A unit testing approach for AspectJ programs is proposed to separately test aspect units which have their own states. In the approach, aspects under test are converted to classes before execution of unit testing. In t...A unit testing approach for AspectJ programs is proposed to separately test aspect units which have their own states. In the approach, aspects under test are converted to classes before execution of unit testing. In the conversion process, the context information passed through pointcut is transformed into advices, then the advices are converted to class member methods, and conflicts in the conversion result, if any, are resolved finally. The unit testing process consists of generating test cases, executing test cases and checking results.展开更多
Recently,researchers have shown increasing interest in combining more than one programming model into systems running on high performance computing systems(HPCs)to achieve exascale by applying parallelism at multiple ...Recently,researchers have shown increasing interest in combining more than one programming model into systems running on high performance computing systems(HPCs)to achieve exascale by applying parallelism at multiple levels.Combining different programming paradigms,such as Message Passing Interface(MPI),Open Multiple Processing(OpenMP),and Open Accelerators(OpenACC),can increase computation speed and improve performance.During the integration of multiple models,the probability of runtime errors increases,making their detection difficult,especially in the absence of testing techniques that can detect these errors.Numerous studies have been conducted to identify these errors,but no technique exists for detecting errors in three-level programming models.Despite the increasing research that integrates the three programming models,MPI,OpenMP,and OpenACC,a testing technology to detect runtime errors,such as deadlocks and race conditions,which can arise from this integration has not been developed.Therefore,this paper begins with a definition and explanation of runtime errors that result fromintegrating the three programming models that compilers cannot detect.For the first time,this paper presents a classification of operational errors that can result from the integration of the three models.This paper also proposes a parallel hybrid testing technique for detecting runtime errors in systems built in the C++programming language that uses the triple programming models MPI,OpenMP,and OpenACC.This hybrid technology combines static technology and dynamic technology,given that some errors can be detected using static techniques,whereas others can be detected using dynamic technology.The hybrid technique can detect more errors because it combines two distinct technologies.The proposed static technology detects a wide range of error types in less time,whereas a portion of the potential errors that may or may not occur depending on the 4502 CMC,2023,vol.74,no.2 operating environment are left to the dynamic technology,which completes the validation.展开更多
This paper defines a new relation--little strong happened-before(LSHB)and presents the algorithm for LSHB.Compared with strong happened-before(SHB)and weak happened-before(WHB),LSHB supports keeping-read-result and en...This paper defines a new relation--little strong happened-before(LSHB)and presents the algorithm for LSHB.Compared with strong happened-before(SHB)and weak happened-before(WHB),LSHB supports keeping-read-result and ensures definite sufficiency of testing.Equivalence partitioning the set of SYN-sequences based on LSHB can efficiently reduce the number of testing SYN-sequences.The case studies prove that LSHB has high practicability.展开更多
In this paper our studies about the sequential testing program for predicting and identificating carcinogens, sequential discriminant method and cost- effectiveness analysis are summarized. The analysis of our databas...In this paper our studies about the sequential testing program for predicting and identificating carcinogens, sequential discriminant method and cost- effectiveness analysis are summarized. The analysis of our database of carcinogeniclty and genotoxicity of chemicals demonstrates the uncertainty . of short- term tests ( STTs ) to predict carcinogens and the results of most routine STTs are statistically dependent. We recommend the sequential testing program combining STTs and carclnogenicity assay, the optimal STT batteries, the rules of the sequential discrimination and the preferal choices of STTs tor specific chemical class. For illustrative pmposes the carclnogenicity prediction of several sample chamicals is presented. The results of cost-effectiveness analysis suggest that this program has vast social-economic effectiveness.展开更多
Reachability testing is an approach to testing concurrent programs, which can systematically exercise every partially ordered SYN-sequence without constructing the static model. In fact, not all the SYN-sequences need...Reachability testing is an approach to testing concurrent programs, which can systematically exercise every partially ordered SYN-sequence without constructing the static model. In fact, not all the SYN-sequences need to be tested. This paper proposed a SYN-sequence selection strategy for reachability testing, which can reduce the number of SYN-sequences generated without decreasing the effectiveness of detecting programs＇ errors. We described a simple algorithm to implement the strategy, and then discussed several optimizations to the algorithm. Experiments have been carried out in a case study to verify the efficacy of the strategy.展开更多
The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the si...The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.展开更多
