Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development,with the ratio of ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))to nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))critically influencing physiological efficiency.This study investigated the effects of different NH_(4...Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development,with the ratio of ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))to nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))critically influencing physiological efficiency.This study investigated the effects of different NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N mass ratios(0︰1,3︰7,1︰1,7︰3,1︰0)and a no-nitrogen control on Zanthoxylum planispinum var.dintanensis seedlings,using NH_(4)Cl and NaNO_(3) as nitrogen sources.Key results revealed that a 3︰7 NH_(4)^(+)︰NO_(3)^(-)ratio(T2)significantly enhanced stomatal conductance(G_(s)),amino acid content,root tip number,and the photochemical quenching parameters q_(P),q_(L),ETR,and F_(v)/F_(m).This treatment also maximized ground diameter increment,chlorophyll content,intercellular CO_(2)concentration(C_(i)),transpiration rate(T_(r)),ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Rubisco)activity,nitrate reductase(NR)activity,and soluble protein content.Conversely,a 7︰3 ratio(T4)yielded the highest net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase(FBA)activity.Overall,the T4 treatment exhibited the second most effective promotion of Z.planispinum var.dintanensis seedling growth and development,after T2.In summary,mixed NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N nutrition markedly enhances seedling performance,with the 3︰7 ratio optimal for growth,photosynthesis,and nitrogen assimilation.Sole nitrogen sources,particularly pure NH_(4)^(+)-N,exert inhibitory effects.展开更多
As a pivotal environmental factor,light,comprising intensity,photoperiod,and spectrum,governs the entire life cycle of strawberries by mediating alterations in the plant’s morphological,physiological,and biochemical ...As a pivotal environmental factor,light,comprising intensity,photoperiod,and spectrum,governs the entire life cycle of strawberries by mediating alterations in the plant’s morphological,physiological,and biochemical traits.Although extensive research has been conducted on light-mediated growth regulation in horticultural crops,most reviews focus primarily on leafy and fruiting vegetables,with limited attention given to berry crops such as strawberries.Additionally,most existing reviews concentrate on one or several growth stages,failing to systematically characterize light’s effects throughout the entire growth cycle and postharvest stage.This review briefly summarizes the regulatory roles of light across key stages of strawberry growth,including seedling propagation,vegetative growth,reproductive growth,and postharvest stages.It seeks to address the knowledge gap by systematically organizing research findings across these developmental phases.The integrated analysis provides a theoretical foundation for designing stage-specific lighting strategies to improve strawberry yield and quality.展开更多
Chinese President Xi Jinping has guided China through a year of resilient growth via forward-looking reforms and innovation-driven transformation that is shaping the nation’s economic trajectory for 2026 and beyond.
Pinus radiata(D.Don)dominates New Zealand's forestry industry,constituting 91%of plantations,and is among the world's most important plantation species.Given the socio-economic and environmental importance of ...Pinus radiata(D.Don)dominates New Zealand's forestry industry,constituting 91%of plantations,and is among the world's most important plantation species.Given the socio-economic and environmental importance of this species,it is important to have accurate and precise projections over time to make efficient decisions for forest management and greenfield investments in afforestation projects,especially for permanent carbon forests.Future projections of any natural resource systems rely on modeling;however,the acceleration of climate change makes future projections of yield less certain.These challenges also impact national expectations of the contribution planted forests will provide to address climate change and meet international commitments under the Paris Agreement.Using a large national-scale set of contemporary ground-measured data(2013–2023),this study investigates the performance of two growth models developed over 30 years ago that are widely used by NZ plantation growers:1)the Pumice Plateau Model 1988(PPM88)and 2)the 300-index(including a model variant of regional drift).Model simulations were made using the FORECASTER modeling suite with geographic boundaries to adjust for drift in space and time.Basal area(BA,m^(2)⋅ha^(-1))and volume(m^(3)⋅ha^(-1))were simulated,and standard errors and goodness-of-fit metrics calculated up to a typical rotation age of 30 years.Model residuals were then separated and analysed for the main plantation growing regions.The models overpredicted observed growth by between 6.8%and 16.2%,but model predictions and errors varied significantly between regions.The results of this study provided clear evidence of divergence between the outputs of both models and the measured data.Finally,this study suggests future measures to address challenges posed by these discrepancies that will provide better information for forest management and investment decisions in a changing climate.展开更多
The fatigue crack growth rate of a novel Ti-6Al-4V-1Mo titanium alloy,which is developed for laser directed energy deposition technique,was investigated before and after cyclic heat treatment(CHT).Changes in microstru...The fatigue crack growth rate of a novel Ti-6Al-4V-1Mo titanium alloy,which is developed for laser directed energy deposition technique,was investigated before and after cyclic heat treatment(CHT).Changes in microstructure,fracture surfaces,and crack growth paths were analyzed before and after CHT.Results indicate that in the stable crack growth region,the growth rates for the as-deposited and cyclic heat-treated specimens follow the relationships da/dN=1.8651×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.2271)and da/dN=1.4112×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.1125),respectively.Compared with that at the as-deposited state,the microstructure after CHT is transformed from a uniform basket-weave microstructure to a dual-phase microstructure consisting of near-sphericalαandβ-transformed matrix phases.The cyclic process also disrupts the continuity of the grain boundaryα(αGB)at the primaryβ-phase grain boundary.The coarsening of primaryαand the disruption ofαGB continuity are the primary factors to release stress concentration and promote crack deflection,thereby decreasing the fatigue crack growth rate.Additionally,the increased occurrence of crack branching,secondary cracking,and crack bridging in cyclic heat-treated specimens further reduces the crack driving force and slows the fatigue crack growth rate.展开更多
