Pneumatic actuators and electric actuators have almost been applied to all manufacturing industries. The two kinds of actuators can replace each other in most fields, such as the point to point transmission occasion a...Pneumatic actuators and electric actuators have almost been applied to all manufacturing industries. The two kinds of actuators can replace each other in most fields, such as the point to point transmission occasion and some rotating occasions. However, there are very few research results about the advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of actuators under the same working conditions so far. In this paper, a novel comprehensive assessment method, named as overall life cycle comprehensive assessment （OLCCA）, is proposed for comparison and assessment of pneumatic and electric actuators. OLCCA contains mechanical properties evaluation （MPE）, life cycle cost analysis based on users （LCCABOU） and life cycle environmental impact analysis （LCEIA） algorithm in order to solve three difficult problems： mechanical properties assessment, cost analysis and environmental impact assessment about actuators. The mechanical properties evaluation of actuators is a multi-objective optimization problem. The fuzzy data quantification and information entropy methods are combined to establish MPE algorithm of actuators. Two kinds of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators with similar bearing capacity and similar work stroke were taken for example to verify the correctness of MPE algorithm. The case study of MPE algorithm for actuators verified its correctness. LCCABOU for actuators is also set up. Considering cost complex structure of pneumatic actuators, public device cost even method （PDCEM） is firstly presented to solve cost division of public devices such as compressors, aftercooler, receivers, etc. LCCABOU method is also effective and verified by the three groups of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators. Finally, LCEIA model of actuators is established for the environmental impact assessment of actuators. LCEIA data collection method and model establishment procedure for actuators are also put forward. With Simapro 7, LCEIA comparison results of six actuators can be obtained： Fossil fuels are the major environmental factor of pneumatic and electric actuators; Environmental impact of electric actuator is large than one of pneumatic actuator under the similar mechanical properties and working conditions of pneumatic and electric actuators. The results are correct and correspond with the actual mechanical properties of actuators. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of the actuators, which can solve the critical problem that similar electromechanical products are very difficult to be compared with each other from the angle of performance, cost and environment impact.展开更多
A case of household water tanks, 1000 L capacity, made of RCC, LLDPE and mild steel (stainless steel) was evaluated for life cycle analysis. The scope of the research comprised of the raw materials, energy inputs and ...A case of household water tanks, 1000 L capacity, made of RCC, LLDPE and mild steel (stainless steel) was evaluated for life cycle analysis. The scope of the research comprised of the raw materials, energy inputs and corresponding emissions during all phases of product making such as extraction of raw material, it’s processing, followed by manufacturing and transport, as well as use and reuse of the product. Simapro 8 (System for Integrated environMental Assessment of PROducts), a modelling software, from Dutch PRé Consultants was used to conduct the life cycle analysis. Simapro 8 enables systematic and transparent modelling and analysis of complex life cycles based on the recommendations of the ISO 14040 series of standards. In the present study the most common method which is acceptable worldwide “Recipe Endpoint method” (ReCiPe) was employed. ReCiPe computes the impact categories and classifies them into two classes based on relevant arrays of characterization factors. Simapro addresses