The first swine testing station and program in the world was started in Denmark.Denmark has tested breeding and genetics traits of pigs for more than 100 years and have developed an efficient structure and system to s...The first swine testing station and program in the world was started in Denmark.Denmark has tested breeding and genetics traits of pigs for more than 100 years and have developed an efficient structure and system to select pigs which produce quality pork for the consumer. The Danish pork is exported to many countries around the world.The testing programs described in the article have proven to be very successful over the last 100 years.The history of swine testing for superior pigs is not finished yet.The selection criteria for quality swine breeding animals will also need to be updated on a regular time table because the production systems are changing yearly and new environmental codes and animal welfare regulations are added each year so the testing programs on pig farms also need to change to meet the new production standards.It is not uncommon to obtain some unusual traits when selecting for extreme traits in pigs when they are on testing programs.When these traits are obtained, it requires additional testing to remove these traits.An example would be the Porcine Stress Syndrome.Osteochondrosis is another example.The gene mapping research will also open up new directions for swine testing programs.Therefore, as long as we produce pigs for quality pork and efficient production we will need outstanding swine testing programs.展开更多
Aspect-oriented programs have received much attention from software testing researchers. Various testing techniques and approaches have been proposed to tackle issues and challenges when testing aspect-oriented progra...Aspect-oriented programs have received much attention from software testing researchers. Various testing techniques and approaches have been proposed to tackle issues and challenges when testing aspect-oriented programs including traditional mutation testing. In traditional mutation testing of aspect-oriented programs, mutants are generated by making small changes to the syntax of the aspect-oriented language. Recently, a new approach known as semantic mutation testing has been proposed. This approach mutates the semantics of the language in which the program is written. The mutants generated misunderstandings of the language which are different classes of faults. Aspect-oriented programming presents itself with different properties that can be further explored with respect to semantic mutation testing. This paper describes various possible scenarios that semantic mutation testing strategy might have particular value in testing aspect-oriented programs.展开更多
Online programming platforms are popular in programming education.However,there has been no research investigating students’real opinions and expectations of the error feedback mechanisms,leaving educators without a ...Online programming platforms are popular in programming education.However,there has been no research investigating students’real opinions and expectations of the error feedback mechanisms,leaving educators without a solid data foundation when attempting to improve the error feedback mechanisms.This paper makes a survey of 834 students across various programming courses and investigates student perceptions of error feedback mechanisms on online programming platforms.It explores the effectiveness of existing feedback,student satisfaction,and preferences for potential improvements,focusing on automatic error localization and program repair mechanisms.Results reveal a significant portion of students are dissatisfied with current feedback due to its limited informativeness.Students also express a clear demand for stronger feedback mechanisms,such as error localization and repair hints.Nevertheless,they prefer feedback that subtly guides them toward solutions,rather than providing direct and explicit answers,valuing the opportunity to enhance their debugging skills.The findings suggest a need for balanced,educational-focused feedback mechanisms that aid learning while promoting independent problem-solving.展开更多
作者以他个人的观点,对该文献中重要部分进行了点评,指出:空间软件地面可靠性测试尽管困难重重且有诸多限制,但不能放松甚至放弃执行现有的软件地面测试标准;应从"精神号"火星探测器飞行失败中吸取教训,加强软件地面测试,包...作者以他个人的观点,对该文献中重要部分进行了点评,指出:空间软件地面可靠性测试尽管困难重重且有诸多限制,但不能放松甚至放弃执行现有的软件地面测试标准;应从"精神号"火星探测器飞行失败中吸取教训,加强软件地面测试,包括传统软件黑盒和白盒测试方法中的典型测试项目(如:健壮测试、应力测试、极值测试、随机测试等);已经公布的新软件研发标准——Aerospace Report No.TOR-2004(3909)-3537,Software Development Standard for Space Systems值得我们参考。展开更多
This paper deals with the effect of grade entitlement on English programs in Japanese universities. For years, teachers and administrators have noted that even though Japan is one of the highest spending countries on ...This paper deals with the effect of grade entitlement on English programs in Japanese universities. For years, teachers and administrators have noted that even though Japan is one of the highest spending countries on English education, there has not been a commensurate increase in English ability. Most research to explain this disparity has thus far focused on methodology, class size and teacher qualifications. Recent research dealing with academic entitlement at US universities may offer an alternative explanation for some of the lack of success that Japanese universities have experienced. Ellen Greenberger, one of the author＇s of Self-entitled college students： Contributions of personality, parenting and motivational factors, which appeared in 2008 in The Journal of Youth and Adolescence claims that in recent years, the number of students appealing their grades and expecting to be rewarded for effort rather than results has increased. Greenberger＇s paper motivated this study. 200 Japanese students completed a survey that presented a number of grade scenarios. The students were asked, based on test grades and completed assignments, what grade a student should receive in each hypothetical situation. Similarly, full-time and part-time teachers were asked what grade they would give in each situation. This paper explains the different situations, students＇ and teachers＇ responses to the scenarios, and then discusses the implications for English education in Japan.展开更多