Intra-annual climatic variability plays a critical role in regulating wood formation dynamics during the growing season,particularly in seasonally arid regions—such as the Qinling Mountains,China,and Mediterranean fo...Intra-annual climatic variability plays a critical role in regulating wood formation dynamics during the growing season,particularly in seasonally arid regions—such as the Qinling Mountains,China,and Mediterranean forests—where trees exhibit bimodal radial growth patterns as an adaptive response to water stress.While these growth patterns reflect immediate climatic conditions,the role of ecological memory,specifically vegetation growth carryover(VGC)and lagged climate effects(LCEs),remains poorly quantified.We employed the Vaganov–Shashkin(VS)model to analyze intra-annual bimodal growth patterns in two regions and used a vector autoregressive model with impulse response functions to assess the duration and intensity of VGC and LCE on tree-ring growth and remote sensing vegetation indices(leaf area index(LAI)and gross primary productivity(GPP)).Our results revealed bimodal growth patterns with spring and autumn peaks,but the autumn peak occurred earlier in the Qinling Mountains(August–October)than in Mediterranean forests(late September–October).VGC exerted the strongest influence on tree-ring growth in the first year,diminishing significantly after eight years in both regions(p<0.01).Tree-ring growth exhibited positive LCE responses to precipitation and soil moisture but negative responses to temperature(p<0.05).Remote sensing indices(LAI and GPP)displayed stronger VGC effects in the Qinling Mountains than in Mediterranean forests.While both LAI and GPP responded positively to soil moisture,temperature-induced LCE was positive in the Qinling Mountains but negative in the Mediterranean forests(p<0.05).Overall,VGC was the dominant ecological memory effect in both regions.Our results suggest that coupling the VGC and LCE of multiple vegetation growth indicators at multiple scales has the potential to improve the accuracy of global dynamic vegetation models.展开更多
The synthesis of high-quality heteroepitaxial diamond films on iridium composite substrates is a critical step toward advancing diamond for electronic and optical applications.Microwave plasma chemical vapor depositio...The synthesis of high-quality heteroepitaxial diamond films on iridium composite substrates is a critical step toward advancing diamond for electronic and optical applications.Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition,combined with in situ optical emission spectroscopy,enables precise control over growth modes through plasma parameter tuning.In this study,we examine how methane concentration,microwave power,and gas pressure influence plasma species and,consequently,the growth modes of heteroepitaxial diamond by optical emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope.At low nucleation densities,increased methane concentrations promote the transition from faceted polyhedral to ballas structures,driven by elevated C_(2) radical concentrations in the plasma.Conversely,at higher nucleation densities,gas pressure,and substrate temperature dominate growth mode determination,leading to diverse morphologies,such as planar,polycrystalline,octahedral,and step-flow growth.These findings elucidate the interplay among plasma species,growth parameters,and growth mode,offering critical insights for optimizing growth conditions and preparing heteroepitaxial diamond films in a specific growth mode.展开更多
The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is suscept...The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.展开更多
Monforts dyeing and finishing technology customers from Pakistan had a formidable presence at the Heimtextil 2026 home and contract textiles exhibition,which attracted over 48,000 visitors to Frankfurt in Germany from...Monforts dyeing and finishing technology customers from Pakistan had a formidable presence at the Heimtextil 2026 home and contract textiles exhibition,which attracted over 48,000 visitors to Frankfurt in Germany from January 13 to 16.They included key home furnishings suppliers such as Crestex,Faisal,Gohar,and Kausar Processing,all based in the Faisalabad region of the country,Karachi-based Al Karam,Adamjee,Liberty,Lucky and Rainbow,and Kohinoor,Nishat Chunian and Sapphire of Lahore,to name but a few.展开更多
The present study investigated the effects of varying protein source combinations and feeding strategies on the growth,health and organoleptic quality of the large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea).Three iso-nitroge...The present study investigated the effects of varying protein source combinations and feeding strategies on the growth,health and organoleptic quality of the large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea).Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were formulated.The control diet was made with 62%fish meal(FM).The other two experimental diets were formulated by replacing 45%FM with 22.5%mealworm(TM)and 22.5%cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC),or with 22.5%TM and 22.5%Clostridium autoethanogenum protein(CAP),respectively.The three kinds of diet were named as A1,A2 and A3,respectively.Five groups of large yellow croaker were fed with two different strategies:the first three groups were continuously fed with A1,A2 and A3 diets,respectively.The fourth group was alternately fed with A1 and A2 diet every 5 days.The fifth group was alternately fed with A1 and A3diet every 5 days.The five groups were named D1,D2,D3,D1-2 and D1-3,respectively.Results showed that D2 and D3 groups exhibited significantly lower weight gain rate(WGR)and higher feed conversion ratios(FCR)compared to the D1 group.The D1-2 and D1-3 groups exhibited improved WGR and significantly reduced FCR compared to the D2 and D3 groups.The A2 and A3 diets significantly suppressed digestive enzymes'activities compared to A1,whereas alternate-feeding groups significantly enhanced the enzyme activities.Compared to the D1 group,D2 and D3 groups significantly downregulated mRNA expression levels of intestinal antiinflammatory cytokines and upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators.The anti-inflammatory abilities in the D1-2and D1-3 groups were significantly higher than those in the D2 and D3 groups.Additionally,diets containing TM+CAP and TM+CPC protein sources enhanced ventral redness and yellowness indices.Considering the growth,digestion,immunity and organoleptic quality of large yellow croaker,it is recommended to replace up to 45%of FM with TM+CPC and use an alternate-feeding strategy.展开更多
