An increase in energy efficiency and a reduction of carbon emissions in buildings are prerequisites for mitigating climate change. Public buildings should be energy-refurbished for minimizing their energy use, complyi...An increase in energy efficiency and a reduction of carbon emissions in buildings are prerequisites for mitigating climate change. Public buildings should be energy-refurbished for minimizing their energy use, complying with EU legislation and directives. The creation of net zero carbon emissions prisons in Crete, Greece with reference to the agricultural prison of Agia has been examined. The prison’s capacity is 178 offenders and the annual energy consumption has been estimated at 4000 KWh/prisoner. The use of a solar thermal system for hot water production and a solar-PV system for electricity generation has been proposed for generating the energy required in the prison. Two scenarios have been examined. In the first, the two solar energy systems would generate all the required energy in the prison, while in the second, the two solar energy systems would generate 50% of the annual required energy in the prison, and the rest would be produced by fossil fuels. A tree plantation, either with olive trees or with Eucalyptus trees, would be created for offsetting the carbon emissions due to fossil fuels used in the prison. The surface of the flat plate solar collectors in the solar thermal system has been estimated at 113.9 M<sup>2</sup> to 227.8 M<sup>2</sup> while its cost is at 34,170€ to 68,340€. The nominal power of the solar-PV system has been estimated at 151.9 KW<sub>p</sub> to 303.8 KW<sub>p</sub> while its cost is at 182,280€ to 364,560€. The area of the tree plantation sequestrating 50% of the current CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to fossil fuels use in the prison has been estimated at 14.74 ha for olive trees and at 5.9 ha for Eucalyptus trees. The results indicated that the energy refurbishment in Agia’s agricultural prison in Crete, Greece, in order to zero its annual net carbon emissions, is feasible.展开更多
Inmates in jails and prisons are a high-risk group for suicide. Often, legal claims of medical negligence and §1983 based on deliberate indifference by the correctional officials follow. Unique stable and dynamic...Inmates in jails and prisons are a high-risk group for suicide. Often, legal claims of medical negligence and §1983 based on deliberate indifference by the correctional officials follow. Unique stable and dynamic factors and circumstances and their interaction explain most suicides. A systematic suicide screening using a well-designed suicide screening questionnaire that captures known risk factors will identify most inmates at risk if adequately used. Identification and subsequent mental health assessment set the stage for preventive intervention, monitoring, and treatment of the inmates. A multidimensional suicide prevention program saves not only lives but also the best defense against a liability lawsuit.展开更多
I’m serving a prison term at the Beijing Prison. It is already more than four years. One day in September 2000, one of my brothers who reside overseas came to see me. In private, he asked me: "Do you have enough...I’m serving a prison term at the Beijing Prison. It is already more than four years. One day in September 2000, one of my brothers who reside overseas came to see me. In private, he asked me: "Do you have enough to eat? Have you ever been beaten by anybody? Do you do very hard work? Is it cold in winter?" His questions startled me. They showed the unjust reports by foreign media and that made my brother worried about me.展开更多
Prisons are the State＇s organ for carrying out criminal punishment. Chinese laws require that criminals sentenced to a fixed-term sentence, a life sentence, or to the death penalty with a two-year reprieve should ser...Prisons are the State＇s organ for carrying out criminal punishment. Chinese laws require that criminals sentenced to a fixed-term sentence, a life sentence, or to the death penalty with a two-year reprieve should serve their terms in prisons. China＇s high- est judicial administrative organ is the Ministry of Justice whose Bureau of Prison Administration manages the country＇s prisons. According to the levels of prison administration, prisons are divided into three cat- egories. Currently, there is only one prison in category I,展开更多
On February 25, 2004, the United States issued its Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2003, distorting the human rights conditions in China, including human rights in Chinese prisons. As a prison inmate in ...On February 25, 2004, the United States issued its Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2003, distorting the human rights conditions in China, including human rights in Chinese prisons. As a prison inmate in Beijing, I have a say in the human rights conditions in prison based on my personal experience. 1 wrote an article titled "Human Rights in Chinese Prisons in the Eye of a Prison Inmate," which was published in the journal Human Rights (Issue No. 6,2003 of English Edition). Now I’d like to say something about the right to education in Chinese prisons.展开更多
