The effects of price leadership strategies and branding strategies on the export performance of indigenous Chinese exporters with a focus on developing country markets and developed country markets are examined based ...The effects of price leadership strategies and branding strategies on the export performance of indigenous Chinese exporters with a focus on developing country markets and developed country markets are examined based on the principles of strategy-environment co-alignment and marketing segmentation theory.Findings suggest that when focusing on developing country markets,the use of a branding strategy is more likely to enhance export performance.When focusing on developed country markets,neither the use of a price leadership strategy nor the use of a branding strategy enhances export performance.Finally,theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.展开更多
With deregulation of the energy market,the pricing strategy of energy sellers in a regional integrated energy system(RIES)can affect the interests of all participants in the market and the operation of the system.This...With deregulation of the energy market,the pricing strategy of energy sellers in a regional integrated energy system(RIES)can affect the interests of all participants in the market and the operation of the system.This paper proposes a pricing strategy for integrated energy service providers in RIES based on a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm considering privacy protection.The transaction process between the integrated energy service provider(IESP)and user aggregators(UAs)in RIES is modeled as a Stackelberg game.IESP serves as the leader in making retail prices,and different UAs serve as followers in optimizing their energy consumption strategies.Considering UAs’strategies are temporally coupled,a Markov decision process(MDP)is designed differently from existing studies.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method is accurate and stable when solving a Stackelberg equilibrium without privacy leakage.The obtained pricing strategy avoids unreasonable pricing and guarantees the revenue of IESP and the energy demand of UAs.展开更多
As users’access to the network has evolved into the acquisition of mass contents instead of IP addresses,the IP network architecture based on end-to-end communication cannot meet users’needs.Therefore,the Informatio...As users’access to the network has evolved into the acquisition of mass contents instead of IP addresses,the IP network architecture based on end-to-end communication cannot meet users’needs.Therefore,the Information-Centric Networking(ICN)came into being.From a technical point of view,ICN is a promising future network architecture.Researching and customizing a reasonable pricing mechanism plays a positive role in promoting the deployment of ICN.The current research on ICN pricing mechanism is focused on paid content.Therefore,we study an ICN pricing model for free content,which uses game theory based on Nash equilibrium to analysis.In this work,advertisers are considered,and an advertiser model is established to describe the economic interaction between advertisers and ICN entities.This solution can formulate the best pricing strategy for all ICN entities and maximize the benefits of each entity.Our extensive analysis and numerical results show that the proposed pricing framework is significantly better than existing solutions when it comes to free content.展开更多
Enterprise merger and acquisition is one of the property right exchanges. This paper researches the strategy of pricing for enterprise merger and acquisition, displays finance decision-making model, program and method.
This study conducts field research on property management in two representative residential communities in Jing’an District,Shanghai,followed by data analysis and model development.It establishes four interrelated ma...This study conducts field research on property management in two representative residential communities in Jing’an District,Shanghai,followed by data analysis and model development.It establishes four interrelated mathematical models concerning the opti mal allocation of property management personnel,pricing strategy of property management fees,customer satisfaction with property management services,and the mechanism for price adjustments.First,the allocation of property management personnel should b e determined based on both the characteristics of the project and the service requirements of the client(developer or homeowners'association).This implies that personnel deployment must align with the specific tasks,frequency,and standards of property management for the given project.Second,by analyzing the cost structure of property management,a pricing model for management fees is constructed based on the optimized personnel allocation model and cost components.Next,a mathematical model of custo mer satisfaction with property management services is developed and linked to the pricing model to explore their interdependence.Finally,the study investigates the adjustment of property service prices,aiming to systematically examine the factors influe ncing homeowners’responses to price changes.On this basis,the price adjustment model and process are optimized,with the ultimate goal of effectively guiding the property service market toward a dynamic a nd responsive pricing mechanism.展开更多