With a perspective of interest in the modeling of dynamic processes, here we investigate various types of basic growth equations, which in their formulation quantify the change of the variables, the state, or the inde...With a perspective of interest in the modeling of dynamic processes, here we investigate various types of basic growth equations, which in their formulation quantify the change of the variables, the state, or the independent one, using balance equations in which the counts(aggregation-reduction) are of the multiplicative type. We enter the context of the “differential” equations typical of non-Newtonian calculations, such as geometric calculus, bi-geometric calculus, or the lesser-known logarithmic calculus, when we take the step to the limit. In these new possibilities of dynamic laws, we highlight the interpretive aspects. A particular case is to review the equivalents of the logistic equation of the standard calculation in the new accounting calculations, where we make graphical and semantic comparisons. Finally, the construction of a geometric type equation is exemplified, with applications inherent to the financial mathematics.展开更多
Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)is a hypothalamic releasing hormone that plays a crucial physiological role in regulating the synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones.In recent years,studies have fou...Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)is a hypothalamic releasing hormone that plays a crucial physiological role in regulating the synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones.In recent years,studies have found that GHRH possesses functions like antiinflammation,promoting cell proliferation,and facilitating cell migration.It participates in regulating the development of uveitis and diabetic retinopathy.Additionally,it also has an impact on the development of retinal ganglion cells by modulating the inflammatory response and mediating the immune response.Given the important roles of GHRH in ophthalmic diseases,elucidating the molecular regulation of the GHRH-GHRH receptor(GHRHR)signal and the innovative development of intervention pathways that directly or indirectly target GHRH serve as strong evidence of how basic research guides innovation and translation.In this review,research reports on GHRH in ophthalmic diseases including retinal diseases and uveitis were summarized and analyzed.展开更多
Tree growth variability is a key determinant of forest stabilities.Previous studies have shown that recent climate change has increased variability in tree growth,while others have challenged this viewpoint,leading to...Tree growth variability is a key determinant of forest stabilities.Previous studies have shown that recent climate change has increased variability in tree growth,while others have challenged this viewpoint,leading to ongoing debate in this field.Moreover,gaps remain in understanding the climatic mechanisms driving increased tree growth variability,particularly for species simultaneously limited by multiple climate factors.In this study,we assessed the temporal trends in variability of Picea purpurea radial growth and its linkage with growth-climate sensitivity utilizing dendrochronological methods.Our results revealed a significant increase in P.purpurea radial growth variability from 1960 to 2020,as indicated by continuous rises in the standard deviation,coefficient of variation,and mean sensitivity of tree-ring width indices.The increased frequency of extreme growth declines further supported this finding.Furthermore,moisture condition in July was identified as a key limiting factor of P.purpurea growth.Notably,the strengthening relationship between tree-ring width indices and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)suggests that the moisture sensitivity for P.purpurea growth has increased over the period 1960-2020.This enhanced sensitivity to VPD,whose interannual variability has also increased synchronously,may have contributed to the rise in P.purpurea growth variability.Additionally,the maximum temperature in May was positively correlated with P.purpurea growth;however,there is little evidence that this factor contributed to the observed increase in growth variability.These findings provide new insights into P.purpurea growth trends and improve our understanding of the potential future impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems.展开更多
Apparel exports China:The decline in exports widened from January to September(-2.4%,compared to-0.2%in January-June).Exports to the EU increased(+5.9%),though the growth rate moderated.Exports to the US saw a larger ...Apparel exports China:The decline in exports widened from January to September(-2.4%,compared to-0.2%in January-June).Exports to the EU increased(+5.9%),though the growth rate moderated.Exports to the US saw a larger contraction(January-June:-1.6%,January-September:-8.2%).While exports to ASEAN countries still fell by over 10%(-17.7%),shipments to the Philippines(+6.9%),Indonesia(+19.0%),and Cambodia(+64.9%)demonstrated stronger growth performance within the year.Regarding tariffs,on October 30,China and the US agreed to lower the rates on goods subject to additional duties(effectively reducing the average tariff rate on Chinese imports to the US from about 57%to approximately 47%,though this remains significantly higher than the 19.5%overall average rate applied to other countries).展开更多
Inclusive green growth(IGG)is a crucial pathway to high-quality economic development,with standardization serving as a key enabler.Standardization plays a critical role in reducing coordination costs and improving res...Inclusive green growth(IGG)is a crucial pathway to high-quality economic development,with standardization serving as a key enabler.Standardization plays a critical role in reducing coordination costs and improving resource allocation efficiency by facilitating rule harmonization,factor integration,and collaborative governance.Examining IGG from a standardization perspective helps clarify the mechanisms through which economic,environmental,and social objectives can be jointly realized,and offers new insights into the institutionalized and sustainable pursuit of multiple development goals.However,how standardization promotes IGG by coordinating economic growth,environmental performance,and social equity remains insufficiently explored in the existing literature.Using panel data from 283 prefecture-level Chinese cities(2012-2021),this study treats the comprehensive standardization reform pilot as a quasi-natural experiment and applies a double machine-learning framework to test whether standardization promotes IGG.The analysis further explores the mediating roles of technological innovation,green finance,and employment quality,and examines heterogeneity across geographic location,resource endowment,industrial base,and city hierarchy.It also evaluates the regional coordination effects of standardization.Results show that standardization significantly advances IGG,though its impact varies by regional and structural characteristics.Standardization enhances IGG by strengthening innovation,expanding green finance,and improving job quality.Moreover,it helps bridge geographic divides,narrow interregional disparities,and enhance coordination.These findings offer empirical evidence for policymakers to design targeted standardization strategies that support sustainable and equitable urban development.展开更多