impact categories viz. ozone depletion, human toxicity, ionizing radiation, photochemical oxidant formation, particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, climate change, terrestrial ecotoxicity, agricultural land occupation, urban land occupation, natural land transformation, marine ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, fresh water eutrophication, fresh water ecotoxicity, fossil fuel depletion, minerals depletion, fresh water depletion at the midpoint level. While at the Endpoint level, the impact categories are multiplied by corresponding damage factors and integrated to be represented as three Endpoint level categories, viz. human health, ecosystems and resource depletion. The three endpoint categories are normalized, weighted, and aggregated into a single score. LCA studies indicate that household water tanks of LLDPE have least environmental implications considering impacts on human health, ecosystems and resource depletion as compared to its counterparts viz. Household water tanks made up of mild steel and RCC. The sequence of the material with decreasing impacts is concrete tanks > mild steel tank > LLDPE tanks. The overall assessment is centred on the elements such as material inputs, energy inputs and environmental emissions.展开更多
In order to establish a supply system for energy resource coupled with the environment,the production technology of sugar beets was explored as a biological energy source. The low-humic andosol as the experimental soi...In order to establish a supply system for energy resource coupled with the environment,the production technology of sugar beets was explored as a biological energy source. The low-humic andosol as the experimental soil,the panting method was direct planting,and cultivation technique was minimum tillage direct planting method. The control was conventional tillage transplant and no tillage direct planting. The results demonstrated that data revealed that the energy cost of no tillage and a direct planting method was 105 GJ/hm2on average for two years,while that of the conventional tillage method was 112 GJ/hm2per year. The ratio of output to input showed that the direct planting with no tillage was more efficient( 3. 61) than the conventional tillage( 3. 01). Moreover,the emission of CO2into the atmosphere with no tillage and the direct planting was 71% of the conventional tillage planting technique. Therefore,direct planting without tillage reduces the impact on the environment.展开更多
In the first part of this investigation, a Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) producing 620 MW of electricity was simulated using the commercial software Aspen Hysys V9.0 and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of s...In the first part of this investigation, a Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) producing 620 MW of electricity was simulated using the commercial software Aspen Hysys V9.0 and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state. The aim of this second part is to use exergy-based analyses in order to calculate its exergy efficiency and evaluate its environmental impact under standard conditions. For the exergy efficiency, the performance index under investigation is the exergy destruction ratio (yD). The results of the study show that the combustor is the main contributor to the total exergy destruction of the power plant (yD = 24.35%) and has the lowest exergy efficiency of 75.65%. On the other hand, the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) has the lowest contribution to the exergy destruction (yD = 5.63%) of the power plant and the highest exergy efficiency of 94.37%. For the overall power plant, the exergy efficiency is equal to 53.28%. For the environmental impact of the power plant, the relative difference of exergy-related environmental impacts (rb) is utilized as the performance index for each equipment of the plant and the environmental impact of a kWh of electricity (EIE) is used to represent the performance index of the overall power plant. In agreement with the exergy analysis, the results indicate that the combustor and the HRSG have respectively the highest (rb = 32.19%) and the lowest (rb = 5.96%) contribution to the environmental impact. The environmental impact of a kWh of electricity of the power plant is 34.26 mPts/kWh (exergy destruction only), and 34.42 mPts/kWh (both exergy destruction and exergy loss).展开更多
