柬埔寨的一个小孩在河里活捉了一条小鱼,不慎,小鱼一个挣扎,从小孩手中滑脱,结果落到小孩嘴中,卡在喉咙,小孩因此不治身亡。Accidents canhappen at any time.是文末的慨叹。文虽短,但有两个语言难点。一是标题中的形容词prized如何理解...柬埔寨的一个小孩在河里活捉了一条小鱼,不慎,小鱼一个挣扎,从小孩手中滑脱,结果落到小孩嘴中,卡在喉咙,小孩因此不治身亡。Accidents canhappen at any time.是文末的慨叹。文虽短,但有两个语言难点。一是标题中的形容词prized如何理解?prize有“捕获”的意思,如:The ship was prized for vio-lating neutrality./那艘船因违犯中立而被捕获。如此理解也许不对,分析请读文内注释;二是文中出现where it became stuck because of barbs running down itsback.这里的barb有“鱼钩”的意思,但是,根据上下文,大概也不能如此理解,如何理解也请看文内注释。读者若有不同看法,可发email给我们。展开更多
Xiamen,China-June 22-25,2025-The 2nd International Symposium on AI for Electrochemistry(iSAIEC 2025)was grandly held at Xiamen University.The International Society of Electrochemistry(ISE)first joining as a co-organiz...Xiamen,China-June 22-25,2025-The 2nd International Symposium on AI for Electrochemistry(iSAIEC 2025)was grandly held at Xiamen University.The International Society of Electrochemistry(ISE)first joining as a co-organizer supports"Poster Prize"to honor outstanding contributions from young researchers.展开更多
On January 16,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)awarded the winners for its annual prizes,including the Outstanding S&T Achievement Prizes,Young Scientist Prizes,and International S&T Cooperation Prizes.Also...On January 16,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)awarded the winners for its annual prizes,including the Outstanding S&T Achievement Prizes,Young Scientist Prizes,and International S&T Cooperation Prizes.Also granted were the titles of“Scientists of the Year”and the“Research Teams of the Year”.展开更多
特纳奖(Turner Prize)是英国当代艺术的重要奖项,自1984年设立以来一直受到广泛关注。主办方以威廉·特纳(J. M. W. Turner)为奖项命名,显然是想让这位英国浪漫主义先驱的革新思想成为英国当代艺术自由意志的精神导师,以鼓励那些在...特纳奖(Turner Prize)是英国当代艺术的重要奖项,自1984年设立以来一直受到广泛关注。主办方以威廉·特纳(J. M. W. Turner)为奖项命名,显然是想让这位英国浪漫主义先驱的革新思想成为英国当代艺术自由意志的精神导师,以鼓励那些在当代艺术中不断突破固有思维的先锋艺术家。每年,评审团会从英国及全球艺术家中选出四位入围者,再从中评出一位获奖者,以奖金支持其艺术创作。特纳奖历史上,达明·赫斯特(Damien Hirst)和翠西·艾敏(Tracey Emin)都曾以颇具争议的作品入围或获得过特纳奖,可以说,这个奖项见证与推动了英国当代艺术的发展。展开更多
A man is driving down a country road,when he spots a farmer standing in the middle of a huge field of grass.He pulls the car over to the side of the road and notices that the farmer is just standing there, doing nothi...A man is driving down a country road,when he spots a farmer standing in the middle of a huge field of grass.He pulls the car over to the side of the road and notices that the farmer is just standing there, doing nothing,looking at nothing.展开更多
TO THE EDITORPeptic ulcer disease is a major health care concern in the society today, in view of personal suffering as well as economical health care costs.