China has set its economic growth target for 2026 in the range of 4.5-5 percent.After three consecutive years of aiming for growth of around 5 percent,the slightly adjusted range reflects a prudent assessment of a com...China has set its economic growth target for 2026 in the range of 4.5-5 percent.After three consecutive years of aiming for growth of around 5 percent,the slightly adjusted range reflects a prudent assessment of a complex global environment while still signalling a commitment to stable development.展开更多
Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment ...Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment and physiological activities of tomato seedlings in seedbeds by controlled experiments.The results indicated that airflow could enhance CO_(2) concentration near the seedling canopy,accelerate water evaporation from the seedling substrate,and reduce fluctuations in the temperature and humidity in microclimate.The photosynthetic rates of leaves at the 4th,7th,and 10th positions in seedlings subjected to airflow increased by 25.04%,8.23%,and 8.47%,respectively,whereas the transpiration rates increased by 15.59%,22.28%,and 13.26%,respectively when compared to the control group.Additionally,the strong seedling index of seedlings treated with airflow and exogenous iron element increased by 26.02%and 31.5%,respectively.Compared to seedlings treated with exogenous iron element,the geometric mean diameter of the pith tissue cells in the stems of seedlings subjected to airflow disturbance was reduced by approximately 18.66%,while the elastic modulus and bending strength of the stems increased by 10.01%and 5.89%,respectively.Similarly,the volume of root tissue cells decreased by 19.22%,but the elastic modulus of the roots increased by 6.46%.This study confirms that airflow significantly enhances seedling resilience to abiotic stress,yielding similar or better outcomes than exogenous iron application.It provides both theoretical and practical support for using airflow disturbance as a green technology for cultivating robust seedlings.展开更多
Genetic improvement of meat production traits has always been the primary goal of pig breeding.Geographical isolation,natural and artificial selection led to significant differences in the phenotypes of meat productio...Genetic improvement of meat production traits has always been the primary goal of pig breeding.Geographical isolation,natural and artificial selection led to significant differences in the phenotypes of meat production traits between Chinese local pigs and Western commercial pigs.Comparative genomics and transcriptomics analysis provided powerful tools to identify genetic variants and genes associated with skeletal muscle growth.However,the number of available genetic variants and genes are still limited.In this study,a comprehensive comparison of transcriptomes showed that ribosomal protein S27-like(RPS27L)gene was highly expressed in skeletal muscle and up-regulated in Chinese local pigs when compared with Western commercial pigs.Functional analysis revealed that overexpression of RPS27L promoted myoblast proliferation and repressed differentiation in pig skeletal muscle cells.Conversely,the knockdown of RPS27L led to the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and the promotion of differentiation.Notably,a 13-bp insertion-deletion(InDel)mutation was identified within the RPS27L promoter,inserted in Chinese local breeds and predominantly deleted in Western commercial breeds.Luciferase reporter assay suggested this InDel modulated RPS27L expression by influencing transcription factor 3(TCF3)and myogenic differentiation antigen(MYOD)binding to the promoter.Furthermore,a positive correlation was observed between RPS27L expression and backfat thickness.Association studies demonstrated this InDel was significantly associated with the body weight of pigs at the age of 240 d.Together,our results suggested that RPS27L was a regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth,and was a candidate marker for improving meat production traits in pigs.This study not only provided a biomarker for animal breeding,but also was helpful for understanding skeletal muscle development and muscular disease in humans.展开更多
Background Piglets are highly susceptible to oxidative stress,which can reduce growth performance and cause intestinal damage.Piceatannol(PIC),a natural bioactive substance enriched in Chinese rhubarb(Rheum officinale...Background Piglets are highly susceptible to oxidative stress,which can reduce growth performance and cause intestinal damage.Piceatannol(PIC),a natural bioactive substance enriched in Chinese rhubarb(Rheum officinale)and certain dark purple fruits,shows excellent antioxidant properties in our previous cell-based high-throughput screening.However,its effect on piglet growth performance and antioxidant capacity as well as underling mechanism has not been thoroughly investigated.Methods One hundred weaned pigs(28 days of age,8.71±0.20 kg)were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 5 pigs per replicate.The experimental diets consisted of:1)basal diet,2)basal diet+100 mg/kg PIC,3)basal diet+200 mg/kg PIC,and 4)basal diet+300 mg/kg PIC.On d 15 and 35,one pig from each replicate was selected for sampling.The growth performance was monitored during a 35-day trial.In addition,H_(2)O_(2)-challenged IPEC-J2 cells served as an in vitro model to investigate the antioxidant mechanisms of PIC.IPEC-J2 cells were treated with 1,000μmol/L H_(2)O_(2)in the presence or absence of 10μmol/L PIC.Results Dietary PIC at 200 mg/kg significantly enhanced growth performance,as evidenced by increased average daily gain and feed conversion rate(P<0.05).PIC supplementation markedly improved systemic antioxidant capacity,with elevated serum total antioxidant capacity,catalase activity,and glutathione levels,along with reduced malondialdehyde content(P<0.05).Notably,PIC modulated the gut microbiota composition,increasing the amounts of beneficial genera(e.g.,Blautia and Faecalibacterium),and these microbial shifts significantly correlated with improved antioxidant indices.In vitro,PIC pretreatment effectively protected IPEC-J2 cells against H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage by reducing reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation(P<0.01).Mechanistically,PIC exerts its antioxidant effects through Nrf2 pathway activation,upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes(P<0.05)while simultaneously inhibiting apoptosis via the regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and caspase-3 cleavage(P<0.01).Conclusions PIC improved the growth performance and health status of weaned piglets through the regulation of Nrf2-mediated redox homeostasis and modulation of the related gut microbiota,offering a potential new natural antioxidants for mitigating weaning stress in piglets.展开更多
