Award Number:FJ2021B203。
文摘Previous studies have highlighted the critical role that the belief in a just world(BJW)plays in maintaining and promoting prosocial behaviors within individuals.Considered a stable personality trait,the crux of BJW lies in the conviction that individuals receive what they deserve,and deserve what they receive.Simultaneously,the relationship between BJW and prosocial behavior is impacted by an individual’s sense of fairness or unfairness.However,past research has primarily focused on real-life prosocial behavior,with limited exploration into the relationship between BJW and online prosocial behavior.This study,comprising a survey and an experiment,aimed to delve deeper into this relationship.The survey section randomly selected 4212 college students to examine how BJW correlates with online prosocial behavior.Findings predominantly revealed a significant positive correlation between online prosocial behavior and BJW.Additionally,the study explored how gender and place of origin influence these behaviors.Results showed that male students and those from urban areas exhibited significantly higher online prosocial behavior.The experimental research investigated the performance differences in online prosocial behaviors among college students under different fairness scenarios,revealing that the online prosocial behavior in an unfair situation was significantly higher than in fair or neutral situations.Furthermore,in unfair situations,a significant correlation was observed between BJW and online prosocial behavior.The findings from this study significantly advance our understanding of the dynamics between BJW and online prosocial behavior among college students,emphasizing that perceived injustices can markedly enhance prosocial behaviors in virtual settings.This study underscores the profound impact of fairness perceptions and highlights the modulating effects of gender and geographical background on online interactions.
文摘Numerous studies have examined the relationship between social support and prosocial behavior and have concluded that social support is an important factor in generating prosocial behavior.However,different studies have produced different conclusions,and the moderating effect on the relationship is not entirely clear.The current study uses a threelevel meta-analysis method to clarify the relationship between social support and prosocial behavior,and explores the moderating variables that affect the relationship between the two variables.Through a systematic literature search,a total of 92 studies,418 effect sizes,and 74,378 participants were obtained.The main effects test found a significant positive correlation between social support and prosocial behavior.Tests of the moderating effects indicated that the relationship between social support and prosocial behavior was moderated by year of publication,source of social support,measurement of social support and measurement of prosocial behavior.In summary,social support plays an important role in prosocial behavior,and exploring their relationship is beneficial to families,schools and society in guiding individuals’prosocial behavior.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72033003,12071088,91846302 and 71973107).
文摘The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak in 2022.In a zero-COVID policy,China chose to quarantine all neighborhoods with viral infections.The almost random presence of infected cases provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between the proximity of danger(i.e.potential Omicron infection)and the prosocial behavior of residents in quarantine zones.For the first time,we find an inverted U-shape relationship:residents exhibit a stronger prosocial behavior when living closer to infected cases in the neighborhood,but this positive effect diminishes when they are too close to each other.Furthermore,such non-linear relationship is salient in residents’interpersonal helping but not in their cooperative behavior.Policymakers should be mindful of the different prosocial responses and target their efforts to help communities navigate quarantine periods more effectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32271110,62441614)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(Grant No.20235080047)。
文摘While advanced Large Language Models(LLMs)can simulate human-like prosocial behaviors,the degree to which they align with human prosocial values and the underlying afective mechanisms remain unclear.This study addressed these gaps using the third-party punishment(TPP)paradigm,comparing LLM agents(GPT and DeepSeek series)with human participants(n=100).The LLM agents(n=500,100 agents per model)were one-to-one constructed based on the demographic and psychological features of human participants.Prompt engineering was employed to initiate TPP games and record punitive decisions and afective responses in LLM agents.Results revealed that:(1)GPT-4o,DeepSeek-V3,and DeepSeek-R1 models demonstrated stronger fairness value alignment,choosing punitive options more frequently than humans in TPP games;(2)all LLMs replicated the human pathway from unfairness through negative afective response to punitive decisions,with stronger mediation efects of negative emotions observed in DeepSeek models than GPT models;(3)only DeepSeek-R1 exhibited the human-like positive feedback loop from previous punitive decisions to positive afective feedback and subsequent punitive choices;(4)most LLMs(excluding GPT-3.5)showed signifcant representational similarity to human afect-decision patterns;(5)notably,all LLMs displayed rigid afective dynamics,characterized by lower afective variability and higher afective inertia than the fexible,contextsensitive fuctuations observed in humans.These fndings highlight notable advances in prosocial value alignment but underscore the necessity to enhance their afective dynamics to foster robust,adaptive prosocial LLMs.Such advancements could not only accelerate LLMs'alignment with human values but also provide empirical support for the broader applicability of prosocial theories to LLM agents.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31371040,81501184 and 31571134)。
文摘Humans are the most prosocial primate species and they often exhibit high levels of prosocial behavior toward genetically unrelated individuals.Traditional evolutionary theories are not sufficient to explain the individual differences and mechanisms related to prosociality.In this study,we focused on the gene–situation interaction in prosocial behaviors,and the patterns of genotype variance related to cooperation and comforting in different situations.We explored the interaction between the oxytocin receptor(OXTR)gene and situations,and the genotype variance under low and high prosociality situations between outgroup and ingroup recipients in a sample of 422 Chinese males.Prosociality was tested by measuring the prosocial tendencies,and prosocial behaviors were tested in cooperation and comforting tasks.OXTR single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.The results suggested that the relationship between OXTR SNPs(specifically rs13316193,rs1042778 and rs237887)and prosocial behavior varied across different situations,and that the associations were moderated by the recipient’s identity and the prosocial cost.Our findings indicate the action of a moderating mechanism between the OXTR gene and prosocial behaviors according to situational factors.