Purpose： This paper develops and validates a bibliometric framework for identifying the ＂princes＂ （PR） who wake up the ＂sleeping beauty＂ （SB） in challenge-type scientific discoveries, so as to figure out the ...Purpose： This paper develops and validates a bibliometric framework for identifying the ＂princes＂ （PR） who wake up the ＂sleeping beauty＂ （SB） in challenge-type scientific discoveries, so as to figure out the awakening mechanisms, and promote potentially valuable but not readily accepted innovative research. （A PR is a research study.） Design/methodology/approach： We propose that PR candidates must meet the following four criteria： （1） be published near the time when the SB began to attract a lot of citations; （2） be highly cited papers themselves; （3） receive a substantial number of co-citations with the SB; and （4） within the challenge-type discoveries which contradict established theories, the ＂pulling effect＂ of the PR on the SB must be strong. We test the usefulness of the bibliometric framework through a case study of a key publication by the 2014 chemistry Nobel laureate Stefan W. Hell, who negated Ernst Abbe＇s diffraction limit theory, one of the most prominent paradigms in the natural sciences. Findings： The first-ranked candidate PR article identified by the bibliometric framework is in line with historical facts. An SB may need one or more PRs and even ＂retinues＂ to be ＂awakened.＂ Documents with potential awakening functionality tend to be published in prestigious multidisciplinary journals with higher impact and wider scope than the journals publishing SBs. Research limitations： The above framework is only applicable to transformative innovations, and the conclusions are drawn from the analysis of one typical SB and her awakening process. Therefore the generality of our work might be limited. Practical implications： Publications belonging to so-called transformative research, even when less frequently cited, should be given special attention as early as possible, because they may suddenly attract many citations after a period of sleep, as reflected in our case study.Originality/value： The definition of PR（s） as the first paper（s） that cited the SB article （self- citing excluded） has its limitations. Instead, the SB-PR co-citations should be given priority in current environment of scholarly communication. Since the ＂premature＂ or＂transformative＂ breakthroughs in the challenge-type SB documents are either beyond the current knowledge domain, or violate established paradigms, people＇s psychological distance from the SB is larger than that from the PR, which explains why the annual citations of the PR are usually higher than those of the SB, especially prior to or during the SB＇s citation boom period.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to develop a system for tissue culture and rapid propagation of two ornamental lupins, Minaretie and Russell Prize. In view of screening out the better explant regeneration and suitable cu...The purpose of this paper is to develop a system for tissue culture and rapid propagation of two ornamental lupins, Minaretie and Russell Prize. In view of screening out the better explant regeneration and suitable culture medium, through adding hormone 6-BA, NAA and 2, 4-D into MS and B5 basic culture medium, a series of experiments were carried out with the shoot tips, leaves, leaf petioles and stems from the asepsis seedling. The results showed that the shoot tips had favorableness on the rapidly propagation; MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg. L-1 for first generation, the induction rate of Minaretie and Russell Prize was 90.5% and 95.86% respectivdy; Minaretie had the highest propagation index （6.35） on MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg.L^-1＋NAA 0 mg-L^-1＋GA 30.8 mg. L^1＋AC 2 g. L^-1, but Russell Prize had the highest propagation index （7.24） on MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg.L^-1＋NAA 0.15 mg.L^-1＋GA3 1.0 mg.L^-1＋AC 0.5 g.L^-1; 1/2 MS＋NAA 0.25 mg.L^-1 was the best rooting medium. The ratios of getting roots of Minaretie and Russell Prize were 94.78% and 96.32%, respectively.展开更多