Lustre is a formal synchronous declarative language widely used for modeling and specifying safety critical applications in the fields of avionics, transportation, and energy production. In such applications, the test...Lustre is a formal synchronous declarative language widely used for modeling and specifying safety critical applications in the fields of avionics, transportation, and energy production. In such applications, the testing activity to ensure correctness of the system plays a crucial role. During the development process, Lustre programs (or SCADE) are often upgraded, so regression test should be performed to detect bugs. However, regression test is generally costly, because the number of test cases is usually very large. In this paper, we present the solution to automatically generating test cases in regression testing of Lustre/SCADE programs. We apply this solution to regression testing for case study Uturn System.展开更多
This paper presents an approach for extending the constraint model defined for conformity testing of a given method of class to its overriding method in subclass using inheritance principle. The first objective of the...This paper presents an approach for extending the constraint model defined for conformity testing of a given method of class to its overriding method in subclass using inheritance principle. The first objective of the proposed work is to find the relationship between the test model of an overriding method and its overridden method using the constraint propagation. In this context the approach shows that the test cases developed for testing an original method can be used for testing its overriding method in a subclass and then the number of test cases can be reduced considerably. The second objective is the use of invalid data which do not satisfy the precondition constraint and induce valid output values for introducing a new concept of test called secure testing. The implementation of this approach is based on a random generation of test data and analysis by formal proof.展开更多
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the intelligence level of software is increasingly improving.Intelligent software,which is widely applied in crucial fields such as autonomous driving,intelligent ...With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the intelligence level of software is increasingly improving.Intelligent software,which is widely applied in crucial fields such as autonomous driving,intelligent customer service,and medical diagnosis,is constructed based on complex technologies like machine learning and deep learning.Its uncertain behavior and data dependence pose unprecedented challenges to software testing.However,existing software testing courses mainly focus on conventional contents and are unable to meet the requirements of intelligent software testing.Therefore,this work deeply analyzed the relevant technologies of intelligent software testing,including reliability evaluation indicator system,neuron coverage,and test case generation.It also systematically designed an intelligent software testing course,covering teaching objectives,teaching content,teaching methods,and a teaching case.Verified by the practical teaching in four classes,this course has achieved remarkable results,providing practical experience for the reform of software testing courses.展开更多
Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for opti...Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for optimal coverage,ranking further refines their execution order to detect critical faults earlier.This study investigates machine learning techniques to enhance both prioritization and ranking,contributing to more effective and efficient testing processes.We first employ advanced feature engineering alongside ensemble models,including Gradient Boosted,Support Vector Machines,Random Forests,and Naive Bayes classifiers to optimize test case prioritization,achieving an accuracy score of 0.98847 and significantly improving the Average Percentage of Fault Detection(APFD).Subsequently,we introduce a deep Q-learning framework combined with a Genetic Algorithm(GA)to refine test case ranking within priority levels.This approach achieves a rank accuracy of 0.9172,demonstrating robust performance despite the increasing computational demands of specialized variation operators.Our findings highlight the effectiveness of stacked ensemble learning and reinforcement learning in optimizing test case prioritization and ranking.This integrated approach improves testing efficiency,reduces late-stage defects,and improves overall software stability.The study provides valuable information for AI-driven testing frameworks,paving the way for more intelligent and adaptive software quality assurance methodologies.展开更多
Every year, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury(SCI). SCI is a devastating medical condition that arises from trauma or disease-induced damage to the spinal cord, disruptin...Every year, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury(SCI). SCI is a devastating medical condition that arises from trauma or disease-induced damage to the spinal cord, disrupting the neural connections that allow communication between the brain and the rest of the body, which results in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Disconnection in the spinal tracts is an irreversible condition owing to the poor capacity for spontaneous axonal regeneration in the affected neurons.展开更多