基金by the Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Nos.KJQN202100309 and KJZD-K202200307)the Chongqing Education Science Project(No.2018-GX-006)the Southwestern University of Finance and Economics under the 111 Project Research Base(No.B16040).
文摘This study investigated the efects of boarding at school on students'prosocial behaviors in rural China using data from the National Children's Study of China.The instrumental variable(IV)approach was used to control for potential endogeneity,and the IVs were the proportion of boarding students in higher grades and the school area per student.The ordinary least squares and IV estimates showed that boarding students exhibited more prosocial behaviors,including compliance with rules,positive traits,and altruistic attitudes.These results were robust.Heterogeneity analyses suggested that students from low-income families,children who were not"left behind,"high-grade students,and female students were more likely to benefit from boarding.We found that these effects were primarily due to boarding students developing stronger feelings of trust and support from their peers and teachers and participating in more school-organized events and team activities.
文摘Cyberspace has significantly influenced people’s perceptions of social interactions and communication.As a result,the conventional theories of kin selection and reciprocal altruism fall short in completely elucidating online prosocial behavior.Based on the social information processing model,we propose an analytical framework to explain the donation behaviors on online platform.Through collecting textual and visual data from Tencent Gongyi platform pertaining to disease relief projects,and employing techniques encompassing text analysis,image analysis,and propensity score matching,we investigate the impact of both internal emotional cues and external contextual cues on donation behaviors.It is found that positive emotions tend to attract a larger number of donations,while negative emotions tend to result in higher per capita donation amounts.Furthermore,these effects manifest differently under distinct external contextual conditions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:71701131Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project,Grant/Award Number:2021ZGL004。
文摘In the existing literature on awe,many research findings indicate the positive impact of awe on prosocial behavior.However,very few studies have examined awe in organizational contexts,and researchers have neglected to investigate the effect of awe induced by workplace elicitors.In a between-subject experimental study(N=264),we introduced awe elicited by work factors,and examined its effect on prosocial intention and behavior(as compared with the neutral emotion condition and pleasantness condition).The results showed significant differences between prosocial intention and prosocial behavior in the three conditions.Importantly,awe evoked by workplace elicitors has a significant positive effect on prosocial behavior,and prosocial intention mediates this relationship.This study is among the first to examine the impact of awe induced by workplace elicitors,the results of which suggest that managers should consider creating workplaces that inspire awe.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:2020NTSS02。
文摘The present study examined the relationships between bullying,trauma-related guilt,traumarelated shame,and prosocial behaviors.We investigated 1,322 college students using a longitudinal approach to explore the internal mechanism between bullying,prosocial behaviors,and the probable mediating effects of trauma-related guilt and shame.The results suggested that bullying negatively predicted prosocial behaviors and that trauma-related guilt played a positive mediating role.In contrast,trauma-related shame played a negative mediating role in the relationship between bullying and prosocial behaviors.These findings indicated that traumarelated guilt and shame played adaptive and maladaptive roles after bullying victimization,which also provided a theoretical basis for the relevant intervention.
文摘Empathy allows humans and other animals to share the emotional state of another, adopting that individual’s perspective on a given situation. This ability is fundamental for species living in groups. Helping behavior in laboratory animals has been used to study empathy. In this test, subjects are exposed to a conspecific that is trapped and learn to open the cage to release the other animal. However, the interpretation of helping behavior as an emphatically motivated action is still controversial. Here we review the studies that use the helping behavioral test proposed by Ben-Ami Bartal and colleagues in 2011 to better understand motivational factors for this behavior. In addition, we compare methodological aspects of these studies. In conclusion, helping behavior can be driven by empathy, but other factors such as the desire for social contact and learning components cannot be ruled out as motivators. In addition, studies focused on evaluating neurobiological mechanisms underlying helping behavior in laboratory rodents can help elucidate the factors involved in releasing the trapped co-specific.