The discovery of hepatitis C has been a landmark in public health as it brought the opportunity to save millions of lives through the diagnosis,prevention and cure of the disease.The combined work of three researchers...The discovery of hepatitis C has been a landmark in public health as it brought the opportunity to save millions of lives through the diagnosis,prevention and cure of the disease.The combined work of three researchers,Alter H,Houghton M and Rice C,which set the basis for the diagnosis,treatment and prevention of hepatitis C apart from laying the ground work for a new approach to study infections in general and developing new antiviral agents.This is a story of a transfusion-associated infection.A series of clinical studies demonstrated the existence of an infectious agent associated with hepatitis.That was followed by the identification of what was later known to be the hepatitis C virus(HCV)and the development of diagnostic tests.It all preceded the full molecular identification and demonstration of a causal effect.Finally it ended up with the development and discovery of a new class of therapeutic drugs,the direct acting antivirals,which are now used not only to cure the disease but most probably,to eliminate the problem.This work started with Dr Alter H who demonstrated that a new virus was responsible for the majority of post-transfusion hepatitis followed by Houghton M who cloned the virus and developed the blood test to identify those cases that carried the virus.Finally,the work of Rice C demonstrated that a cloned HCV produced after applying molecular biology techniques could cause long-standing infection and cause the same disease as the one observed in humans.展开更多
Purpose:In recent decades,with the availability of large-scale scientific corpus datasets,difference-in-difference(DID)is increasingly used in the science of science and bibliometrics studies.DID method outputs the un...Purpose:In recent decades,with the availability of large-scale scientific corpus datasets,difference-in-difference(DID)is increasingly used in the science of science and bibliometrics studies.DID method outputs the unbiased estimation on condition that several hypotheses hold,especially the common trend assumption.In this paper,we gave a systematic demonstration of DID in the science of science,and the potential ways to improve the accuracy of DID method.Design/methodology/approach:At first,we reviewed the statistical assumptions,the model specification,and the application procedures of DID method.Second,to improve the necessary assumptions before conducting DID regression and the accuracy of estimation,we introduced some matching techniques serving as the pre-selecting step for DID design by matching control individuals who are equivalent to those treated ones on observational variables before the intervention.Lastly,we performed a case study to estimate the effects of prizewinning on the scientific performance of Nobel laureates,by comparing the yearly citation impact after the prizewinning year between Nobel laureates and their prizewinning-work coauthors.Findings:We introduced the procedures to conduct a DID estimation and demonstrated the effectiveness to use matching method to improve the results.As a case study,we found that there are no significant increases in citations for Nobel laureates compared to their prizewinning coauthors.Research limitations:This study ignored the rigorous mathematical deduction parts of DID,while focused on the practical parts.Practical implications:This work gives experimental practice and potential guidelines to use DID method in science of science and bibliometrics studies.Originality/value:This study gains insights into the usage of econometric tools in science of science.展开更多
The Szent-Gyorgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research is a prestigious scientific award established by the National Foundation for Cancer Research(NFCR)—a leading cancer research charitable organization in the Unit...The Szent-Gyorgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research is a prestigious scientific award established by the National Foundation for Cancer Research(NFCR)—a leading cancer research charitable organization in the United States that is committed to supporting scientific research and public education relating to the prevention,early diagnosis,better treatments,and ultimately,a cure for cancer.Each year,the Szent-Gyorgyi Prize honors an outstanding researcher,nominated by colleagues or peers,who has contributed outstanding,significant research to the fight against cancer,and whose accomplishments have helped improve treatment options for cancer patients.The Prize also promotes public awareness of the importance of basic cancer research and encourages the sustained investment needed to accelerate the translation of these research discoveries into new cancer treatments.This report highlights the pioneering work led by the 2015 Prize winner,Dr.Frederick Alt.Dr.Alt's work in the area of cancer genetics over four decades has helped to shape the very roots of modern cancer research.His work continues to profoundly impact the approaches that doctors around the globe use to diagnose and treat cancer.In particular,his seminal discoveries of gene amplification and his pioneering work on molecular mechanisms of DNA damage repair have helped to usher in the era of genetically targeted therapy and personalized medicine.展开更多