With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raisin...With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.展开更多
Lateral flow immunoassays(LFIAs)are low-cost,rapid,and easy to use for pointof-care testing(POCT),but the majority of the available LFIA tests are indicative,rather than quantitative,and their sensitivity in antigen t...Lateral flow immunoassays(LFIAs)are low-cost,rapid,and easy to use for pointof-care testing(POCT),but the majority of the available LFIA tests are indicative,rather than quantitative,and their sensitivity in antigen tests are usually limited at the nanogram range,which is primarily due to the passive capillary fluidics through nitrocellulose membranes,often associated with non-specific bindings and high background noise.To overcome this challenge,we report a Beads-on-a-Tip design by replacing nitrocellulose membranes with a pipette tip loaded with magnetic beads.The beads are pre-conjugated with capture antibodies that support a typical sandwich immunoassay.This design enriches the low-abundant antigen proteins and allows an active washing process to significantly reduce non-specific bindings.To further improve the detection sensitivity,we employed upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)as luminescent reporters and SARS-CoV-2 spike(S)antigen as a model analyte to benchmark the performance of this design against our previously reported methods.We found that the key to enhance the immunocomplex formation and signal-to-noise ratio lay in optimizing incubation time and the UCNP-to-bead ratio.We therefore successfully demonstrated that the new method can achieve a very large dynamic range from 500 fg/mL to 10μg/mL,across over 7 digits,and a limit of detection of 706 fg/mL,nearly another order of magnitude lower than the best reported LFIA using UCNPs in COVID-19 spike antigen detection.Our system offers a promising solution for ultra-sensitive and quantitative POCT diagnostics.展开更多
In this paper,we study a class of Linear Fractional Programming on a nonempty bounded set,called the Problem(LFP),and design a branch and bound algorithm to find the global optimal solution of the problem(LFP).First,w...In this paper,we study a class of Linear Fractional Programming on a nonempty bounded set,called the Problem(LFP),and design a branch and bound algorithm to find the global optimal solution of the problem(LFP).First,we convert the problem(LFP)to the equivalent problem(EP2).Secondly,by applying the linear relaxation technique to the problem(EP2),the linear relaxation programming problem(LRP2Y)was obtained.Then,the overall framework of the algorithm is given,and the convergence and complexity of the algorithm are analyzed.Finally,experimental results are listed to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.展开更多
文摘A unit testing approach for AspectJ programs is proposed to separately test aspect units which have their own states. In the approach, aspects under test are converted to classes before execution of unit testing. In the conversion process, the context information passed through pointcut is transformed into advices, then the advices are converted to class member methods, and conflicts in the conversion result, if any, are resolved finally. The unit testing process consists of generating test cases, executing test cases and checking results.
基金[King Abdulaziz University][Deanship of Scientific Research]Grant Number[KEP-PHD-20-611-42].
文摘Recently,researchers have shown increasing interest in combining more than one programming model into systems running on high performance computing systems(HPCs)to achieve exascale by applying parallelism at multiple levels.Combining different programming paradigms,such as Message Passing Interface(MPI),Open Multiple Processing(OpenMP),and Open Accelerators(OpenACC),can increase computation speed and improve performance.During the integration of multiple models,the probability of runtime errors increases,making their detection difficult,especially in the absence of testing techniques that can detect these errors.Numerous studies have been conducted to identify these errors,but no technique exists for detecting errors in three-level programming models.Despite the increasing research that integrates the three programming models,MPI,OpenMP,and OpenACC,a testing technology to detect runtime errors,such as deadlocks and race conditions,which can arise from this integration has not been developed.Therefore,this paper begins with a definition and explanation of runtime errors that result fromintegrating the three programming models that compilers cannot detect.For the first time,this paper presents a classification of operational errors that can result from the integration of the three models.This paper also proposes a parallel hybrid testing technique for detecting runtime errors in systems built in the C++programming language that uses the triple programming models MPI,OpenMP,and OpenACC.This hybrid technology combines static technology and dynamic technology,given that some errors can be detected using static techniques,whereas others can be detected using dynamic technology.The hybrid technique can detect more errors because it combines two distinct technologies.The proposed static technology detects a wide range of error types in less time,whereas a portion of the potential errors that may or may not occur depending on the 4502 CMC,2023,vol.74,no.2 operating environment are left to the dynamic technology,which completes the validation.