The article is based on a visit to the Tilanqiao, Qingpu and Women's prisons and a juvenile delinquent rehabilitation center in Shanghai and the Suzhou Prison of Jiangsu Province in February 2001 by the author, a ...The article is based on a visit to the Tilanqiao, Qingpu and Women's prisons and a juvenile delinquent rehabilitation center in Shanghai and the Suzhou Prison of Jiangsu Province in February 2001 by the author, a graduate student of human rights. She made the trip with a group of experts from China Society for Human Rights Studies.展开更多
Shandong Province, east China,has reported a recidivist rate of 2.6 percent, meaning that of every 100 convicts jailed for criminal offenses, an average of only 2.6 have committed
China has accelerated the reform of the prison system. How is the result of the reform? What about the living and studying conditions in the prison? How does the prison correct the inmates? What about the mental state...China has accelerated the reform of the prison system. How is the result of the reform? What about the living and studying conditions in the prison? How does the prison correct the inmates? What about the mental state of people serving prison terms? With these and other questions, we came to some prisons in Fujian Province and saw for ourselves. "Sunshine Project" We were told that all the prisons in the province introduced the open prison affairs展开更多
China protects human rights of detainees in the entire process of the judicial system, from the making of law, to the administrationof justice, law enforcement and legal supervision. According to China＇s Constitutio...China protects human rights of detainees in the entire process of the judicial system, from the making of law, to the administrationof justice, law enforcement and legal supervision. According to China＇s Constitution, detainees enjoy the following political rights： 1. All the rights that have not been deprived of just like ordinary citizens, including the fight of voting, the right to speech and publication; the fight to human dignity and non-humiliation, the right to non-infringement of personal safety, lawful property right and freedom of religious belief;展开更多
BACKGROUND Prisons can be a reservoir for infectious diseases,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),due to the very intimate nature of the living spaces and the large number of people f...BACKGROUND Prisons can be a reservoir for infectious diseases,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),due to the very intimate nature of the living spaces and the large number of people forced to share them.AIM To investigate the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology in prisons,this study evaluated the infection incidence rate in prisoners who underwent nasopharyngeal swabs.METHODS This is an observational cohort study.Data collection included information on prisoners who underwent nasopharyngeal swab testing for SARS-CoV-2 and the results.Nasopharyngeal swab tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed between 15 February 2021 and 31 May 2021 for prisoners with symptoms and all new arrivals to the facility.Another section included information on the diagnosis of the disease according to the International Classification of Diseases,Ninth Revision,and Clinical Modification.RESULTS Up until the 31 May 2021,79.2%of the prisoner cohort(n=1744)agreed to a nasopharyngeal swab test(n=1381).Of these,1288 were negative(93.3%)and 85 were positive(6.2%).A significant association[relative risk(RR)]was found only for the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among foreigners compared to Italians[RR=2.4,95%confidence interval(CI):1.2-4.8].A positive association with SARS-CoV-2 infection was also found for inmates with at least one nervous system disorder(RR=4,95%CI:1.8-9.1).The SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate among prisoners is significantly lower than in the general population in Tuscany(standardized incidence ratio 0.7,95%CI:0.6-0.9).CONCLUSION In the prisoner cohort,screening and rapid access to health care for the immigrant population were critical to limiting virus transmission and subsequent morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.展开更多