The editorial board of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine recently convened an academic seminar with a focus on studies regarding the mechanisms mediating acupuncture efficacy and moxibustion action inspired by the 2021 ...The editorial board of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine recently convened an academic seminar with a focus on studies regarding the mechanisms mediating acupuncture efficacy and moxibustion action inspired by the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Specifically,Professor Bailong Xiao introduced the Nobel Prize for research on the mechanically activated Piezo ion channel,evaluating the structure of the Piezo channel and its physiological and pathological functions,and proposed a possible role for the Piezo channel in acupuncture mechanical stimulation.Professor Michael Xi Zhu introduced the discovery of the transient receptor potential(TRP)family,reporting that the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine and acupuncture may be achieved via the TRP family,and that information regarding associations between the meridian and lymphatic systems may have important research and medical value.In addition,Professor Tianle Xu reviewed the history of ion channel research,particularly the physiological and pharmacological effects of non-classical ion channels(eg,the acid sensing ion channel family)and pointed out that the characterization and neural circuits of acupuncture deqi manipulation are important for elucidating the mechanisms of acupuncture actions.Professor Yongming Li similarly proposed that the 2021 Nobel Prize may open the door to disclosing the histological basis of acupuncture and moxibustion and analyzing the main scientific concerns regarding the clinical translation of acupuncture and moxibustion from basic to translational research.Finally,Professor Yi Guo summarized the study progress of the acupoint microenvironment induced by acupuncture over the course of nearly 30 years and put forward the hypothesis that acupuncture may initiate the physical-chemical coupling network by activating ion channel receptors in acupoints via physical and mechanical stimulation.Therefore,we conclude that a primary achievement of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is in helping interpret how acupuncture and moxibustion adjust homeostasis(ie,by activating mechanical and thermal sensation),which is conducive to validating and promoting the clinical efficacy of acupuncture modalities.展开更多
Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-202...Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.展开更多
Purpose:This article aims to determine the percentage of"Sparking"articles among the work of this year’s Nobel Prize winners in medicine,physics,and chemistry.Design/methodology/approach:We focus on under-c...Purpose:This article aims to determine the percentage of"Sparking"articles among the work of this year’s Nobel Prize winners in medicine,physics,and chemistry.Design/methodology/approach:We focus on under-cited influential research among the key publications as mentioned by the Nobel Prize Committee for the 2020 Noble Prize laureates.Specifically,we extracted data from the Web of Science,and calculated the Sparking Indices using the formulas as proposed by Hu and Rousseau in 2016 and 2017.In addition,we identified another type of igniting articles based on the notion in 2017.Findings:In the fields of medicine and physics,the proportions of articles with sparking characteristics share 78.571%and 68.75%respectively,yet,in chemistry 90%articles characterized by"igniting".Moreover,the two types of articles share more than 93%in the work of the Nobel Prize included in this study.Research limitations:Our research did not cover the impact of topic,socio-political,and author’s reputation on the Sparking Indices.Practical implications:Our study shows that the Sparking Indices truly reflect influence of the best research work,so it can be used to detect under-cited influential articles,as well as identifying fundamental work.Originality/value:Our findings suggest that the Sparking Indices have good applicability for research evaluation.展开更多
