The construction projects’ dynamic and interconnected nature requires a comprehensive understanding of complexity during pre-construction. Traditional tools such as Gantt charts, CPM, and PERT often overlook uncertai...The construction projects’ dynamic and interconnected nature requires a comprehensive understanding of complexity during pre-construction. Traditional tools such as Gantt charts, CPM, and PERT often overlook uncertainties. This study identifies 20 complexity factors through expert interviews and literature, categorising them into six groups. The Analytical Hierarchy Process evaluated the significance of different factors, establishing their corresponding weights to enhance adaptive project scheduling. A system dynamics (SD) model is developed and tested to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of identified complexity factors. The model simulates the impact of complexity on total project duration (TPD), revealing significant deviations from initial deterministic estimates. Data collection and analysis for reliability tests, including normality and Cronbach alpha, to validate the model’s components and expert feedback. Sensitivity analysis confirmed a positive relationship between complexity and project duration, with higher complexity levels resulting in increased TPD. This relationship highlights the inadequacy of static planning approaches and underscores the importance of addressing complexity dynamically. The study provides a framework for enhancing planning systems through system dynamics and recommends expanding the model to ensure broader applicability in diverse construction projects.展开更多
Self-testing is a powerful tool that allows one to verify the security of quantum systems without relying on the characterized devices.However,conventional self-testing protocols are fundamentally restricted to real-s...Self-testing is a powerful tool that allows one to verify the security of quantum systems without relying on the characterized devices.However,conventional self-testing protocols are fundamentally restricted to real-space measurements,significantly constraining their applicability.In this work,we present an innovative protocol for self-testing projective measurements in complex Hilbert space through an elegant Bell operator.Our self-testing method shows both strong noise resistance and a high extractable randomness amount.Experimentally,we realize the self-testing of the maximally entangled state with fidelity 0.9749 and a set of complex projective measurements with average fidelity 0.9635.Moreover,we get a lower bound of 0.9302 bits of extractable randomness from outputs.These advances establish a practical pathway for implementing device-independent quantum information protocols with improved feasibility and operational flexibility.展开更多
文摘The construction projects’ dynamic and interconnected nature requires a comprehensive understanding of complexity during pre-construction. Traditional tools such as Gantt charts, CPM, and PERT often overlook uncertainties. This study identifies 20 complexity factors through expert interviews and literature, categorising them into six groups. The Analytical Hierarchy Process evaluated the significance of different factors, establishing their corresponding weights to enhance adaptive project scheduling. A system dynamics (SD) model is developed and tested to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of identified complexity factors. The model simulates the impact of complexity on total project duration (TPD), revealing significant deviations from initial deterministic estimates. Data collection and analysis for reliability tests, including normality and Cronbach alpha, to validate the model’s components and expert feedback. Sensitivity analysis confirmed a positive relationship between complexity and project duration, with higher complexity levels resulting in increased TPD. This relationship highlights the inadequacy of static planning approaches and underscores the importance of addressing complexity dynamically. The study provides a framework for enhancing planning systems through system dynamics and recommends expanding the model to ensure broader applicability in diverse construction projects.
基金supported by Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0301500)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant Nos.BK20243060,BK20233001 and BK20241256)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62401254 and 62288101)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology(Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications)(Grant No.SKLNST-2023-1-05)。
文摘Self-testing is a powerful tool that allows one to verify the security of quantum systems without relying on the characterized devices.However,conventional self-testing protocols are fundamentally restricted to real-space measurements,significantly constraining their applicability.In this work,we present an innovative protocol for self-testing projective measurements in complex Hilbert space through an elegant Bell operator.Our self-testing method shows both strong noise resistance and a high extractable randomness amount.Experimentally,we realize the self-testing of the maximally entangled state with fidelity 0.9749 and a set of complex projective measurements with average fidelity 0.9635.Moreover,we get a lower bound of 0.9302 bits of extractable randomness from outputs.These advances establish a practical pathway for implementing device-independent quantum information protocols with improved feasibility and operational flexibility.