The concept of the e-marketplace is introduced.Considering a supply chain with a single manufacturer who sells a single item in an e-marketplace,an analytical model for the use of the e-marketplace in a supply chain i...The concept of the e-marketplace is introduced.Considering a supply chain with a single manufacturer who sells a single item in an e-marketplace,an analytical model for the use of the e-marketplace in a supply chain is provided.Assuming the market demand is stochastic and price-dependent,the conditions under which the manufacturer and the e-marketplace owner share the market in equilibrium is developed.The existence and uniqueness of the optimal selling price,quantity and transaction percentage are proved.An integrated supply chain is put forward,and then the efficiency of supply chain coordination is studied by comparing the integrated supply chain with the decentralized supply chain.To gain further insights on the theoretical models,extensive simulations are then carried out.展开更多
The coordinating pricing strategies with asymmetric cost information under disruptions are investigated in a one-supplier-one-retailer supply chain system.While the retailer's cost structure is asymmetric informat...The coordinating pricing strategies with asymmetric cost information under disruptions are investigated in a one-supplier-one-retailer supply chain system.While the retailer's cost structure is asymmetric information,supply chain pricing contract models(a wholesale price contract and an all-unit quantity discount contract)under asymmetric information are proposed by employing the principal-agent principle in a regular scenario.When the retailer's cost distribution is fluctuated by disruptions,we obtain the optimal emergency strategies of the supply chain under asymmetric information by considering deviation costs and show how to effectively handle the cost uncertainty.Using numerical methods,impacts of cost disruptions on the optimal wholesale price,the retailer price,the order quantity and the expected profits of the retailer,the supplier,as well as the total system are analyzed.It is found that the all-unit quantity discount policy can obtain better performance than the wholesale pricing policy.展开更多
To improve the inefficient prevention caused by customers unwillingness to adopt prevention strategies in health management,an incentive feedback mechanism that is based on game theory and contract design theory is in...To improve the inefficient prevention caused by customers unwillingness to adopt prevention strategies in health management,an incentive feedback mechanism that is based on game theory and contract design theory is introduced.The conditions for making customers and health maintenance organizations(HMOs)willing to participate in the proposed mechanism are given.A dual nonlinear programming model is used to identify the optimal prevention effort of customers and the pricing strategy of HMOs.Results show that to generate increased benefits,HMOs need to consider cost sharing when customers are not familiar with the proposed health services.When health services are gradually accepted,the cost sharing factor can be gradually reduced.Simulation shows that under random circumstances in which the market reaches a certain size,the proposed method exhibits a positive network externality.Motivated by network externality,HMOs only need to make their customers understand that the larger the number of participants,the greater the utility of each person.Such customers may then spontaneously invite others to purchase insurance.展开更多
Purpose–Revenue management(RM)is a significant technique to improve revenue with limited resources.With the macro environment of dramatically increasing transit capacity and rapid railway transport development in Chi...Purpose–Revenue management(RM)is a significant technique to improve revenue with limited resources.With the macro environment of dramatically increasing transit capacity and rapid railway transport development in China,it is necessary to involve the theory of RM into the operation and decision of railway passenger transport.Design/methodology/approach–This paper proposes the theory and framework of generalized RM of railway passenger transport(RMRPT),and the thoughts and methods of the main techniques in RMRPT,involving demand forecasting,line planning,inventory control,pricing strategies and information systems,are all studied and elaborated.The involved methods and techniques provide a sequential process to help with the decision-making for each stage of RMRPT.The corresponding techniques are integrated into the information system to support practical businesses in railway passenger transport.Findings–The combination of the whole techniques devotes to railway benefit improvement and transit resource utilization and has been applied into the practical operation and organization of railway passenger transport.Originality/value–The development of RMRPT would provide theoretical and technical support for the improvement of service quality as well as railway benefits and efficiency.展开更多