The original online version of this article (Durmagambetov, A.A. (2016) The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 915-920. 10.4236/apm.2016.612069) unfortunately contains a mist...The original online version of this article (Durmagambetov, A.A. (2016) The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 915-920. 10.4236/apm.2016.612069) unfortunately contains a mistake. The author wishes to correct the errors in Theorem 2 of the result part.展开更多
作为科学界最高的奖项,从1901年开始,诺贝尔奖(the Nobel Prize)已经走过100年了。从2001年10月8日起诺贝尔委员会(the Nobel Committee)开始公布本年度诺贝尔所有奖项获得者,目前各奖项已经全部揭晓。医学或生理学奖、物理学奖、化学...作为科学界最高的奖项,从1901年开始,诺贝尔奖(the Nobel Prize)已经走过100年了。从2001年10月8日起诺贝尔委员会(the Nobel Committee)开始公布本年度诺贝尔所有奖项获得者,目前各奖项已经全部揭晓。医学或生理学奖、物理学奖、化学奖、经济学奖、文学奖、和平奖各有得主。今年每项诺贝尔奖奖金(prize money)为1000万瑞典克朗(krona),相当于94.3万美元。现将各奖项获得者和公布日期等相关资料介绍如下:展开更多
In this work, we present our theory and principles of the mathematical foundations of Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) astrophysics and cosmology which follow from a mathematical interpretation of experimental data in a Lob...In this work, we present our theory and principles of the mathematical foundations of Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) astrophysics and cosmology which follow from a mathematical interpretation of experimental data in a Lobachevskian non-expanding Universe. Several new scientific formulas of practical significance for astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology are presented. A new method of calculating (from experimental data) the curvature of a Lobachevskian Universe is given, resulting in an estimated curvature-K on the order of 10−52 m−2. Our model also estimates the radius of the non-expanding Lobachevskian Universe in a Poincare ball model as approximately 14.9 bly. A rigorous theoretical explanation in terms of the fixed Lobachevskian geometry of a non-expanding Universe is provided for experimental data acquired in the Supernova Project, showing an excellent agreement between experimental data and our theoretical formulas. We present new geometric equations relating brightness dimming and redshift, and employ them to fully explain the erroneous reasoning and erroneous conclusions of Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess and the 2011 Nobel Prize Committee regarding “accelerated expansion” of the Universe. We demonstrate that experimental data acquired in deep space astrophysics when interpreted in terms of Euclidean geometry will result in illusions of space expansion: an illusion of “linear space expansion”—Hubble, and an illusion of “accelerated (non-linear) space expansion”—Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess.展开更多
The 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to two immunologists, James P. Allison at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and Tasuku Honjo at Kyoto University in Japan, who pioneered a n...The 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to two immunologists, James P. Allison at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and Tasuku Honjo at Kyoto University in Japan, who pioneered a new way to treat cancers (Ledford et al. 2018).展开更多
文摘柬埔寨的一个小孩在河里活捉了一条小鱼,不慎,小鱼一个挣扎,从小孩手中滑脱,结果落到小孩嘴中,卡在喉咙,小孩因此不治身亡。Accidents canhappen at any time.是文末的慨叹。文虽短,但有两个语言难点。一是标题中的形容词prized如何理解?prize有“捕获”的意思,如:The ship was prized for vio-lating neutrality./那艘船因违犯中立而被捕获。如此理解也许不对,分析请读文内注释;二是文中出现where it became stuck because of barbs running down itsback.这里的barb有“鱼钩”的意思,但是,根据上下文,大概也不能如此理解,如何理解也请看文内注释。读者若有不同看法,可发email给我们。
文摘Xiamen,China-June 22-25,2025-The 2nd International Symposium on AI for Electrochemistry(iSAIEC 2025)was grandly held at Xiamen University.The International Society of Electrochemistry(ISE)first joining as a co-organizer supports"Poster Prize"to honor outstanding contributions from young researchers.
文摘On January 16,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)awarded the winners for its annual prizes,including the Outstanding S&T Achievement Prizes,Young Scientist Prizes,and International S&T Cooperation Prizes.Also granted were the titles of“Scientists of the Year”and the“Research Teams of the Year”.
文摘特纳奖(Turner Prize)是英国当代艺术的重要奖项,自1984年设立以来一直受到广泛关注。主办方以威廉·特纳(J. M. W. Turner)为奖项命名,显然是想让这位英国浪漫主义先驱的革新思想成为英国当代艺术自由意志的精神导师,以鼓励那些在当代艺术中不断突破固有思维的先锋艺术家。每年,评审团会从英国及全球艺术家中选出四位入围者,再从中评出一位获奖者,以奖金支持其艺术创作。特纳奖历史上,达明·赫斯特(Damien Hirst)和翠西·艾敏(Tracey Emin)都曾以颇具争议的作品入围或获得过特纳奖,可以说,这个奖项见证与推动了英国当代艺术的发展。
文摘A man is driving down a country road,when he spots a farmer standing in the middle of a huge field of grass.He pulls the car over to the side of the road and notices that the farmer is just standing there, doing nothing,looking at nothing.