【目的】深度剖析近年来我国油菜碳足迹的时空演变及来源构成变化趋势,并提出油菜种植减排增产的可行方向,为制定油菜种植产业政策和优化种植结构提供参考依据。【方法】基于油菜投入产出数据,采用生命周期评价法测算2004—2022年我国1...【目的】深度剖析近年来我国油菜碳足迹的时空演变及来源构成变化趋势,并提出油菜种植减排增产的可行方向,为制定油菜种植产业政策和优化种植结构提供参考依据。【方法】基于油菜投入产出数据,采用生命周期评价法测算2004—2022年我国15个油菜种植省份的油菜碳足迹,分析油菜碳足迹变化特征,并有针对性提出减排策略。【结果】2004—2022年我国油菜温室气体排放总量、单位面积碳足迹和单位产量碳足迹总体上呈增长趋势,温室气体排放总量年均增长量约0.34×10^(9)kg CO_(2)eq,单位产量碳足迹年均增长量约0.01 kg CO_(2)eq/kg,单位面积碳足迹年均增长量约0.049×10^(3)kg CO_(2)eq/ha;在省份层面,长江中上游及西南、西北种植区的油菜温室气体排放总量呈正增长趋势,以湖南省增长最快,年均增长量为20.668×10^(7)kg CO_(2)eq,而江苏省、安徽省、河南省和浙江省呈下降趋势,对应的年均变化量分别为-9.925×10^(7)、-8.606×10^(7)、-2.869×10^(7)和-2.324×10^(7)kg CO_(2)eq。除重庆市外,我国主要油菜种植区的单位面积碳足迹均随时间的推移而增长,其中增长较快的有湖南省、贵州省和甘肃省,年均增长量分别为98.632、103.165和120.070 kg CO_(2)eq/ha。我国大部分油菜种植区的单位产量碳足迹随时间的推移而增加,仅重庆市、江苏省、云南省、浙江省、江西省和四川省的单位产量碳足迹呈降低趋势。从碳足迹构成来看,化肥生产和化肥施用是我国油菜种植中碳足迹的主要来源,二者的单位面积碳足迹占比合计为70.94%,其次是灌溉和人工产生的碳排放,即控制化肥和灌溉投入量是我国油菜种植减排的主要方向。我国各省油菜种植各环节单位面积碳足迹占比存在一定差异,但总体上与全国油菜单位面积碳足迹构成保持一致。【建议】积极推广油菜化肥减量增效技术,提高化肥利用效率;普及推广油菜节水节能灌溉技术,着力减少灌溉能耗;科学规划油菜产业短长期目标,优化生产区域布局。展开更多
为了研究动力电池在整个生命周期中的碳足迹,设计开发一款易于操作的碳足迹评价系统。以过程生命周期(PLCA)方法为基础,结合Python和Django框架进行系统设计和开发。最后,利用该系统对磷酸铁锂电池(LFP)的碳足迹进行了定量分析。研究结...为了研究动力电池在整个生命周期中的碳足迹,设计开发一款易于操作的碳足迹评价系统。以过程生命周期(PLCA)方法为基础,结合Python和Django框架进行系统设计和开发。最后,利用该系统对磷酸铁锂电池(LFP)的碳足迹进行了定量分析。研究结果表明,在LFP动力电池的全生命周期中,碳排放量最高的是原材料制备阶段,达到3950.0987 kg CO_(2)e,运输阶段的碳排放量最少,仅为45.661 kg CO_(2)e。展开更多
为探讨废旧纺织品再生循环生命周期评价中常用生命周期末端(End of Life,EoL)分配方法的建模特征、适用性及优缺点,本文通过假设示例,对截断法、系统扩展法(直接系统扩大法)、经济分配法(中间点情形、联产品情形)、5050分配法和替代点...为探讨废旧纺织品再生循环生命周期评价中常用生命周期末端(End of Life,EoL)分配方法的建模特征、适用性及优缺点,本文通过假设示例,对截断法、系统扩展法(直接系统扩大法)、经济分配法(中间点情形、联产品情形)、5050分配法和替代点法进行示范建模计算。研究发现,EoL分配的关键在于科学划定系统边界以准确分摊跨生命周期的环境负担与环境收益;存在分配争议的共享模块主要包括原生过程、再生过程和废物管理过程的环境负荷。各EoL分配方法基本原理、建模规则各异,存在各自的优劣性与适用性,需结合具体目标与应用场景选择适用的方法。为推动纺织行业低碳转型,亟需构建多维度EoL分配方法评价体系,发展规范统一的回收建模分配方法。展开更多
在“碳达峰”“碳中和”背景下,碳足迹是生命周期评价(life cycle assessment,LCA)体系中最受关注的指标。LCA背景数据库是开展碳足迹计算的必要前提,中国数据的缺失对全球碳足迹计算影响巨大。基于此,首次提出了建设中国钢铁行业本土化...在“碳达峰”“碳中和”背景下,碳足迹是生命周期评价(life cycle assessment,LCA)体系中最受关注的指标。LCA背景数据库是开展碳足迹计算的必要前提,中国数据的缺失对全球碳足迹计算影响巨大。基于此,首次提出了建设中国钢铁行业本土化LCA背景数据库的方法。背景数据库采用的LCA方法学体系是建设数据库的核心,通过分析不同方法计算钢铁产品碳足迹结果的差异性,提出了分别采用归因法、归果法和EN15804标准建设中国钢铁行业背景数据库,以适用不同应用场景。采用欧盟提出的ILCD(international reference life cycle data system)数据库格式,对数据全过程的处理进行记录和审核,确保数据质量,保证了背景数据库的透明可追溯和国际交互性。依据所提出的方法开发了钢铁行业生命周期背景数据库HiQLCD,采用3种方法各生成1套数据,每套数据包含5815条数据集,共计17445条数据集。对比了采用本土数据库和国外某数据库计算铁水碳足迹的结果,结果显示本土数据库更符合中国产品生产工艺特点,技术代表性、地理代表性、时间代表性、准确性等反映背景数据质量的指标都有显著提升,计算结果更准确,更能反映实际情况,以更真实的数据科学地支撑企业算碳、减碳。同时,规则的透明性为实现碳足迹计算结果的国际互认奠定了基础。后续研究将致力于持续拓展钢铁产品数据库的覆盖范围,高频次迭代,逐步提升国内高质量数据在背景数据中的比例,同时开展复杂度更高的供应链数据库建设的研究。展开更多
基金Supported by Doctoral Foundation of Henan Polytechnic University(Grant No.B2012-101)Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing Technology and Engineering of Henan Polytechnic University,China(Grant No.PMTE201318A)Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Projects of Education Department of China(Grant No.14B460033)
文摘Pneumatic actuators and electric actuators have almost been applied to all manufacturing industries. The two kinds of actuators can replace each other in most fields, such as the point to point transmission occasion and some rotating occasions. However, there are very few research results about the advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of actuators under the same working conditions so far. In this paper, a novel comprehensive assessment method, named as overall life cycle comprehensive assessment （OLCCA）, is proposed for comparison and assessment of pneumatic and electric actuators. OLCCA contains mechanical properties evaluation （MPE）, life cycle cost analysis based on users （LCCABOU） and life cycle environmental impact analysis （LCEIA） algorithm in order to solve three difficult problems： mechanical properties