HIV/AIDS is a serious health problem among prisoners and constitutes a big challenge for prison administration services, public health services and governments. <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"...HIV/AIDS is a serious health problem among prisoners and constitutes a big challenge for prison administration services, public health services and governments. <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aims</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>:</strong> Determine the prevalence of HIV infection among prisoners and describe associated factors. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Population and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study conducted from December 2015 to October 2016. A sample of 600 prisoners was randomly interviewed nationwide. They were selected directly from the sample frame from across the country and proportionally from all sites. Pre-established questionnaires providing information on the sociodemographic and biological characteristics of prisoners were used for the collection of data. Data entry and analysis were </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">performed using EXCEL and SPSS 18 software. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The survey was</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> based on a randomised sample of 600 prisoners, 593 of whom accepted blood extraction for the HIV testing. The series was mainly composed of males (89%). The median age was 33 years (18 -</span><span style="font-family:'';line-height:1.5;"> </span><span style="font-family:'';line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">69). The level of education among respondents was 60%. Regarding marital status, the proportion of married prisoners was 51.8%. Almost three-quarters (71.5%) were at their first imprisonment and 51.8% were on preventive detention. The reasons for imprisonment varied and were dominated by drug use (35.3%), while only 4.6% confessed that they continued using drugs while in prison. 97.8% of prisoners have had a sexual experience. Their median age was 19 years at their first sexual intercourse. 20.5% reported using a condom during their first intercourse. Multi </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">partnership was estimated at 17.8%. The prevalence of HIV infection was high among prisoners (2%), the quadruple of the national rate. This prevalence was associated with female sex (4.5%) (p =</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.012) and housewives (12.5%) (p =</span></span><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> 0.002). </span><b style="line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;">Prisoners are very vulnerable to HIV infection with a high prevalence compared to the national rate, hence the need for the enforcement of effective HIV prevention and care measures in prisons.</span>展开更多
Background:Prisons in Madagascar are at high risk of plague outbreak.Occurrence of plague epidemic in prisons can cause significant episode of urban plague through the movement of potentially infected humans,rodents a...Background:Prisons in Madagascar are at high risk of plague outbreak.Occurrence of plague epidemic in prisons can cause significant episode of urban plague through the movement of potentially infected humans,rodents and fleas.Rodent and flea controls are essential in plague prevention,by reducing human contact with plague reservoirs and vectors.Insecticide treatment is the key step available for the control of rat fleas which transmit the disease from infected rodents to human.The implementation of an adapted flea control strategy should rely on the insecticide susceptibility status of the targeted population.For the purpose of plague prevention campaign in prisons,we conducted insecticide resistance survey on Xenopsylla cheopis,the rat flea.Methods:Fleas were collected on rats caught in six prisons of Madagascar.They were exposed to insecticide treated filter papers and mortality was recorded following World Health Organization protocol.Results:The fleas collected in the prisons had different resistance patterns,while a high level of resistance to insecticides tested was described in the Antanimora prison,located in the heart of Antananarivo,the capital of Madagascar.Conclusions:This finding is alarming in the context of public health,knowing that the effectiveness of flea control could be jeopardized by insecticide resistance.In order to establish more accurate rat fleas control in prisons,the main recommendations are based on continuous monitoring insecticide susceptibility of flea,insecticide rotation,and the development of a new method for flea control.展开更多