文摘TO THE EDITORPeptic ulcer disease is a major health care concern in the society today, in view of personal suffering as well as economical health care costs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:71373252)the Project from Institute of Medical Information of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(Grant No.:14R0106)
文摘Purpose： This paper develops and validates a bibliometric framework for identifying the ＂princes＂ （PR） who wake up the ＂sleeping beauty＂ （SB） in challenge-type scientific discoveries, so as to figure out the awakening mechanisms, and promote potentially valuable but not readily accepted innovative research. （A PR is a research study.） Design/methodology/approach： We propose that PR candidates must meet the following four criteria： （1） be published near the time when the SB began to attract a lot of citations; （2） be highly cited papers themselves; （3） receive a substantial number of co-citations with the SB; and （4） within the challenge-type discoveries which contradict established theories, the ＂pulling effect＂ of the PR on the SB must be strong. We test the usefulness of the bibliometric framework through a case study of a key publication by the 2014 chemistry Nobel laureate Stefan W. Hell, who negated Ernst Abbe＇s diffraction limit theory, one of the most prominent paradigms in the natural sciences. Findings： The first-ranked candidate PR article identified by the bibliometric framework is in line with historical facts. An SB may need one or more PRs and even ＂retinues＂ to be ＂awakened.＂ Documents with potential awakening functionality tend to be published in prestigious multidisciplinary journals with higher impact and wider scope than the journals publishing SBs. Research limitations： The above framework is only applicable to transformative innovations, and the conclusions are drawn from the analysis of one typical SB and her awakening process. Therefore the generality of our work might be limited. Practical implications： Publications belonging to so-called transformative research, even when less frequently cited, should be given special attention as early as possible, because they may suddenly attract many citations after a period of sleep, as reflected in our case study.Originality/value： The definition of PR（s） as the first paper（s） that cited the SB article （self- citing excluded） has its limitations. Instead, the SB-PR co-citations should be given priority in current environment of scholarly communication. Since the ＂premature＂ or＂transformative＂ breakthroughs in the challenge-type SB documents are either beyond the current knowledge domain, or violate established paradigms, people＇s psychological distance from the SB is larger than that from the PR, which explains why the annual citations of the PR are usually higher than those of the SB, especially prior to or during the SB＇s citation boom period.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to develop a system for tissue culture and rapid propagation of two ornamental lupins, Minaretie and Russell Prize. In view of screening out the better explant regeneration and suitable culture medium, through adding hormone 6-BA, NAA and 2, 4-D into MS and B5 basic culture medium, a series of experiments were carried out with the shoot tips, leaves, leaf petioles and stems from the asepsis seedling. The results showed that the shoot tips had favorableness on the rapidly propagation; MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg. L-1 for first generation, the induction rate of Minaretie and Russell Prize was 90.5% and 95.86% respectivdy; Minaretie had the highest propagation index （6.35） on MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg.L^-1＋NAA 0 mg-L^-1＋GA 30.8 mg. L^1＋AC 2 g. L^-1, but Russell Prize had the highest propagation index （7.24） on MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg.L^-1＋NAA 0.15 mg.L^-1＋GA3 1.0 mg.L^-1＋AC 0.5 g.L^-1; 1/2 MS＋NAA 0.25 mg.L^-1 was the best rooting medium. The ratios of getting roots of Minaretie and Russell Prize were 94.78% and 96.32%, respectively.
文摘The discovery of hepatitis C has been a landmark in public health as it brought the opportunity to save millions of lives through the diagnosis,prevention and cure of the disease.The combined work of three researchers,Alter H,Houghton M and Rice C,which set the basis for the diagnosis,treatment and prevention of hepatitis C apart from laying the ground work for a new approach to study infections in general and developing new antiviral agents.This is a story of a transfusion-associated infection.A series of clinical studies demonstrated the existence of an infectious agent associated with hepatitis.That was followed by the identification of what was later known to be the hepatitis C virus(HCV)and the development of diagnostic tests.It all preceded the full molecular identification and demonstration of a causal effect.Finally it ended up with the development and discovery of a new class of therapeutic drugs,the direct acting antivirals,which are now used not only to cure the disease but most probably,to eliminate the problem.This work started with Dr Alter H who demonstrated that a new virus was responsible for the majority of post-transfusion hepatitis followed by Houghton M who cloned the virus and developed the blood test to identify those cases that carried the virus.Finally,the work of Rice C demonstrated that a cloned HCV produced after applying molecular biology techniques could cause long-standing infection and cause the same disease as the one observed in humans.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,with No.NSFC62006109 and NSFC12031005.
