Coal measure gas(also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas)is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years.The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas(coalbed methan...Coal measure gas(also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas)is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years.The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas(coalbed methane,coal shale gas and coal measure tight sandstone gas)from single coalbed methane has greatly expanded the field and space of resource evaluation,which is of positive significance for realizing the comprehensive utilization of coal resources,maximizing the benefits and promoting the innovation of oil and gas geological theory and technological advances in exploration and development.For the first time,in Yangmeishu Syncline of Western Guizhou Province,the public welfare coalbed methane geological survey project of China Geological Survey has been carried out a systematic geological survey of coal measure gas for the Upper Permian Longtan Formation,identified the geological conditions of coal measure gas and found high quality resources.The total geological resource quantity of coalbed methane and coal shale gas is 51.423×109 m3 and the geological resource abundance is up to 566×106 m3/km2.In this area,the coal measures are characterized by many layers of minable coal seams,large total thickness,thin to the medium thickness of the single layer,good gas-bearing property of coal seams and coal measure mudstone and sandstone,good reservoir physical property and high-pressure coefficient.According to the principle of combination of high quality and similarity of key parameters of the coal reservoir,the most favorable intervals are No.5-2,No.7 and No.13-2 coal seam in Well YMC1.And the pilot tests are carried out on coal seams and roof silty mudstone,such as staged perforation,increasing hydraulic fracturing scale and"three gas"production.The high and stable industrial gas flow with a daily gas output of more than 4000 m3 has been obtained,which has realized the breakthrough in the geological survey of coal measure gas in Southwest China.Based on the above investigation results,the geological characteristics of coal measure gas in the multi-thin-coal-seam-developed area and the coexploration and co-production methods,such as the optimization method of favorable intervals,the highefficiency fracturing and reservoir reconstruction method of coal measures,and the"three gas"drainage and production system,are systematically summarized in this paper.It will provide a reference for efficient exploration and development of coal measure gas in similar geological conditions in China.展开更多
Sustainable design, green architecture and sustainable construction are new methods for design and construction that are employed for environmental and economic challenges. Clay and bricks proved as sustainable buildi...Sustainable design, green architecture and sustainable construction are new methods for design and construction that are employed for environmental and economic challenges. Clay and bricks proved as sustainable building materials. In this paper, crush brick in the concrete mixture instead of normal coarse aggregate will be used. STAAD Prov8i software was applied for the designed of a hypothetical building in different sites of the three locations in Iraq (Mosul at the north, Baghdad at the center and Basrah at the south). The input model data used in the software were depending on the field and laboratory tests done for twenty three sites in the three locations of Iraq. Concrete properties values were used in the software for concrete mixture with crushed bricks. The results values of base pressure obtained from the software were low for the three locations. The maximum values of base pressure under the foundation for both the average and the minimum bearing capacity values for Mosul region for the normal strength concrete and air-entrained were (94, 84) kPa and (91, 82) kPa respectively, for Baghdad region were (89, 82) kPa and (86, 81) kPa respectively. Finally, for Basrah, the results for the base pressure were (84, 77) kPa and (82, 76) kPa, respectively. The results values of the base pressure were less for all locations compared with the base pressure values obtained from a previous work for the same locations. The use of crushed brick as aggregate in the concrete mixture is economical due to its availability as local material and it is durable materials with low weight.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the China Geological Survey Projects(DD20160186,12120115008201)
文摘Coal measure gas(also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas)is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years.The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas(coalbed methane,coal shale gas and coal measure tight sandstone gas)from single coalbed methane has greatly expanded the field and space of resource evaluation,which is of positive significance for realizing the comprehensive utilization of coal resources,maximizing the benefits and promoting the innovation of oil and gas geological theory and technological advances in exploration and development.For the first time,in Yangmeishu Syncline of Western Guizhou Province,the public welfare coalbed methane geological survey project of China Geological Survey has been carried out a systematic geological survey of coal measure gas for the Upper Permian Longtan Formation,identified the geological conditions of coal measure gas and found high quality resources.The total geological resource quantity of coalbed methane and coal shale gas is 51.423×109 m3 and the geological resource abundance is up to 566×106 m3/km2.In this area,the coal measures are characterized by many layers of minable coal seams,large total thickness,thin to the medium thickness of the single layer,good gas-bearing property of coal seams and coal measure mudstone and sandstone,good reservoir physical property and high-pressure coefficient.According to the principle of combination of high quality and similarity of key parameters of the coal reservoir,the most favorable intervals are No.5-2,No.7 and No.13-2 coal seam in Well YMC1.And the pilot tests are carried out on coal seams and roof silty mudstone,such as staged perforation,increasing hydraulic fracturing scale and"three gas"production.The high and stable industrial gas flow with a daily gas output of more than 4000 m3 has been obtained,which has realized the breakthrough in the geological survey of coal measure gas in Southwest China.Based on the above investigation results,the geological characteristics of coal measure gas in the multi-thin-coal-seam-developed area and the coexploration and co-production methods,such as the optimization method of favorable intervals,the highefficiency fracturing and reservoir reconstruction method of coal measures,and the"three gas"drainage and production system,are systematically summarized in this paper.It will provide a reference for efficient exploration and development of coal measure gas in similar geological conditions in China.
文摘Sustainable design, green architecture and sustainable construction are new methods for design and construction that are employed for environmental and economic challenges. Clay and bricks proved as sustainable building materials. In this paper, crush brick in the concrete mixture instead of normal coarse aggregate will be used. STAAD Prov8i software was applied for the designed of a hypothetical building in different sites of the three locations in Iraq (Mosul at the north, Baghdad at the center and Basrah at the south). The input model data used in the software were depending on the field and laboratory tests done for twenty three sites in the three locations of Iraq. Concrete properties values were used in the software for concrete mixture with crushed bricks. The results values of base pressure obtained from the software were low for the three locations. The maximum values of base pressure under the foundation for both the average and the minimum bearing capacity values for Mosul region for the normal strength concrete and air-entrained were (94, 84) kPa and (91, 82) kPa respectively, for Baghdad region were (89, 82) kPa and (86, 81) kPa respectively. Finally, for Basrah, the results for the base pressure were (84, 77) kPa and (82, 76) kPa, respectively. The results values of the base pressure were less for all locations compared with the base pressure values obtained from a previous work for the same locations. The use of crushed brick as aggregate in the concrete mixture is economical due to its availability as local material and it is durable materials with low weight.