文摘Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development,with the ratio of ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))to nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))critically influencing physiological efficiency.This study investigated the effects of different NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N mass ratios(0︰1,3︰7,1︰1,7︰3,1︰0)and a no-nitrogen control on Zanthoxylum planispinum var.dintanensis seedlings,using NH_(4)Cl and NaNO_(3) as nitrogen sources.Key results revealed that a 3︰7 NH_(4)^(+)︰NO_(3)^(-)ratio(T2)significantly enhanced stomatal conductance(G_(s)),amino acid content,root tip number,and the photochemical quenching parameters q_(P),q_(L),ETR,and F_(v)/F_(m).This treatment also maximized ground diameter increment,chlorophyll content,intercellular CO_(2)concentration(C_(i)),transpiration rate(T_(r)),ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Rubisco)activity,nitrate reductase(NR)activity,and soluble protein content.Conversely,a 7︰3 ratio(T4)yielded the highest net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase(FBA)activity.Overall,the T4 treatment exhibited the second most effective promotion of Z.planispinum var.dintanensis seedling growth and development,after T2.In summary,mixed NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N nutrition markedly enhances seedling performance,with the 3︰7 ratio optimal for growth,photosynthesis,and nitrogen assimilation.Sole nitrogen sources,particularly pure NH_(4)^(+)-N,exert inhibitory effects.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1001700)the Unveiling and Leading Projects(2022kj05)+1 种基金Yafu Technology Innovation Team of Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry(2024kj02)the Innovation&Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Qingdao Agricultural University(QNDC20250149).
文摘As a pivotal environmental factor,light,comprising intensity,photoperiod,and spectrum,governs the entire life cycle of strawberries by mediating alterations in the plant’s morphological,physiological,and biochemical traits.Although extensive research has been conducted on light-mediated growth regulation in horticultural crops,most reviews focus primarily on leafy and fruiting vegetables,with limited attention given to berry crops such as strawberries.Additionally,most existing reviews concentrate on one or several growth stages,failing to systematically characterize light’s effects throughout the entire growth cycle and postharvest stage.This review briefly summarizes the regulatory roles of light across key stages of strawberry growth,including seedling propagation,vegetative growth,reproductive growth,and postharvest stages.It seeks to address the knowledge gap by systematically organizing research findings across these developmental phases.The integrated analysis provides a theoretical foundation for designing stage-specific lighting strategies to improve strawberry yield and quality.
文摘Chinese President Xi Jinping has guided China through a year of resilient growth via forward-looking reforms and innovation-driven transformation that is shaping the nation’s economic trajectory for 2026 and beyond.
基金funded by Scion's Strategic Science Investment Fund(SSIF)the Forest Growers Levy Trust(FGLT)through the Resilient Forests Programme(Task No.A89220)。
文摘Pinus radiata(D.Don)dominates New Zealand's forestry industry,constituting 91%of plantations,and is among the world's most important plantation species.Given the socio-economic and environmental importance of this species,it is important to have accurate and precise projections over time to make efficient decisions for forest management and greenfield investments in afforestation projects,especially for permanent carbon forests.Future projections of any natural resource systems rely on modeling;however,the acceleration of climate change makes future projections of yield less certain.These challenges also impact national expectations of the contribution planted forests will provide to address climate change and meet international commitments under the Paris Agreement.Using a large national-scale set of contemporary ground-measured data(2013–2023),this study investigates the performance of two growth models developed over 30 years ago that are widely used by NZ plantation growers:1)the Pumice Plateau Model 1988(PPM88)and 2)the 300-index(including a model variant of regional drift).Model simulations were made using the FORECASTER modeling suite with geographic boundaries to adjust for drift in space and time.Basal area(BA,m^(2)⋅ha^(-1))and volume(m^(3)⋅ha^(-1))were simulated,and standard errors and goodness-of-fit metrics calculated up to a typical rotation age of 30 years.Model residuals were then separated and analysed for the main plantation growing regions.The models overpredicted observed growth by between 6.8%and 16.2%,but model predictions and errors varied significantly between regions.The results of this study provided clear evidence of divergence between the outputs of both models and the measured data.Finally,this study suggests future measures to address challenges posed by these discrepancies that will provide better information for forest management and investment decisions in a changing climate.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFB4610803)。
文摘The fatigue crack growth rate of a novel Ti-6Al-4V-1Mo titanium alloy,which is developed for laser directed energy deposition technique,was investigated before and after cyclic heat treatment(CHT).Changes in microstructure,fracture surfaces,and crack growth paths were analyzed before and after CHT.Results indicate that in the stable crack growth region,the growth rates for the as-deposited and cyclic heat-treated specimens follow the relationships da/dN=1.8651×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.2271)and da/dN=1.4112×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.1125),respectively.Compared with that at the as-deposited state,the microstructure after CHT is transformed from a uniform basket-weave microstructure to a dual-phase microstructure consisting of near-sphericalαandβ-transformed matrix phases.The cyclic process also disrupts the continuity of the grain boundaryα(αGB)at the primaryβ-phase grain boundary.The coarsening of primaryαand the disruption ofαGB continuity are the primary factors to release stress concentration and promote crack deflection,thereby decreasing the fatigue crack growth rate.Additionally,the increased occurrence of crack branching,secondary cracking,and crack bridging in cyclic heat-treated specimens further reduces the crack driving force and slows the fatigue crack growth rate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42277448,42330501,41971104,and 41807431)。