assessment, cost analysis and environmental impact assessment about actuators. The mechanical properties evaluation of actuators is a multi-objective optimization problem. The fuzzy data quantification and information entropy methods are combined to establish MPE algorithm of actuators. Two kinds of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators with similar bearing capacity and similar work stroke were taken for example to verify the correctness of MPE algorithm. The case study of MPE algorithm for actuators verified its correctness. LCCABOU for actuators is also set up. Considering cost complex structure of pneumatic actuators, public device cost even method （PDCEM） is firstly presented to solve cost division of public devices such as compressors, aftercooler, receivers, etc. LCCABOU method is also effective and verified by the three groups of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators. Finally, LCEIA model of actuators is established for the environmental impact assessment of actuators. LCEIA data collection method and model establishment procedure for actuators are also put forward. With Simapro 7, LCEIA comparison results of six actuators can be obtained： Fossil fuels are the major environmental factor of pneumatic and electric actuators; Environmental impact of electric actuator is large than one of pneumatic actuator under the similar mechanical properties and working conditions of pneumatic and electric actuators. The results are correct and correspond with the actual mechanical properties of actuators. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of the actuators, which can solve the critical problem that similar electromechanical products are very difficult to be compared with each other from the angle of performance, cost and environment impact.
文摘A case of household water tanks, 1000 L capacity, made of RCC, LLDPE and mild steel (stainless steel) was evaluated for life cycle analysis. The scope of the research comprised of the raw materials, energy inputs and corresponding emissions during all phases of product making such as extraction of raw material, it’s processing, followed by manufacturing and transport, as well as use and reuse of the product. Simapro 8 (System for Integrated environMental Assessment of PROducts), a modelling software, from Dutch PRé Consultants was used to conduct the life cycle analysis. Simapro 8 enables systematic and transparent modelling and analysis of complex life cycles based on the recommendations of the ISO 14040 series of standards. In the present study the most common method which is acceptable worldwide “Recipe Endpoint method” (ReCiPe) was employed. ReCiPe computes the impact categories and classifies them into two classes based on relevant arrays of characterization factors. Simapro addresses impact categories viz. ozone depletion, human toxicity, ionizing radiation, photochemical oxidant formation, particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, climate change, terrestrial ecotoxicity, agricultural land occupation, urban land occupation, natural land transformation, marine ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, fresh water eutrophication, fresh water ecotoxicity, fossil fuel depletion, minerals depletion, fresh water depletion at the midpoint level. While at the Endpoint level, the impact categories are multiplied by corresponding damage factors and integrated to be represented as three Endpoint level categories, viz. human health, ecosystems and resource depletion. The three endpoint categories are normalized, weighted, and aggregated into a single score. LCA studies indicate that household water tanks of LLDPE have least environmental implications considering impacts on human health, ecosystems and resource depletion as compared to its counterparts viz. Household water tanks made up of mild steel and RCC. The sequence of the material with decreasing impacts is concrete tanks > mild steel tank > LLDPE tanks. The overall assessment is centred on the elements such as material inputs, energy inputs and environmental emissions.