文摘Purpose:In recent decades,with the availability of large-scale scientific corpus datasets,difference-in-difference(DID)is increasingly used in the science of science and bibliometrics studies.DID method outputs the unbiased estimation on condition that several hypotheses hold,especially the common trend assumption.In this paper,we gave a systematic demonstration of DID in the science of science,and the potential ways to improve the accuracy of DID method.Design/methodology/approach:At first,we reviewed the statistical assumptions,the model specification,and the application procedures of DID method.Second,to improve the necessary assumptions before conducting DID regression and the accuracy of estimation,we introduced some matching techniques serving as the pre-selecting step for DID design by matching control individuals who are equivalent to those treated ones on observational variables before the intervention.Lastly,we performed a case study to estimate the effects of prizewinning on the scientific performance of Nobel laureates,by comparing the yearly citation impact after the prizewinning year between Nobel laureates and their prizewinning-work coauthors.Findings:We introduced the procedures to conduct a DID estimation and demonstrated the effectiveness to use matching method to improve the results.As a case study,we found that there are no significant increases in citations for Nobel laureates compared to their prizewinning coauthors.Research limitations:This study ignored the rigorous mathematical deduction parts of DID,while focused on the practical parts.Practical implications:This work gives experimental practice and potential guidelines to use DID method in science of science and bibliometrics studies.Originality/value:This study gains insights into the usage of econometric tools in science of science.
文摘The Szent-Gyorgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research is a prestigious scientific award established by the National Foundation for Cancer Research(NFCR)—a leading cancer research charitable organization in the United States that is committed to supporting scientific research and public education relating to the prevention,early diagnosis,better treatments,and ultimately,a cure for cancer.Each year,the Szent-Gyorgyi Prize honors an outstanding researcher,nominated by colleagues or peers,who has contributed outstanding,significant research to the fight against cancer,and whose accomplishments have helped improve treatment options for cancer patients.The Prize also promotes public awareness of the importance of basic cancer research and encourages the sustained investment needed to accelerate the translation of these research discoveries into new cancer treatments.This report highlights the pioneering work led by the 2015 Prize winner,Dr.Frederick Alt.Dr.Alt's work in the area of cancer genetics over four decades has helped to shape the very roots of modern cancer research.His work continues to profoundly impact the approaches that doctors around the globe use to diagnose and treat cancer.In particular,his seminal discoveries of gene amplification and his pioneering work on molecular mechanisms of DNA damage repair have helped to usher in the era of genetically targeted therapy and personalized medicine.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82030125 and 81873369)。
文摘The editorial board of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine recently convened an academic seminar with a focus on studies regarding the mechanisms mediating acupuncture efficacy and moxibustion action inspired by the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Specifically,Professor Bailong Xiao introduced the Nobel Prize for research on the mechanically activated Piezo ion channel,evaluating the structure of the Piezo channel and its physiological and pathological functions,and proposed a possible role for the Piezo channel in acupuncture mechanical stimulation.Professor Michael Xi Zhu introduced the discovery of the transient receptor potential(TRP)family,reporting that the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine and acupuncture may be achieved via the TRP family,and that information regarding associations between the meridian and lymphatic systems may have important research and medical value.In addition,Professor Tianle Xu reviewed the history of ion channel research,particularly the physiological and pharmacological effects of non-classical ion channels(eg,the acid sensing ion channel family)and pointed out that the characterization and neural circuits of acupuncture deqi manipulation are important for elucidating the mechanisms of acupuncture actions.Professor Yongming Li similarly proposed that the 2021 Nobel Prize may open the door to disclosing the histological basis of acupuncture and moxibustion and analyzing the main scientific concerns regarding the clinical translation of acupuncture and moxibustion from basic to translational research.Finally,Professor Yi Guo summarized the study progress of the acupoint microenvironment induced by acupuncture over the course of nearly 30 years and put forward the hypothesis that acupuncture may initiate the physical-chemical coupling network by activating ion channel receptors in acupoints via physical and mechanical stimulation.Therefore,we conclude that a primary achievement of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is in helping interpret how acupuncture and moxibustion adjust homeostasis(ie,by activating mechanical and thermal sensation),which is conducive to validating and promoting the clinical efficacy of acupuncture modalities.