基金supported by National Social Science Foundation of China(Major Program)(19ZDA021)Fund for building world-class universities(disciplines)of Renmin University of China.Project。
文摘Prosocial risky behavior(PRB)refers to actions taken at personal risk for the benefit of others or societal welfare,combining risk-taking with prosocial intent,and involving the integrated processing of individual risk and social preferences.Building upon the review and evaluation of the definitions of PRB,existing research tools,theoretical models,and neural mechanisms,this paper elucidates the synergistic interaction and mechanisms of the emotional drive and cognitive reasoning systems in PRB.It constructs a dual-system collaborative model for PRB.Furthermore,to address the shortcomings of existing PRB research tools,such as limited cross-domain applicability and low reliability,this paper designs a PRB research paradigm within the economic decision-making domain.Combined with the dual-system collaborative model of PRB,this paper proposes a cognitive computational modeling concept for PRB and preliminarily verifies its reliability.Future research should conduct cross-cultural studies,utilizing cognitive neuroscientific technologies,to explore the cultural differences in the mechanisms underlying PRB,thereby enhancing the cross-cultural interpretive power of the constructed dual-system collaborative model of PRB.This broadens the theoretical explanatory pathways and research dimensions of PRB.
基金supported by the Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant Number 21YBQ005).
文摘Objectives:This study investigates the association between victimization experience and the tendency to defend on behalf of victims during school bullying incidents in public settings,with a focus on the mediating effect of empathy and the moderating role of school level among Chinese children and adolescents.Methods:Data were collected by a cross-sectional survey.A total of 1491 students in Grades 4–11 participated(Boys=52.8%;Mean_(age)=13.00 years,Standard Deviation_(age)=2.31).Structural equation modeling is employed to test the hypotheses.Results:The results indicate that empathy measures partially mediate the relationship between victimization experience and defending tendency in public in-school bullying situations.In particular,individuals with a history of victimization typically demonstrate lower levels of empathy.They are less likely to protect victims in school bullying situations in the presence of others,which suggests that empathy plays a significant mediating role in this relationship.Group differences were found between primary and secondary school students,which indicates that the hypothesized model should be considered through a developmental perspective.Conclusions:The findings of this study emphasize the importance of children’s benign peer relationships,and practitioners are encouraged to prevent victimization in schools and care for students who have been victimized;specific measures include cultivating empathy,teaching defending skills that have been found to help reduce the adverse effects of victimization,and encouraging prosocial behavior during children's socialization development.
基金supported by the Morinaga&Co.,Ltd.,R&D Institute.
文摘Background:Today,mental illness is one of the most serious social issues in Japan.To proactively prevent psychological disorders and improve and maintain well-being,each individual must take action and engage in small yet significant daily activities for their well-being on a daily basis.The purpose of this study was to investigate if our daily engagement in oyatsu activities,sharing and giving snacks,can enhance hedonic and eudaimonic well-being.Methods:We conducted a randomized controlled,open-label,parallel-group comparative design trial.Participants were recruited from a community website run by a snack company in Japan.Participants who were 20 years old or older without currently experiencing physical or mental illnesses were included.The participants in the intervention group(n=152)were instructed to do oyatsu activities,defined as sharing or giving snacks to others,for one month intentionally,while the participants in the control group(n=154)were not given any instructions.Hedonic or subjective well-being(SWB)was measured using the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience(SPANE)and Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS),and eudaimonic well-being was measured by the Flourishing Scale(FS).A one-way independent t-test was conducted to determine statistically significant differences in the degree of improvement of the scores between the intervention and the control groups.Results:The primary outcome was the difference in change in FS scores from baseline to one-month follow-up between the groups,and the secondary outcome was the difference in change in SWLS and SPANE scores.We found a significant between-group difference in the improvement in FS score from baseline to one-month follow-up(t(280)=2.235,p=0.03),as well as SPANE-P(t(280)=3.514,p<0.001),SPANE-N(t(282)=−2.651,p=0.01)and SWLS(t(281)=2.842,p=0.01).Conclusions:Engaging in oyatsu activities might improve hedonic and eudaimonic well-being partly due to the prosocial nature of oyatsu activities.