Objective:Since prisoners may acquire AIDS and transmit HIV because of highly risky be-haviors,implementation of educational and therapeutic programs is important in decreasing the prevalence of AIDS and transmission ...Objective:Since prisoners may acquire AIDS and transmit HIV because of highly risky be-haviors,implementation of educational and therapeutic programs is important in decreasing the prevalence of AIDS and transmission of HIV.This study was conducted to recognize different types of interventions and compare their effectiveness regarding prevention of AIDS and its control in prisons.Methods:The ISI,PubMed,Google Scholar,databases were searched with use of“AIDS,”“prison,”“HIV,”and“incarceration”as keywords from January 2000 to March 2017,with ac-cess to free full text and English language as limitations.Related articles,including observational,epidemiological,case,and interventional studies,were extracted and those inconsistent with the study’s goals were excluded.Results:Forty-three studies were finally selected.The effectiveness of interventions related to AIDS prevention and control in prisons was studied.Conclusion:It seems that theory-based studies conducted with stakeholders participation and evaluated summatively are more successful,because they give a sense of ownership.In addition,considering prison as a setting can lead to more success of these programs.展开更多
ON May 20,2025,eighteen descendants of British prisoners of war(POWs)rescued in the Lisbon Maru incident arrived on Dongji Island in east China’s Zhejiang Province,after a long transoceanic journey.They joined descen...ON May 20,2025,eighteen descendants of British prisoners of war(POWs)rescued in the Lisbon Maru incident arrived on Dongji Island in east China’s Zhejiang Province,after a long transoceanic journey.They joined descendants of the local fishermen who had saved their ancestors 83 years ago,gathering to witness the unveiling of a memorial erected in honor of the fishermen’s extraordinary bravery.At its center,the memorial bears the inscription:“Love knows no boundaries;Friendship transcends time.”展开更多
During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were...During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were even granted leave for family events such as funerals or weddings.The Rules for Prison Officials(Yuguanling)detailed the rights and safeguards for prisoners and set clear guidelines on the use of restraints during detention.Additionally,the Statutes on Deciding Cases(Duanyu Lü)outlined explicit penalties for judicial officials who failed to ensure prisoner rights or committed related violations.Interrogation processes adhered to strict procedural and substantive requirements,including direct questioning by judges,the avoidance of cases involving personal connections or conflicts of interest,evidence-based cross-examinations,careful investigation of circumstances,and consistent rulings across similar cases.The Tang legal code imposed comprehensive,detailed,and stringent limits on the application of coercive interrogations,specifying restrictions on tools,methods,subjects,and extent.Any breaches of these restrictions were met with severe punishments.While the concept of“human rights”did not appear in Tang legal and administrative texts,these laws and regulations embody abundant principles of people-centered governance,benevolence,and human rights concepts.Systematic examination of these ideas,values,and principles—when integrated with the Marxist perspective on human rights—can enrich China’s contemporary human rights practice,contribute to articulating China’s unique narrative on human rights,and play a role in constructing a distinctly Chinese discourse on human rights.Such efforts could provide Chinese wisdom and proposals for the advancement of human rights globally.展开更多
The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.During World War II,China forged profound bonds with nation...The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.During World War II,China forged profound bonds with nations worldwide on the anti-fascist battlefield,enduring testaments to transnational solidarity.In the Lisbon Maru incident,Chinese fishermen from Zhoushan risked their lives to rescue 384 British prisoners of war,making 65 perilous trips under Japanese gunfire in a monumental display of courage and compassion.展开更多
AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmiss...AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmission risks） were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5＇noncoding （5＇NC） sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher＇s exact F-test and odds ratios （OR） were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors.RESULTS： The sex ratio was predominantly male （2.2） and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant （53.4%） followed by genotype 3 （33%）. Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage （IVDU） was the most frequently reported （71.4%） followed by medical-related transmission （17.6%） including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU （OR = 4.84, P 〈 0.0001） whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure （OR = 2.42, P 〈 0.001）. The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population （Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P 〈 0.0001） with a higher frequency of genotype 3 （46.5% vs 27.5%） and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 （44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively）. IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison.CONCLUSION： We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European counties, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 （33%）. Since serology screening became available in 2992, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg.展开更多