基金the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned OverseasChinese Scholars in Heilongjiang Province(LC08C30)
文摘In order to establish a supply system for energy resource coupled with the environment,the production technology of sugar beets was explored as a biological energy source. The low-humic andosol as the experimental soil,the panting method was direct planting,and cultivation technique was minimum tillage direct planting method. The control was conventional tillage transplant and no tillage direct planting. The results demonstrated that data revealed that the energy cost of no tillage and a direct planting method was 105 GJ/hm2on average for two years,while that of the conventional tillage method was 112 GJ/hm2per year. The ratio of output to input showed that the direct planting with no tillage was more efficient( 3. 61) than the conventional tillage( 3. 01). Moreover,the emission of CO2into the atmosphere with no tillage and the direct planting was 71% of the conventional tillage planting technique. Therefore,direct planting without tillage reduces the impact on the environment.
文摘In the first part of this investigation, a Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) producing 620 MW of electricity was simulated using the commercial software Aspen Hysys V9.0 and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state. The aim of this second part is to use exergy-based analyses in order to calculate its exergy efficiency and evaluate its environmental impact under standard conditions. For the exergy efficiency, the performance index under investigation is the exergy destruction ratio (yD). The results of the study show that the combustor is the main contributor to the total exergy destruction of the power plant (yD = 24.35%) and has the lowest exergy efficiency of 75.65%. On the other hand, the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) has the lowest contribution to the exergy destruction (yD = 5.63%) of the power plant and the highest exergy efficiency of 94.37%. For the overall power plant, the exergy efficiency is equal to 53.28%. For the environmental impact of the power plant, the relative difference of exergy-related environmental impacts (rb) is utilized as the performance index for each equipment of the plant and the environmental impact of a kWh of electricity (EIE) is used to represent the performance index of the overall power plant. In agreement with the exergy analysis, the results indicate that the combustor and the HRSG have respectively the highest (rb = 32.19%) and the lowest (rb = 5.96%) contribution to the environmental impact. The environmental impact of a kWh of electricity of the power plant is 34.26 mPts/kWh (exergy destruction only), and 34.42 mPts/kWh (both exergy destruction and exergy loss).