基金Supported by the National Pre-research Foundation Project of China(513150402)
文摘This paper defines a new relation--little strong happened-before(LSHB)and presents the algorithm for LSHB.Compared with strong happened-before(SHB)and weak happened-before(WHB),LSHB supports keeping-read-result and ensures definite sufficiency of testing.Equivalence partitioning the set of SYN-sequences based on LSHB can efficiently reduce the number of testing SYN-sequences.The case studies prove that LSHB has high practicability.
文摘In this paper our studies about the sequential testing program for predicting and identificating carcinogens, sequential discriminant method and cost- effectiveness analysis are summarized. The analysis of our database of carcinogeniclty and genotoxicity of chemicals demonstrates the uncertainty . of short- term tests ( STTs ) to predict carcinogens and the results of most routine STTs are statistically dependent. We recommend the sequential testing program combining STTs and carclnogenicity assay, the optimal STT batteries, the rules of the sequential discrimination and the preferal choices of STTs tor specific chemical class. For illustrative pmposes the carclnogenicity prediction of several sample chamicals is presented. The results of cost-effectiveness analysis suggest that this program has vast social-economic effectiveness.
基金Supported by the "Tenth-Five Years" National Science Pre-Research Foundation of China (41315.9.2)the Natural Science Founda-tion of Hubei Province (2005ABA266)
文摘Reachability testing is an approach to testing concurrent programs, which can systematically exercise every partially ordered SYN-sequence without constructing the static model. In fact, not all the SYN-sequences need to be tested. This paper proposed a SYN-sequence selection strategy for reachability testing, which can reduce the number of SYN-sequences generated without decreasing the effectiveness of detecting programs＇ errors. We described a simple algorithm to implement the strategy, and then discussed several optimizations to the algorithm. Experiments have been carried out in a case study to verify the efficacy of the strategy.
文摘The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.
文摘The first swine testing station and program in the world was started in Denmark.Denmark has tested breeding and genetics traits of pigs for more than 100 years and have developed an efficient structure and system to select pigs which produce quality pork for the consumer. The Danish pork is exported to many countries around the world.The testing programs described in the article have proven to be very successful over the last 100 years.The history of swine testing for superior pigs is not finished yet.The selection criteria for quality swine breeding animals will also need to be updated on a regular time table because the production systems are changing yearly and new environmental codes and animal welfare regulations are added each year so the testing programs on pig farms also need to change to meet the new production standards.It is not uncommon to obtain some unusual traits when selecting for extreme traits in pigs when they are on testing programs.When these traits are obtained, it requires additional testing to remove these traits.An example would be the Porcine Stress Syndrome.Osteochondrosis is another example.The gene mapping research will also open up new directions for swine testing programs.Therefore, as long as we produce pigs for quality pork and efficient production we will need outstanding swine testing programs.
文摘Aspect-oriented programs have received much attention from software testing researchers. Various testing techniques and approaches have been proposed to tackle issues and challenges when testing aspect-oriented programs including traditional mutation testing. In traditional mutation testing of aspect-oriented programs, mutants are generated by making small changes to the syntax of the aspect-oriented language. Recently, a new approach known as semantic mutation testing has been proposed. This approach mutates the semantics of the language in which the program is written. The mutants generated misunderstandings of the language which are different classes of faults. Aspect-oriented programming presents itself with different properties that can be further explored with respect to semantic mutation testing. This paper describes various possible scenarios that semantic mutation testing strategy might have particular value in testing aspect-oriented programs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.92582204,No.62577007,and No.62177003the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.JKF-2025011975129.