事实是这样的：2010年1月12日海地发生里氏7级地震,造成25万死亡,170万人无家可归。一部基于互联网制作、传播的纪录片《亲历海地地震》（Inside the Haiti Earthquake）的呈现是这样的：影片开始,字幕解释说：“《亲历海地地震》这部...事实是这样的：2010年1月12日海地发生里氏7级地震,造成25万死亡,170万人无家可归。一部基于互联网制作、传播的纪录片《亲历海地地震》（Inside the Haiti Earthquake）的呈现是这样的：影片开始,字幕解释说：“《亲历海地地震》这部作品的创作目的是改变人们对灾难救援工作的看法。这不是一个游戏。通过分别扮演一位救援者、一位记者和一位幸存者,你将有机会施展自己的策略，并承担其相应后果。”接着，屏幕上是三个头像，分别代表这三个不同角色。观众可以任选其一，开始自己的“灾区之行”。展开更多
Discovered in 1989, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) continues to cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality world-wide despite a huge research commitment to defining and understanding the virus and the disease it causes. ...Discovered in 1989, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) continues to cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality world-wide despite a huge research commitment to defining and understanding the virus and the disease it causes. This paper discusses a number of areas where progress in the management of the HCV have not kept pace with the scientifi c understanding of the HCV. It is suggested that in the fi elds of HCV prevention and providing access to treatment, practice falls short of what could be achieved. The role of alcohol in the pathogenesis of HCV liver injury is discussed. Discrimination against those with HCV infection and particularly those in prison settings fails to match good clinical practice. The complicated processes of sharing information between specialty groups is also discussed in an attempt to optimise knowledge dissemination in this field.展开更多
文摘An increase in energy efficiency and a reduction of carbon emissions in buildings are prerequisites for mitigating climate change. Public buildings should be energy-refurbished for minimizing their energy use, complying with EU legislation and directives. The creation of net zero carbon emissions prisons in Crete, Greece with reference to the agricultural prison of Agia has been examined. The prison’s capacity is 178 offenders and the annual energy consumption has been estimated at 4000 KWh/prisoner. The use of a solar thermal system for hot water production and a solar-PV system for electricity generation has been proposed for generating the energy required in the prison. Two scenarios have been examined. In the first, the two solar energy systems would generate all the required energy in the prison, while in the second, the two solar energy systems would generate 50% of the annual required energy in the prison, and the rest would be produced by fossil fuels. A tree plantation, either with olive trees or with Eucalyptus trees, would be created for offsetting the carbon emissions due to fossil fuels used in the prison. The surface of the flat plate solar collectors in the solar thermal system has been estimated at 113.9 M<sup>2</sup> to 227.8 M<sup>2</sup> while its cost is at 34,170€ to 68,340€. The nominal power of the solar-PV system has been estimated at 151.9 KW<sub>p</sub> to 303.8 KW<sub>p</sub> while its cost is at 182,280€ to 364,560€. The area of the tree plantation sequestrating 50% of the current CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to fossil fuels use in the prison has been estimated at 14.74 ha for olive trees and at 5.9 ha for Eucalyptus trees. The results indicated that the energy refurbishment in Agia’s agricultural prison in Crete, Greece, in order to zero its annual net carbon emissions, is feasible.
文摘Inmates in jails and prisons are a high-risk group for suicide. Often, legal claims of medical negligence and §1983 based on deliberate indifference by the correctional officials follow. Unique stable and dynamic factors and circumstances and their interaction explain most suicides. A systematic suicide screening using a well-designed suicide screening questionnaire that captures known risk factors will identify most inmates at risk if adequately used. Identification and subsequent mental health assessment set the stage for preventive intervention, monitoring, and treatment of the inmates. A multidimensional suicide prevention program saves not only lives but also the best defense against a liability lawsuit.
文摘I’m serving a prison term at the Beijing Prison. It is already more than four years. One day in September 2000, one of my brothers who reside overseas came to see me. In private, he asked me: "Do you have enough to eat? Have you ever been beaten by anybody? Do you do very hard work? Is it cold in winter?" His questions startled me. They showed the unjust reports by foreign media and that made my brother worried about me.