With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology,its application field has gradually expanded.To further apply the deep reinforcement learning technology to the field of dynamic pricing,we build a...With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology,its application field has gradually expanded.To further apply the deep reinforcement learning technology to the field of dynamic pricing,we build an intelligent dynamic pricing system,introduce the reinforcement learning technology related to dynamic pricing,and introduce existing research on the number of suppliers(single supplier and multiple suppliers),environmental models,and selection algorithms.A two-period dynamic pricing game model is designed to assess the optimal pricing strategy for e-commerce platforms under two market conditions and two consumer participation conditions.The first step is to analyze the pricing strategies of e-commerce platforms in mature markets,analyze the optimal pricing and profits of various enterprises under different strategy combinations,compare different market equilibriums and solve the Nash equilibrium.Then,assuming that all consumers are naive in the market,the pricing strategy of the duopoly e-commerce platform in emerging markets is analyzed.By comparing and analyzing the optimal pricing and total profit of each enterprise under different strategy combinations,the subgame refined Nash equilibrium is solved.Finally,assuming that the market includes all experienced consumers,the pricing strategy of the duopoly e-commerce platform in emerging markets is analyzed.展开更多
To compensate the service providers who have paid billions of dollars to use spectrum and to satisfy secondary users' requirements in cognitive radios, a Non-cooperative Power Control Game and Pricing algorithm (N...To compensate the service providers who have paid billions of dollars to use spectrum and to satisfy secondary users' requirements in cognitive radios, a Non-cooperative Power Control Game and Pricing algorithm (NPGP) is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can regulate the secondary users' transmitter powers, optimally allocate radio resource and increase the total throughput effectively.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to examine the time series properties of Australian residential mortgage interest rates, and in doing so, establish whether or not selected home loan rates （product-level monthly home loa...The purpose of this paper is to examine the time series properties of Australian residential mortgage interest rates, and in doing so, establish whether or not selected home loan rates （product-level monthly home loan interest rates for CBA） exhibit the expected cyclical and seasonal variations and whether seasonality, if present, is stochastic or deterministic. In particular, due to a well established presence of cyclicality in financial markets＇ interest rates and strong correlation between financial markets＇ interest rates and home loan interest rates, the paper presumes that cyclicality is also to be found in home loan interest rates. Furthermore, the paper tests the hypothesis that home loan interest rates, for selected products, exhibit the three identified （＂Spring＂, ＂Autumn＂ and ＂The end of the Financial Year＂） season-related interest rate reductions. The paper uses a structural time series modelling approach and product-level home loan interest rates data from one of the biggest banks in Australia, Commonwealth Bank of Australia （CBA）. As expected, the results overall confirm the existence of cyclicality in home loan interest rates. With respect to the seasonality of home loan interest rate, although most of the analysed variables show the presence of statistically significant seasonal factors, the majority of the statistically significant seasonal factors observed cannot be attributed to any of the three considered seasonal effects.展开更多
The penetration pricing strategy is discussed in this paper firstly, and then the Kamikaze pricing and relevant problems are analyzed. Finally some countermeasures are presented for enterprise to avoid sinking Kamikaz...The penetration pricing strategy is discussed in this paper firstly, and then the Kamikaze pricing and relevant problems are analyzed. Finally some countermeasures are presented for enterprise to avoid sinking Kamikaze pricing.展开更多
This paper presents a practical pricing model for backup reserve and wheeling, which attains a balanced strategy that ensures perceived benefits to both the buyer and the seller. The model and the associated computeri...This paper presents a practical pricing model for backup reserve and wheeling, which attains a balanced strategy that ensures perceived benefits to both the buyer and the seller. The model and the associated computerized algorithm deal collectively with diverse issues, including： （1） fulfilling local firm real （and reactive） power demand requirements, （2） fulfilling local power reserve requirements, （3） buying firm real （and reactive） power from the grid, （4） buying reserve power from the grid, （5） exporting firm real （and reactive） power demand to remote load centers via the grid, （6） exporting reserve power via the grid, （7） wheeling of firm power demand to remote owned sites using the grid, and （8） wheeling reserve power to remote owned sites using grid. Practical implementation features of the computerized algorithms are also discussed with an illustrative case example.展开更多