文摘Intra-annual climatic variability plays a critical role in regulating wood formation dynamics during the growing season,particularly in seasonally arid regions—such as the Qinling Mountains,China,and Mediterranean forests—where trees exhibit bimodal radial growth patterns as an adaptive response to water stress.While these growth patterns reflect immediate climatic conditions,the role of ecological memory,specifically vegetation growth carryover(VGC)and lagged climate effects(LCEs),remains poorly quantified.We employed the Vaganov–Shashkin(VS)model to analyze intra-annual bimodal growth patterns in two regions and used a vector autoregressive model with impulse response functions to assess the duration and intensity of VGC and LCE on tree-ring growth and remote sensing vegetation indices(leaf area index(LAI)and gross primary productivity(GPP)).Our results revealed bimodal growth patterns with spring and autumn peaks,but the autumn peak occurred earlier in the Qinling Mountains(August–October)than in Mediterranean forests(late September–October).VGC exerted the strongest influence on tree-ring growth in the first year,diminishing significantly after eight years in both regions(p<0.01).Tree-ring growth exhibited positive LCE responses to precipitation and soil moisture but negative responses to temperature(p<0.05).Remote sensing indices(LAI and GPP)displayed stronger VGC effects in the Qinling Mountains than in Mediterranean forests.While both LAI and GPP responded positively to soil moisture,temperature-induced LCE was positive in the Qinling Mountains but negative in the Mediterranean forests(p<0.05).Overall,VGC was the dominant ecological memory effect in both regions.Our results suggest that coupling the VGC and LCE of multiple vegetation growth indicators at multiple scales has the potential to improve the accuracy of global dynamic vegetation models.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3608602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62404215 and 62574199)Instrument and Equipment Development Project of CAS(Grant No.PTYQ2024TD0003)。
文摘The synthesis of high-quality heteroepitaxial diamond films on iridium composite substrates is a critical step toward advancing diamond for electronic and optical applications.Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition,combined with in situ optical emission spectroscopy,enables precise control over growth modes through plasma parameter tuning.In this study,we examine how methane concentration,microwave power,and gas pressure influence plasma species and,consequently,the growth modes of heteroepitaxial diamond by optical emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope.At low nucleation densities,increased methane concentrations promote the transition from faceted polyhedral to ballas structures,driven by elevated C_(2) radical concentrations in the plasma.Conversely,at higher nucleation densities,gas pressure,and substrate temperature dominate growth mode determination,leading to diverse morphologies,such as planar,polycrystalline,octahedral,and step-flow growth.These findings elucidate the interplay among plasma species,growth parameters,and growth mode,offering critical insights for optimizing growth conditions and preparing heteroepitaxial diamond films in a specific growth mode.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379044,22472053)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23520710700)+6 种基金the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22239001)the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research(22TQ1400100-5)the ShanghaiMunicipal Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JKD01251505,JKVD1251041)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20250071)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials(18DZ2252400)the Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism(Shanghai Municipal Education Commission)。
文摘The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.
文摘Monforts dyeing and finishing technology customers from Pakistan had a formidable presence at the Heimtextil 2026 home and contract textiles exhibition,which attracted over 48,000 visitors to Frankfurt in Germany from January 13 to 16.They included key home furnishings suppliers such as Crestex,Faisal,Gohar,and Kausar Processing,all based in the Faisalabad region of the country,Karachi-based Al Karam,Adamjee,Liberty,Lucky and Rainbow,and Kohinoor,Nishat Chunian and Sapphire of Lahore,to name but a few.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong,China(No.2021SFGC0701)。
文摘The present study investigated the effects of varying protein source combinations and feeding strategies on the growth,health and organoleptic quality of the large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea).Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were formulated.The control diet was made with 62%fish meal(FM).The other two experimental diets were formulated by replacing 45%FM with 22.5%mealworm(TM)and 22.5%cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC),or with 22.5%TM and 22.5%Clostridium autoethanogenum protein(CAP),respectively.The three kinds of diet were named as A1,A2 and A3,respectively.Five groups of large yellow croaker were fed with two different strategies:the first three groups were continuously fed with A1,A2 and A3 diets,respectively.The fourth group was alternately fed with A1 and A2 diet every 5 days.The fifth group was alternately fed with A1 and A3diet every 5 days.The five groups were named D1,D2,D3,D1-2 and D1-3,respectively.Results showed that D2 and D3 groups exhibited significantly lower weight gain rate(WGR)and higher feed conversion ratios(FCR)compared to the D1 group.The D1-2 and D1-3 groups exhibited improved WGR and significantly reduced FCR compared to the D2 and D3 groups.The A2 and A3 diets significantly suppressed digestive enzymes'activities compared to A1,whereas alternate-feeding groups significantly enhanced the enzyme activities.Compared to the D1 group,D2 and D3 groups significantly downregulated mRNA expression levels of intestinal antiinflammatory cytokines and upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators.The anti-inflammatory abilities in the D1-2and D1-3 groups were significantly higher than those in the D2 and D3 groups.Additionally,diets containing TM+CAP and TM+CPC protein sources enhanced ventral redness and yellowness indices.Considering the growth,digestion,immunity and organoleptic quality of large yellow croaker,it is recommended to replace up to 45%of FM with TM+CPC and use an alternate-feeding strategy.