文摘Prisons are the State＇s organ for carrying out criminal punishment. Chinese laws require that criminals sentenced to a fixed-term sentence, a life sentence, or to the death penalty with a two-year reprieve should serve their terms in prisons. China＇s high- est judicial administrative organ is the Ministry of Justice whose Bureau of Prison Administration manages the country＇s prisons. According to the levels of prison administration, prisons are divided into three cat- egories. Currently, there is only one prison in category I,
文摘On February 25, 2004, the United States issued its Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2003, distorting the human rights conditions in China, including human rights in Chinese prisons. As a prison inmate in Beijing, I have a say in the human rights conditions in prison based on my personal experience. 1 wrote an article titled "Human Rights in Chinese Prisons in the Eye of a Prison Inmate," which was published in the journal Human Rights (Issue No. 6,2003 of English Edition). Now I’d like to say something about the right to education in Chinese prisons.
文摘The article is based on a visit to the Tilanqiao, Qingpu and Women's prisons and a juvenile delinquent rehabilitation center in Shanghai and the Suzhou Prison of Jiangsu Province in February 2001 by the author, a graduate student of human rights. She made the trip with a group of experts from China Society for Human Rights Studies.
文摘Shandong Province, east China,has reported a recidivist rate of 2.6 percent, meaning that of every 100 convicts jailed for criminal offenses, an average of only 2.6 have committed
文摘China has accelerated the reform of the prison system. How is the result of the reform? What about the living and studying conditions in the prison? How does the prison correct the inmates? What about the mental state of people serving prison terms? With these and other questions, we came to some prisons in Fujian Province and saw for ourselves. "Sunshine Project" We were told that all the prisons in the province introduced the open prison affairs
文摘China protects human rights of detainees in the entire process of the judicial system, from the making of law, to the administrationof justice, law enforcement and legal supervision. According to China＇s Constitution, detainees enjoy the following political rights： 1. All the rights that have not been deprived of just like ordinary citizens, including the fight of voting, the right to speech and publication; the fight to human dignity and non-humiliation, the right to non-infringement of personal safety, lawful property right and freedom of religious belief;
文摘BACKGROUND Prisons can be a reservoir for infectious diseases,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),due to the very intimate nature of the living spaces and the large number of people forced to share them.AIM To investigate the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology in prisons,this study evaluated the infection incidence rate in prisoners who underwent nasopharyngeal swabs.METHODS This is an observational cohort study.Data collection included information on prisoners who underwent nasopharyngeal swab testing for SARS-CoV-2 and the results.Nasopharyngeal swab tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed between 15 February 2021 and 31 May 2021 for prisoners with symptoms and all new arrivals to the facility.Another section included information on the diagnosis of the disease according to the International Classification of Diseases,Ninth Revision,and Clinical Modification.RESULTS Up until the 31 May 2021,79.2%of the prisoner cohort(n=1744)agreed to a nasopharyngeal swab test(n=1381).Of these,1288 were negative(93.3%)and 85 were positive(6.2%).A significant association[relative risk(RR)]was found only for the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among foreigners compared to Italians[RR=2.4,95%confidence interval(CI):1.2-4.8].A positive association with SARS-CoV-2 infection was also found for inmates with at least one nervous system disorder(RR=4,95%CI:1.8-9.1).The SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate among prisoners is significantly lower than in the general population in Tuscany(standardized incidence ratio 0.7,95%CI:0.6-0.9).CONCLUSION In the prisoner cohort,screening and rapid access to health care for the immigrant population were critical to limiting virus transmission and subsequent morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.