文摘Online programming platforms are popular in programming education.However,there has been no research investigating students’real opinions and expectations of the error feedback mechanisms,leaving educators without a solid data foundation when attempting to improve the error feedback mechanisms.This paper makes a survey of 834 students across various programming courses and investigates student perceptions of error feedback mechanisms on online programming platforms.It explores the effectiveness of existing feedback,student satisfaction,and preferences for potential improvements,focusing on automatic error localization and program repair mechanisms.Results reveal a significant portion of students are dissatisfied with current feedback due to its limited informativeness.Students also express a clear demand for stronger feedback mechanisms,such as error localization and repair hints.Nevertheless,they prefer feedback that subtly guides them toward solutions,rather than providing direct and explicit answers,valuing the opportunity to enhance their debugging skills.The findings suggest a need for balanced,educational-focused feedback mechanisms that aid learning while promoting independent problem-solving.
文摘作者以他个人的观点,对该文献中重要部分进行了点评,指出:空间软件地面可靠性测试尽管困难重重且有诸多限制,但不能放松甚至放弃执行现有的软件地面测试标准;应从"精神号"火星探测器飞行失败中吸取教训,加强软件地面测试,包括传统软件黑盒和白盒测试方法中的典型测试项目(如:健壮测试、应力测试、极值测试、随机测试等);已经公布的新软件研发标准——Aerospace Report No.TOR-2004(3909)-3537,Software Development Standard for Space Systems值得我们参考。
文摘This paper deals with the effect of grade entitlement on English programs in Japanese universities. For years, teachers and administrators have noted that even though Japan is one of the highest spending countries on English education, there has not been a commensurate increase in English ability. Most research to explain this disparity has thus far focused on methodology, class size and teacher qualifications. Recent research dealing with academic entitlement at US universities may offer an alternative explanation for some of the lack of success that Japanese universities have experienced. Ellen Greenberger, one of the author＇s of Self-entitled college students： Contributions of personality, parenting and motivational factors, which appeared in 2008 in The Journal of Youth and Adolescence claims that in recent years, the number of students appealing their grades and expecting to be rewarded for effort rather than results has increased. Greenberger＇s paper motivated this study. 200 Japanese students completed a survey that presented a number of grade scenarios. The students were asked, based on test grades and completed assignments, what grade a student should receive in each hypothetical situation. Similarly, full-time and part-time teachers were asked what grade they would give in each situation. This paper explains the different situations, students＇ and teachers＇ responses to the scenarios, and then discusses the implications for English education in Japan.
文摘Lustre is a formal synchronous declarative language widely used for modeling and specifying safety critical applications in the fields of avionics, transportation, and energy production. In such applications, the testing activity to ensure correctness of the system plays a crucial role. During the development process, Lustre programs (or SCADE) are often upgraded, so regression test should be performed to detect bugs. However, regression test is generally costly, because the number of test cases is usually very large. In this paper, we present the solution to automatically generating test cases in regression testing of Lustre/SCADE programs. We apply this solution to regression testing for case study Uturn System.
文摘This paper presents an approach for extending the constraint model defined for conformity testing of a given method of class to its overriding method in subclass using inheritance principle. The first objective of the proposed work is to find the relationship between the test model of an overriding method and its overridden method using the constraint propagation. In this context the approach shows that the test cases developed for testing an original method can be used for testing its overriding method in a subclass and then the number of test cases can be reduced considerably. The second objective is the use of invalid data which do not satisfy the precondition constraint and induce valid output values for introducing a new concept of test called secure testing. The implementation of this approach is based on a random generation of test data and analysis by formal proof.
基金Computer Basic Education Teaching Research Project of Association of Fundamental Computing Education in Chinese Universities(Nos.2025-AFCEC-527 and 2024-AFCEC-088)Research on the Reform of Public Course Teaching at Nantong College of Science and Technology(No.2024JGG015).
文摘With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the intelligence level of software is increasingly improving.Intelligent software,which is widely applied in crucial fields such as autonomous driving,intelligent customer service,and medical diagnosis,is constructed based on complex technologies like machine learning and deep learning.Its uncertain behavior and data dependence pose unprecedented challenges to software testing.However,existing software testing courses mainly focus on conventional contents and are unable to meet the requirements of intelligent software testing.Therefore,this work deeply analyzed the relevant technologies of intelligent software testing,including reliability evaluation indicator system,neuron coverage,and test case generation.It also systematically designed an intelligent software testing course,covering teaching objectives,teaching content,teaching methods,and a teaching case.Verified by the practical teaching in four classes,this course has achieved remarkable results,providing practical experience for the reform of software testing courses.