文摘With a perspective of interest in the modeling of dynamic processes, here we investigate various types of basic growth equations, which in their formulation quantify the change of the variables, the state, or the independent one, using balance equations in which the counts(aggregation-reduction) are of the multiplicative type. We enter the context of the “differential” equations typical of non-Newtonian calculations, such as geometric calculus, bi-geometric calculus, or the lesser-known logarithmic calculus, when we take the step to the limit. In these new possibilities of dynamic laws, we highlight the interpretive aspects. A particular case is to review the equivalents of the logistic equation of the standard calculation in the new accounting calculations, where we make graphical and semantic comparisons. Finally, the construction of a geometric type equation is exemplified, with applications inherent to the financial mathematics.
基金Supported by Central Government Guidance Funds for Local Science and Technology Development 2024(No.STKJ2024074).
文摘Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)is a hypothalamic releasing hormone that plays a crucial physiological role in regulating the synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones.In recent years,studies have found that GHRH possesses functions like antiinflammation,promoting cell proliferation,and facilitating cell migration.It participates in regulating the development of uveitis and diabetic retinopathy.Additionally,it also has an impact on the development of retinal ganglion cells by modulating the inflammatory response and mediating the immune response.Given the important roles of GHRH in ophthalmic diseases,elucidating the molecular regulation of the GHRH-GHRH receptor(GHRHR)signal and the innovative development of intervention pathways that directly or indirectly target GHRH serve as strong evidence of how basic research guides innovation and translation.In this review,research reports on GHRH in ophthalmic diseases including retinal diseases and uveitis were summarized and analyzed.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(25JRRA487)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42101072)the Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province(22YF7FA029).
文摘Tree growth variability is a key determinant of forest stabilities.Previous studies have shown that recent climate change has increased variability in tree growth,while others have challenged this viewpoint,leading to ongoing debate in this field.Moreover,gaps remain in understanding the climatic mechanisms driving increased tree growth variability,particularly for species simultaneously limited by multiple climate factors.In this study,we assessed the temporal trends in variability of Picea purpurea radial growth and its linkage with growth-climate sensitivity utilizing dendrochronological methods.Our results revealed a significant increase in P.purpurea radial growth variability from 1960 to 2020,as indicated by continuous rises in the standard deviation,coefficient of variation,and mean sensitivity of tree-ring width indices.The increased frequency of extreme growth declines further supported this finding.Furthermore,moisture condition in July was identified as a key limiting factor of P.purpurea growth.Notably,the strengthening relationship between tree-ring width indices and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)suggests that the moisture sensitivity for P.purpurea growth has increased over the period 1960-2020.This enhanced sensitivity to VPD,whose interannual variability has also increased synchronously,may have contributed to the rise in P.purpurea growth variability.Additionally,the maximum temperature in May was positively correlated with P.purpurea growth;however,there is little evidence that this factor contributed to the observed increase in growth variability.These findings provide new insights into P.purpurea growth trends and improve our understanding of the potential future impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems.
文摘Apparel exports China:The decline in exports widened from January to September(-2.4%,compared to-0.2%in January-June).Exports to the EU increased(+5.9%),though the growth rate moderated.Exports to the US saw a larger contraction(January-June:-1.6%,January-September:-8.2%).While exports to ASEAN countries still fell by over 10%(-17.7%),shipments to the Philippines(+6.9%),Indonesia(+19.0%),and Cambodia(+64.9%)demonstrated stronger growth performance within the year.Regarding tariffs,on October 30,China and the US agreed to lower the rates on goods subject to additional duties(effectively reducing the average tariff rate on Chinese imports to the US from about 57%to approximately 47%,though this remains significantly higher than the 19.5%overall average rate applied to other countries).
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China“Research on the Ecological Symbiotic Development and Dynamic Governance of Manufacturing Entrepreneurship Platform”[Grant No.22BGL048].
文摘Inclusive green growth(IGG)is a crucial pathway to high-quality economic development,with standardization serving as a key enabler.Standardization plays a critical role in reducing coordination costs and improving resource allocation efficiency by facilitating rule harmonization,factor integration,and collaborative governance.Examining IGG from a standardization perspective helps clarify the mechanisms through which economic,environmental,and social objectives can be jointly realized,and offers new insights into the institutionalized and sustainable pursuit of multiple development goals.However,how standardization promotes IGG by coordinating economic growth,environmental performance,and social equity remains insufficiently explored in the existing literature.Using panel data from 283 prefecture-level Chinese cities(2012-2021),this study treats the comprehensive standardization reform pilot as a quasi-natural experiment and applies a double machine-learning framework to test whether standardization promotes IGG.The analysis further explores the mediating roles of technological innovation,green finance,and employment quality,and examines heterogeneity across geographic location,resource endowment,industrial base,and city hierarchy.It also evaluates the regional coordination effects of standardization.Results show that standardization significantly advances IGG,though its impact varies by regional and structural characteristics.Standardization enhances IGG by strengthening innovation,expanding green finance,and improving job quality.Moreover,it helps bridge geographic divides,narrow interregional disparities,and enhance coordination.These findings offer empirical evidence for policymakers to design targeted standardization strategies that support sustainable and equitable urban development.
文摘China has set its economic growth target for 2026 in the range of 4.5-5 percent.After three consecutive years of aiming for growth of around 5 percent,the slightly adjusted range reflects a prudent assessment of a complex global environment while still signalling a commitment to stable development.
基金supported by an International Cooperation Key Plan of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2022KWZ-12)an Agricultural Science Innovation and Transformation Project of Shaanxi Province[Grant No.NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)12]a High-End Foreign Expert Recruitment Program(Grant No.G2022172006L).