文摘HIV/AIDS is a serious health problem among prisoners and constitutes a big challenge for prison administration services, public health services and governments. <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aims</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>:</strong> Determine the prevalence of HIV infection among prisoners and describe associated factors. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Population and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study conducted from December 2015 to October 2016. A sample of 600 prisoners was randomly interviewed nationwide. They were selected directly from the sample frame from across the country and proportionally from all sites. Pre-established questionnaires providing information on the sociodemographic and biological characteristics of prisoners were used for the collection of data. Data entry and analysis were </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">performed using EXCEL and SPSS 18 software. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The survey was</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> based on a randomised sample of 600 prisoners, 593 of whom accepted blood extraction for the HIV testing. The series was mainly composed of males (89%). The median age was 33 years (18 -</span><span style="font-family:'';line-height:1.5;"> </span><span style="font-family:'';line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">69). The level of education among respondents was 60%. Regarding marital status, the proportion of married prisoners was 51.8%. Almost three-quarters (71.5%) were at their first imprisonment and 51.8% were on preventive detention. The reasons for imprisonment varied and were dominated by drug use (35.3%), while only 4.6% confessed that they continued using drugs while in prison. 97.8% of prisoners have had a sexual experience. Their median age was 19 years at their first sexual intercourse. 20.5% reported using a condom during their first intercourse. Multi </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">partnership was estimated at 17.8%. The prevalence of HIV infection was high among prisoners (2%), the quadruple of the national rate. This prevalence was associated with female sex (4.5%) (p =</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.012) and housewives (12.5%) (p =</span></span><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> 0.002). </span><b style="line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;">Prisoners are very vulnerable to HIV infection with a high prevalence compared to the national rate, hence the need for the enforcement of effective HIV prevention and care measures in prisons.</span>
基金The fleas tested here were collected during rodent control campaign funded by the Swiss Embassy-Antananarivo(Ref#771.22.00-1-MAE/RML)Laboratory works were funded by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar.
文摘Background:Prisons in Madagascar are at high risk of plague outbreak.Occurrence of plague epidemic in prisons can cause significant episode of urban plague through the movement of potentially infected humans,rodents and fleas.Rodent and flea controls are essential in plague prevention,by reducing human contact with plague reservoirs and vectors.Insecticide treatment is the key step available for the control of rat fleas which transmit the disease from infected rodents to human.The implementation of an adapted flea control strategy should rely on the insecticide susceptibility status of the targeted population.For the purpose of plague prevention campaign in prisons,we conducted insecticide resistance survey on Xenopsylla cheopis,the rat flea.Methods:Fleas were collected on rats caught in six prisons of Madagascar.They were exposed to insecticide treated filter papers and mortality was recorded following World Health Organization protocol.Results:The fleas collected in the prisons had different resistance patterns,while a high level of resistance to insecticides tested was described in the Antanimora prison,located in the heart of Antananarivo,the capital of Madagascar.Conclusions:This finding is alarming in the context of public health,knowing that the effectiveness of flea control could be jeopardized by insecticide resistance.In order to establish more accurate rat fleas control in prisons,the main recommendations are based on continuous monitoring insecticide susceptibility of flea,insecticide rotation,and the development of a new method for flea control.
文摘Objective:Since prisoners may acquire AIDS and transmit HIV because of highly risky be-haviors,implementation of educational and therapeutic programs is important in decreasing the prevalence of AIDS and transmission of HIV.This study was conducted to recognize different types of interventions and compare their effectiveness regarding prevention of AIDS and its control in prisons.Methods:The ISI,PubMed,Google Scholar,databases were searched with use of“AIDS,”“prison,”“HIV,”and“incarceration”as keywords from January 2000 to March 2017,with ac-cess to free full text and English language as limitations.Related articles,including observational,epidemiological,case,and interventional studies,were extracted and those inconsistent with the study’s goals were excluded.Results:Forty-three studies were finally selected.The effectiveness of interventions related to AIDS prevention and control in prisons was studied.Conclusion:It seems that theory-based studies conducted with stakeholders participation and evaluated summatively are more successful,because they give a sense of ownership.In addition,considering prison as a setting can lead to more success of these programs.
文摘ON May 20,2025,eighteen descendants of British prisoners of war(POWs)rescued in the Lisbon Maru incident arrived on Dongji Island in east China’s Zhejiang Province,after a long transoceanic journey.They joined descendants of the local fishermen who had saved their ancestors 83 years ago,gathering to witness the unveiling of a memorial erected in honor of the fishermen’s extraordinary bravery.At its center,the memorial bears the inscription:“Love knows no boundaries;Friendship transcends time.”