In order to meet the requirement of separating power plants from power network and that of the competition based power transaction in power market,the pricing decision support system for generation companies(GCPDSS)is...In order to meet the requirement of separating power plants from power network and that of the competition based power transaction in power market,the pricing decision support system for generation companies(GCPDSS)is built in electricity market.This paper introduces the conception of intelligent decision support system(IDSS)and puts emphasis on the systematical structural framework,work process,design principal,and fundamental function of GCPDSS.The system has the module to analyze the cost,to forecast the demand of power,to construct the pricing strategies,to manage the pricing risk,and to dispatch giving the pricing strategies.The case study illustrates that the friendly window-based user interface of the system enables the user to take full advantage of the capabilities of the system in order to make effective real-time decisions.展开更多
Over the past several years, the Taiwan Power Company has launched two smart pricing programs to assess the demand response of residential customers： the TOU （time-of-use） rate scheme and the DRI （demand reduction...Over the past several years, the Taiwan Power Company has launched two smart pricing programs to assess the demand response of residential customers： the TOU （time-of-use） rate scheme and the DRI （demand reduction incentive） scheme. This paper discusses these two programs and evaluates their respective performances. We develop an efficient approach based on marginal cost pricing to redesign the TOU rate scheme. In our finding, the TOU price levels could be revised to encourage more customers to participate by enlarging the price gap. Moreover, the DRI scheme can be further improved in order to reach an efficient win-win solution among customers, the utility and society. This can be achieved via a careful design of incentive tariff discounts to take account of the time-of-use or location-specific features of the power supply/demand condition.展开更多
The actual circumstances of daily life are crucial for the purchasing and pricing strategies of supermarkets.Developing strategies based on these circumstances can assist businesses in ensuring profits and fostering w...The actual circumstances of daily life are crucial for the purchasing and pricing strategies of supermarkets.Developing strategies based on these circumstances can assist businesses in ensuring profits and fostering win-win cooperation.This paper explores methods to maximize profit through purchasing and sales strategies.Initially,the relevant data for various categories of vegetables is integrated.Through histograms,their sales patterns are directly understood,highlighting the most popular vegetables.Upon analyzing each vegetable category,it becomes evident that their sales data do not conform to normal distributions.Therefore,Spearman correlation coefficients are calculated,revealing strong correlations between certain categories,such as aquatic roots and edible fungi.A line chart depicting the top ten selling vegetables indicates a noticeable periodicity.Traditional fitting methods struggle to adequately model the sales of each vegetable category and their relationship with cost-plus pricing.To address this,additional factors such as holidays,weeks,and months are incorporated using techniques like random forest regression.This approach yields cost-plus pricing dependence curves that better capture the relationship,while effectively managing noise.Regarding sales volume prediction,the original data displays significant volatility,necessitating the handling of outliers using the threshold method.For missing data,linear interpolation is employed to mitigate the impact of continuous missing values on prediction accuracy.Subsequently,Adam-optimized long short-term memory(LSTM)networks are utilized to forecast incoming quantities for the next seven days.By extrapolating from normal sales volume,market capacity is estimated,allowing for additional sales through discount strategies.This framework has the potential to increase original income by 1.1 times.展开更多
After large fresh food chain stores have opened online channels,distribution costs are a key factor affecting consumers'online buying behavior,which affects dual-channel pricing.This paper studies the dual-channel...After large fresh food chain stores have opened online channels,distribution costs are a key factor affecting consumers'online buying behavior,which affects dual-channel pricing.This paper studies the dual-channel pricing strategy of large fresh food chain stores on the premise of dividing the quotation,considering the consumer's acceptance of online channels and the sensitivity to distribution costs.The research found that the optimal pricing of online channels is lower than that of retail channels.The optimal pricing of online channels is positively correlated with the acceptance of online channels,and negatively correlated with the sensitivity of consumer distribution costs.Moreover,after retailers have opened online channels,the market scale has expanded compared with traditional retail channels.Finally,numerical experiments are used to analyze the influence of various influencing factors on retailers'decision-making.展开更多