文摘Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for optimal coverage,ranking further refines their execution order to detect critical faults earlier.This study investigates machine learning techniques to enhance both prioritization and ranking,contributing to more effective and efficient testing processes.We first employ advanced feature engineering alongside ensemble models,including Gradient Boosted,Support Vector Machines,Random Forests,and Naive Bayes classifiers to optimize test case prioritization,achieving an accuracy score of 0.98847 and significantly improving the Average Percentage of Fault Detection(APFD).Subsequently,we introduce a deep Q-learning framework combined with a Genetic Algorithm(GA)to refine test case ranking within priority levels.This approach achieves a rank accuracy of 0.9172,demonstrating robust performance despite the increasing computational demands of specialized variation operators.Our findings highlight the effectiveness of stacked ensemble learning and reinforcement learning in optimizing test case prioritization and ranking.This integrated approach improves testing efficiency,reduces late-stage defects,and improves overall software stability.The study provides valuable information for AI-driven testing frameworks,paving the way for more intelligent and adaptive software quality assurance methodologies.
基金financially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación projects SAF2017-82736-C2-1-R to MTMFin Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and by Fundación Universidad Francisco de Vitoria to JS+2 种基金a predoctoral scholarship from Fundación Universidad Francisco de Vitoriafinancial support from a 6-month contract from Universidad Autónoma de Madrida 3-month contract from the School of Medicine of Universidad Francisco de Vitoria。
文摘Every year, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury(SCI). SCI is a devastating medical condition that arises from trauma or disease-induced damage to the spinal cord, disrupting the neural connections that allow communication between the brain and the rest of the body, which results in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Disconnection in the spinal tracts is an irreversible condition owing to the poor capacity for spontaneous axonal regeneration in the affected neurons.
基金supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security,Ministry of Education of China(KLCS20240211)。
文摘With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.
基金financially supported by ARC Linkage project(LP210200642)ARC Center of Excellence for Quantum Biotechnology(grant no.CE230100021)+1 种基金National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Fellowship—(grant no.APP2017499)Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Deep Tissue Imaging Phase 2(grant no.DT12-0000000182).
文摘Lateral flow immunoassays(LFIAs)are low-cost,rapid,and easy to use for pointof-care testing(POCT),but the majority of the available LFIA tests are indicative,rather than quantitative,and their sensitivity in antigen tests are usually limited at the nanogram range,which is primarily due to the passive capillary fluidics through nitrocellulose membranes,often associated with non-specific bindings and high background noise.To overcome this challenge,we report a Beads-on-a-Tip design by replacing nitrocellulose membranes with a pipette tip loaded with magnetic beads.The beads are pre-conjugated with capture antibodies that support a typical sandwich immunoassay.This design enriches the low-abundant antigen proteins and allows an active washing process to significantly reduce non-specific bindings.To further improve the detection sensitivity,we employed upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)as luminescent reporters and SARS-CoV-2 spike(S)antigen as a model analyte to benchmark the performance of this design against our previously reported methods.We found that the key to enhance the immunocomplex formation and signal-to-noise ratio lay in optimizing incubation time and the UCNP-to-bead ratio.We therefore successfully demonstrated that the new method can achieve a very large dynamic range from 500 fg/mL to 10μg/mL,across over 7 digits,and a limit of detection of 706 fg/mL,nearly another order of magnitude lower than the best reported LFIA using UCNPs in COVID-19 spike antigen detection.Our system offers a promising solution for ultra-sensitive and quantitative POCT diagnostics.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12571317 and 12071133).
文摘In this paper,we study a class of Linear Fractional Programming on a nonempty bounded set,called the Problem(LFP),and design a branch and bound algorithm to find the global optimal solution of the problem(LFP).First,we convert the problem(LFP)to the equivalent problem(EP2).Secondly,by applying the linear relaxation technique to the problem(EP2),the linear relaxation programming problem(LRP2Y)was obtained.Then,the overall framework of the algorithm is given,and the convergence and complexity of the algorithm are analyzed.Finally,experimental results are listed to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