文摘【目的】深度剖析近年来我国油菜碳足迹的时空演变及来源构成变化趋势,并提出油菜种植减排增产的可行方向,为制定油菜种植产业政策和优化种植结构提供参考依据。【方法】基于油菜投入产出数据,采用生命周期评价法测算2004—2022年我国15个油菜种植省份的油菜碳足迹,分析油菜碳足迹变化特征,并有针对性提出减排策略。【结果】2004—2022年我国油菜温室气体排放总量、单位面积碳足迹和单位产量碳足迹总体上呈增长趋势,温室气体排放总量年均增长量约0.34×10^(9)kg CO_(2)eq,单位产量碳足迹年均增长量约0.01 kg CO_(2)eq/kg,单位面积碳足迹年均增长量约0.049×10^(3)kg CO_(2)eq/ha;在省份层面,长江中上游及西南、西北种植区的油菜温室气体排放总量呈正增长趋势,以湖南省增长最快,年均增长量为20.668×10^(7)kg CO_(2)eq,而江苏省、安徽省、河南省和浙江省呈下降趋势,对应的年均变化量分别为-9.925×10^(7)、-8.606×10^(7)、-2.869×10^(7)和-2.324×10^(7)kg CO_(2)eq。除重庆市外,我国主要油菜种植区的单位面积碳足迹均随时间的推移而增长,其中增长较快的有湖南省、贵州省和甘肃省,年均增长量分别为98.632、103.165和120.070 kg CO_(2)eq/ha。我国大部分油菜种植区的单位产量碳足迹随时间的推移而增加,仅重庆市、江苏省、云南省、浙江省、江西省和四川省的单位产量碳足迹呈降低趋势。从碳足迹构成来看,化肥生产和化肥施用是我国油菜种植中碳足迹的主要来源,二者的单位面积碳足迹占比合计为70.94%,其次是灌溉和人工产生的碳排放,即控制化肥和灌溉投入量是我国油菜种植减排的主要方向。我国各省油菜种植各环节单位面积碳足迹占比存在一定差异,但总体上与全国油菜单位面积碳足迹构成保持一致。【建议】积极推广油菜化肥减量增效技术,提高化肥利用效率;普及推广油菜节水节能灌溉技术,着力减少灌溉能耗;科学规划油菜产业短长期目标,优化生产区域布局。
文摘为了研究动力电池在整个生命周期中的碳足迹,设计开发一款易于操作的碳足迹评价系统。以过程生命周期(PLCA)方法为基础,结合Python和Django框架进行系统设计和开发。最后,利用该系统对磷酸铁锂电池(LFP)的碳足迹进行了定量分析。研究结果表明,在LFP动力电池的全生命周期中,碳排放量最高的是原材料制备阶段,达到3950.0987 kg CO_(2)e,运输阶段的碳排放量最少,仅为45.661 kg CO_(2)e。
文摘为探讨废旧纺织品再生循环生命周期评价中常用生命周期末端(End of Life,EoL)分配方法的建模特征、适用性及优缺点,本文通过假设示例,对截断法、系统扩展法(直接系统扩大法)、经济分配法(中间点情形、联产品情形)、5050分配法和替代点法进行示范建模计算。研究发现,EoL分配的关键在于科学划定系统边界以准确分摊跨生命周期的环境负担与环境收益;存在分配争议的共享模块主要包括原生过程、再生过程和废物管理过程的环境负荷。各EoL分配方法基本原理、建模规则各异,存在各自的优劣性与适用性,需结合具体目标与应用场景选择适用的方法。为推动纺织行业低碳转型,亟需构建多维度EoL分配方法评价体系,发展规范统一的回收建模分配方法。
文摘在“碳达峰”“碳中和”背景下,碳足迹是生命周期评价(life cycle assessment,LCA)体系中最受关注的指标。LCA背景数据库是开展碳足迹计算的必要前提,中国数据的缺失对全球碳足迹计算影响巨大。基于此,首次提出了建设中国钢铁行业本土化LCA背景数据库的方法。背景数据库采用的LCA方法学体系是建设数据库的核心,通过分析不同方法计算钢铁产品碳足迹结果的差异性,提出了分别采用归因法、归果法和EN15804标准建设中国钢铁行业背景数据库,以适用不同应用场景。采用欧盟提出的ILCD(international reference life cycle data system)数据库格式,对数据全过程的处理进行记录和审核,确保数据质量,保证了背景数据库的透明可追溯和国际交互性。依据所提出的方法开发了钢铁行业生命周期背景数据库HiQLCD,采用3种方法各生成1套数据,每套数据包含5815条数据集,共计17445条数据集。对比了采用本土数据库和国外某数据库计算铁水碳足迹的结果,结果显示本土数据库更符合中国产品生产工艺特点,技术代表性、地理代表性、时间代表性、准确性等反映背景数据质量的指标都有显著提升,计算结果更准确,更能反映实际情况,以更真实的数据科学地支撑企业算碳、减碳。同时,规则的透明性为实现碳足迹计算结果的国际互认奠定了基础。后续研究将致力于持续拓展钢铁产品数据库的覆盖范围,高频次迭代,逐步提升国内高质量数据在背景数据中的比例,同时开展复杂度更高的供应链数据库建设的研究。