The title of this dissertation is to what extent can prisoner’s dilemma in game theory be used in pricing strategy?The purpose of the current study was to determine the extent of prisoner's dilemma used in pricin...The title of this dissertation is to what extent can prisoner’s dilemma in game theory be used in pricing strategy?The purpose of the current study was to determine the extent of prisoner's dilemma used in pricing strategies,and how the prisoner's dilemma is used in pricing strategies.We first comprehensive analysis and evaluation of relevant literature about prisoner’s dilemma and common pricing strategies in literature review section.Then in discussion part,we use game theory models to describe and analyze the prisoner's dilemma in pricing strategies to predict various situations,make the optimal pricing strategies.In the dissertation,we found the effects of prisoner’s dilemma strategies on payoffs when pricing and explained why cooperative pricing agreements promote mutual benefits and long-term stability than non-cooperative pricing strategies.Then we analyzed the stability of cooperative pricing strategy,we also developed a pricing model based on Bayes’theorem.Our research has important implications for economics,marketing and game theory.By applying prisoner's dilemma theory,firms can better understand the behavioral of competitors and enhance decision-making processes,optimize their pricing strategies,thereby enhancing market efficiency and profitability.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.70672005,70632003,70372001)
文摘The effects of price leadership strategies and branding strategies on the export performance of indigenous Chinese exporters with a focus on developing country markets and developed country markets are examined based on the principles of strategy-environment co-alignment and marketing segmentation theory.Findings suggest that when focusing on developing country markets,the use of a branding strategy is more likely to enhance export performance.When focusing on developed country markets,neither the use of a price leadership strategy nor the use of a branding strategy enhances export performance.Finally,theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
文摘With deregulation of the energy market,the pricing strategy of energy sellers in a regional integrated energy system(RIES)can affect the interests of all participants in the market and the operation of the system.This paper proposes a pricing strategy for integrated energy service providers in RIES based on a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm considering privacy protection.The transaction process between the integrated energy service provider(IESP)and user aggregators(UAs)in RIES is modeled as a Stackelberg game.IESP serves as the leader in making retail prices,and different UAs serve as followers in optimizing their energy consumption strategies.Considering UAs’strategies are temporally coupled,a Markov decision process(MDP)is designed differently from existing studies.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method is accurate and stable when solving a Stackelberg equilibrium without privacy leakage.The obtained pricing strategy avoids unreasonable pricing and guarantees the revenue of IESP and the energy demand of UAs.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Anhui Province in 2020 under Grant No.202004a05020078China Environment for Network Innovations(CENI)under Grant No.2016-000052-73-01-000515.
文摘As users’access to the network has evolved into the acquisition of mass contents instead of IP addresses,the IP network architecture based on end-to-end communication cannot meet users’needs.Therefore,the Information-Centric Networking(ICN)came into being.From a technical point of view,ICN is a promising future network architecture.Researching and customizing a reasonable pricing mechanism plays a positive role in promoting the deployment of ICN.The current research on ICN pricing mechanism is focused on paid content.Therefore,we study an ICN pricing model for free content,which uses game theory based on Nash equilibrium to analysis.In this work,advertisers are considered,and an advertiser model is established to describe the economic interaction between advertisers and ICN entities.This solution can formulate the best pricing strategy for all ICN entities and maximize the benefits of each entity.Our extensive analysis and numerical results show that the proposed pricing framework is significantly better than existing solutions when it comes to free content.
文摘Enterprise merger and acquisition is one of the property right exchanges. This paper researches the strategy of pricing for enterprise merger and acquisition, displays finance decision-making model, program and method.