基金This article is an interim achievement of the National Social Science Fund Major Project“Classification,System Construction,and Database Building of Legislative Language of Qin-Han to Tang Dynasty”(Project Approval Number 21&ZD197).
文摘During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were even granted leave for family events such as funerals or weddings.The Rules for Prison Officials(Yuguanling)detailed the rights and safeguards for prisoners and set clear guidelines on the use of restraints during detention.Additionally,the Statutes on Deciding Cases(Duanyu Lü)outlined explicit penalties for judicial officials who failed to ensure prisoner rights or committed related violations.Interrogation processes adhered to strict procedural and substantive requirements,including direct questioning by judges,the avoidance of cases involving personal connections or conflicts of interest,evidence-based cross-examinations,careful investigation of circumstances,and consistent rulings across similar cases.The Tang legal code imposed comprehensive,detailed,and stringent limits on the application of coercive interrogations,specifying restrictions on tools,methods,subjects,and extent.Any breaches of these restrictions were met with severe punishments.While the concept of“human rights”did not appear in Tang legal and administrative texts,these laws and regulations embody abundant principles of people-centered governance,benevolence,and human rights concepts.Systematic examination of these ideas,values,and principles—when integrated with the Marxist perspective on human rights—can enrich China’s contemporary human rights practice,contribute to articulating China’s unique narrative on human rights,and play a role in constructing a distinctly Chinese discourse on human rights.Such efforts could provide Chinese wisdom and proposals for the advancement of human rights globally.
文摘The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.During World War II,China forged profound bonds with nations worldwide on the anti-fascist battlefield,enduring testaments to transnational solidarity.In the Lisbon Maru incident,Chinese fishermen from Zhoushan risked their lives to rescue 384 British prisoners of war,making 65 perilous trips under Japanese gunfire in a monumental display of courage and compassion.
基金The "Centre de Recherche Public-Santé" (CRP-Santé, project LRV-REC-06-01)
文摘AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmission risks） were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5＇noncoding （5＇NC） sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher＇s exact F-test and odds ratios （OR） were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors.RESULTS： The sex ratio was predominantly male （2.2） and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant （53.4%） followed by genotype 3 （33%）. Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage （IVDU） was the most frequently reported （71.4%） followed by medical-related transmission （17.6%） including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU （OR = 4.84, P 〈 0.0001） whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure （OR = 2.42, P 〈 0.001）. The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population （Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P 〈 0.0001） with a higher frequency of genotype 3 （46.5% vs 27.5%） and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 （44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively）. IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison.CONCLUSION： We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European counties, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 （33%）. Since serology screening became available in 2992, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg.
文摘事实是这样的：2010年1月12日海地发生里氏7级地震,造成25万死亡,170万人无家可归。一部基于互联网制作、传播的纪录片《亲历海地地震》（Inside the Haiti Earthquake）的呈现是这样的：影片开始,字幕解释说：“《亲历海地地震》这部作品的创作目的是改变人们对灾难救援工作的看法。这不是一个游戏。通过分别扮演一位救援者、一位记者和一位幸存者,你将有机会施展自己的策略，并承担其相应后果。”接着，屏幕上是三个头像，分别代表这三个不同角色。观众可以任选其一，开始自己的“灾区之行”。
文摘Discovered in 1989, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) continues to cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality world-wide despite a huge research commitment to defining and understanding the virus and the disease it causes. This paper discusses a number of areas where progress in the management of the HCV have not kept pace with the scientifi c understanding of the HCV. It is suggested that in the fi elds of HCV prevention and providing access to treatment, practice falls short of what could be achieved. The role of alcohol in the pathogenesis of HCV liver injury is discussed. Discrimination against those with HCV infection and particularly those in prison settings fails to match good clinical practice. The complicated processes of sharing information between specialty groups is also discussed in an attempt to optimise knowledge dissemination in this field.