文摘Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment and physiological activities of tomato seedlings in seedbeds by controlled experiments.The results indicated that airflow could enhance CO_(2) concentration near the seedling canopy,accelerate water evaporation from the seedling substrate,and reduce fluctuations in the temperature and humidity in microclimate.The photosynthetic rates of leaves at the 4th,7th,and 10th positions in seedlings subjected to airflow increased by 25.04%,8.23%,and 8.47%,respectively,whereas the transpiration rates increased by 15.59%,22.28%,and 13.26%,respectively when compared to the control group.Additionally,the strong seedling index of seedlings treated with airflow and exogenous iron element increased by 26.02%and 31.5%,respectively.Compared to seedlings treated with exogenous iron element,the geometric mean diameter of the pith tissue cells in the stems of seedlings subjected to airflow disturbance was reduced by approximately 18.66%,while the elastic modulus and bending strength of the stems increased by 10.01%and 5.89%,respectively.Similarly,the volume of root tissue cells decreased by 19.22%,but the elastic modulus of the roots increased by 6.46%.This study confirms that airflow significantly enhances seedling resilience to abiotic stress,yielding similar or better outcomes than exogenous iron application.It provides both theoretical and practical support for using airflow disturbance as a green technology for cultivating robust seedlings.
基金supported by the Sustainable Development Special Project from Shenzhen,China(KCXFZ20201221173213037)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172697 and U23A20229)+1 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2021A1515011336)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China(CAASZDRW202406)。
文摘Genetic improvement of meat production traits has always been the primary goal of pig breeding.Geographical isolation,natural and artificial selection led to significant differences in the phenotypes of meat production traits between Chinese local pigs and Western commercial pigs.Comparative genomics and transcriptomics analysis provided powerful tools to identify genetic variants and genes associated with skeletal muscle growth.However,the number of available genetic variants and genes are still limited.In this study,a comprehensive comparison of transcriptomes showed that ribosomal protein S27-like(RPS27L)gene was highly expressed in skeletal muscle and up-regulated in Chinese local pigs when compared with Western commercial pigs.Functional analysis revealed that overexpression of RPS27L promoted myoblast proliferation and repressed differentiation in pig skeletal muscle cells.Conversely,the knockdown of RPS27L led to the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and the promotion of differentiation.Notably,a 13-bp insertion-deletion(InDel)mutation was identified within the RPS27L promoter,inserted in Chinese local breeds and predominantly deleted in Western commercial breeds.Luciferase reporter assay suggested this InDel modulated RPS27L expression by influencing transcription factor 3(TCF3)and myogenic differentiation antigen(MYOD)binding to the promoter.Furthermore,a positive correlation was observed between RPS27L expression and backfat thickness.Association studies demonstrated this InDel was significantly associated with the body weight of pigs at the age of 240 d.Together,our results suggested that RPS27L was a regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth,and was a candidate marker for improving meat production traits in pigs.This study not only provided a biomarker for animal breeding,but also was helpful for understanding skeletal muscle development and muscular disease in humans.
基金financially supported by the Innovation Capacity Building—Science and Technology Research Project of BAAFS(grant No.KJCX20251005)the Special Program on Science and Technology Innovation Capacity Building of BAAFS(grant No.KJCX 20240339)the National Key R&D Program of China(grant No.2022YFD130040311)。
文摘Background Piglets are highly susceptible to oxidative stress,which can reduce growth performance and cause intestinal damage.Piceatannol(PIC),a natural bioactive substance enriched in Chinese rhubarb(Rheum officinale)and certain dark purple fruits,shows excellent antioxidant properties in our previous cell-based high-throughput screening.However,its effect on piglet growth performance and antioxidant capacity as well as underling mechanism has not been thoroughly investigated.Methods One hundred weaned pigs(28 days of age,8.71±0.20 kg)were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 5 pigs per replicate.The experimental diets consisted of:1)basal diet,2)basal diet+100 mg/kg PIC,3)basal diet+200 mg/kg PIC,and 4)basal diet+300 mg/kg PIC.On d 15 and 35,one pig from each replicate was selected for sampling.The growth performance was monitored during a 35-day trial.In addition,H_(2)O_(2)-challenged IPEC-J2 cells served as an in vitro model to investigate the antioxidant mechanisms of PIC.IPEC-J2 cells were treated with 1,000μmol/L H_(2)O_(2)in the presence or absence of 10μmol/L PIC.Results Dietary PIC at 200 mg/kg significantly enhanced growth performance,as evidenced by increased average daily gain and feed conversion rate(P<0.05).PIC supplementation markedly improved systemic antioxidant capacity,with elevated serum total antioxidant capacity,catalase activity,and glutathione levels,along with reduced malondialdehyde content(P<0.05).Notably,PIC modulated the gut microbiota composition,increasing the amounts of beneficial genera(e.g.,Blautia and Faecalibacterium),and these microbial shifts significantly correlated with improved antioxidant indices.In vitro,PIC pretreatment effectively protected IPEC-J2 cells against H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage by reducing reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation(P<0.01).Mechanistically,PIC exerts its antioxidant effects through Nrf2 pathway activation,upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes(P<0.05)while simultaneously inhibiting apoptosis via the regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and caspase-3 cleavage(P<0.01).Conclusions PIC improved the growth performance and health status of weaned piglets through the regulation of Nrf2-mediated redox homeostasis and modulation of the related gut microbiota,offering a potential new natural antioxidants for mitigating weaning stress in piglets.