文摘Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant numbers:71974167 and 71573225。
文摘Purpose:This article aims to determine the percentage of"Sparking"articles among the work of this year’s Nobel Prize winners in medicine,physics,and chemistry.Design/methodology/approach:We focus on under-cited influential research among the key publications as mentioned by the Nobel Prize Committee for the 2020 Noble Prize laureates.Specifically,we extracted data from the Web of Science,and calculated the Sparking Indices using the formulas as proposed by Hu and Rousseau in 2016 and 2017.In addition,we identified another type of igniting articles based on the notion in 2017.Findings:In the fields of medicine and physics,the proportions of articles with sparking characteristics share 78.571%and 68.75%respectively,yet,in chemistry 90%articles characterized by"igniting".Moreover,the two types of articles share more than 93%in the work of the Nobel Prize included in this study.Research limitations:Our research did not cover the impact of topic,socio-political,and author’s reputation on the Sparking Indices.Practical implications:Our study shows that the Sparking Indices truly reflect influence of the best research work,so it can be used to detect under-cited influential articles,as well as identifying fundamental work.Originality/value:Our findings suggest that the Sparking Indices have good applicability for research evaluation.
文摘The original online version of this article (Durmagambetov, A.A. (2016) The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 915-920. 10.4236/apm.2016.612069) unfortunately contains a mistake. The author wishes to correct the errors in Theorem 2 of the result part.
文摘作为科学界最高的奖项,从1901年开始,诺贝尔奖(the Nobel Prize)已经走过100年了。从2001年10月8日起诺贝尔委员会(the Nobel Committee)开始公布本年度诺贝尔所有奖项获得者,目前各奖项已经全部揭晓。医学或生理学奖、物理学奖、化学奖、经济学奖、文学奖、和平奖各有得主。今年每项诺贝尔奖奖金(prize money)为1000万瑞典克朗(krona),相当于94.3万美元。现将各奖项获得者和公布日期等相关资料介绍如下:
文摘In this work, we present our theory and principles of the mathematical foundations of Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) astrophysics and cosmology which follow from a mathematical interpretation of experimental data in a Lobachevskian non-expanding Universe. Several new scientific formulas of practical significance for astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology are presented. A new method of calculating (from experimental data) the curvature of a Lobachevskian Universe is given, resulting in an estimated curvature-K on the order of 10−52 m−2. Our model also estimates the radius of the non-expanding Lobachevskian Universe in a Poincare ball model as approximately 14.9 bly. A rigorous theoretical explanation in terms of the fixed Lobachevskian geometry of a non-expanding Universe is provided for experimental data acquired in the Supernova Project, showing an excellent agreement between experimental data and our theoretical formulas. We present new geometric equations relating brightness dimming and redshift, and employ them to fully explain the erroneous reasoning and erroneous conclusions of Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess and the 2011 Nobel Prize Committee regarding “accelerated expansion” of the Universe. We demonstrate that experimental data acquired in deep space astrophysics when interpreted in terms of Euclidean geometry will result in illusions of space expansion: an illusion of “linear space expansion”—Hubble, and an illusion of “accelerated (non-linear) space expansion”—Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91742114 and 91642118)the National Scientific and Technological Major Project of China (2017ZX10202203)the Integrated Innovative Team for Major Human Diseases Program of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and the Sino-German Virtual Institute for Viral Immunology
文摘The 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to two immunologists, James P. Allison at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and Tasuku Honjo at Kyoto University in Japan, who pioneered a new way to treat cancers (Ledford et al. 2018).