文摘This study conducts field research on property management in two representative residential communities in Jing’an District,Shanghai,followed by data analysis and model development.It establishes four interrelated mathematical models concerning the opti mal allocation of property management personnel,pricing strategy of property management fees,customer satisfaction with property management services,and the mechanism for price adjustments.First,the allocation of property management personnel should b e determined based on both the characteristics of the project and the service requirements of the client(developer or homeowners'association).This implies that personnel deployment must align with the specific tasks,frequency,and standards of property management for the given project.Second,by analyzing the cost structure of property management,a pricing model for management fees is constructed based on the optimized personnel allocation model and cost components.Next,a mathematical model of custo mer satisfaction with property management services is developed and linked to the pricing model to explore their interdependence.Finally,the study investigates the adjustment of property service prices,aiming to systematically examine the factors influe ncing homeowners’responses to price changes.On this basis,the price adjustment model and process are optimized,with the ultimate goal of effectively guiding the property service market toward a dynamic a nd responsive pricing mechanism.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the11th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAH02A06)the Program Project of Humanity and Social Science of Ministry of Education in China(No.06JA630012)
文摘The concept of the e-marketplace is introduced.Considering a supply chain with a single manufacturer who sells a single item in an e-marketplace,an analytical model for the use of the e-marketplace in a supply chain is provided.Assuming the market demand is stochastic and price-dependent,the conditions under which the manufacturer and the e-marketplace owner share the market in equilibrium is developed.The existence and uniqueness of the optimal selling price,quantity and transaction percentage are proved.An integrated supply chain is put forward,and then the efficiency of supply chain coordination is studied by comparing the integrated supply chain with the decentralized supply chain.To gain further insights on the theoretical models,extensive simulations are then carried out.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the11th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAH02A06)Jiangsu Postdoctoral Foundation(No.0601015C)
文摘The coordinating pricing strategies with asymmetric cost information under disruptions are investigated in a one-supplier-one-retailer supply chain system.While the retailer's cost structure is asymmetric information,supply chain pricing contract models(a wholesale price contract and an all-unit quantity discount contract)under asymmetric information are proposed by employing the principal-agent principle in a regular scenario.When the retailer's cost distribution is fluctuated by disruptions,we obtain the optimal emergency strategies of the supply chain under asymmetric information by considering deviation costs and show how to effectively handle the cost uncertainty.Using numerical methods,impacts of cost disruptions on the optimal wholesale price,the retailer price,the order quantity and the expected profits of the retailer,the supplier,as well as the total system are analyzed.It is found that the all-unit quantity discount policy can obtain better performance than the wholesale pricing policy.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71531004,72071042).
文摘To improve the inefficient prevention caused by customers unwillingness to adopt prevention strategies in health management,an incentive feedback mechanism that is based on game theory and contract design theory is introduced.The conditions for making customers and health maintenance organizations(HMOs)willing to participate in the proposed mechanism are given.A dual nonlinear programming model is used to identify the optimal prevention effort of customers and the pricing strategy of HMOs.Results show that to generate increased benefits,HMOs need to consider cost sharing when customers are not familiar with the proposed health services.When health services are gradually accepted,the cost sharing factor can be gradually reduced.Simulation shows that under random circumstances in which the market reaches a certain size,the proposed method exhibits a positive network externality.Motivated by network externality,HMOs only need to make their customers understand that the larger the number of participants,the greater the utility of each person.Such customers may then spontaneously invite others to purchase insurance.
基金China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd(No.K2023X030)China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited(No.2021YJ017).
文摘Purpose–Revenue management(RM)is a significant technique to improve revenue with limited resources.With the macro environment of dramatically increasing transit capacity and rapid railway transport development in China,it is necessary to involve the theory of RM into the operation and decision of railway passenger transport.Design/methodology/approach–This paper proposes the theory and framework of generalized RM of railway passenger transport(RMRPT),and the thoughts and methods of the main techniques in RMRPT,involving demand forecasting,line planning,inventory control,pricing strategies and information systems,are all studied and elaborated.The involved methods and techniques provide a sequential process to help with the decision-making for each stage of RMRPT.The corresponding techniques are integrated into the information system to support practical businesses in railway passenger transport.Findings–The combination of the whole techniques devotes to railway benefit improvement and transit resource utilization and has been applied into the practical operation and organization of railway passenger transport.Originality/value–The development of RMRPT would provide theoretical and technical support for the improvement of service quality as well as railway benefits and efficiency.
基金His work is supported by Scientific research planning project of Jilin Provincial Department of education in 2020:Analysis of the impact of industrial upgrading on employment of college students in Jilin Province(No.JJKH20200505JY).
文摘With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology,its application field has gradually expanded.To further apply the deep reinforcement learning technology to the field of dynamic pricing,we build an intelligent dynamic pricing system,introduce the reinforcement learning technology related to dynamic pricing,and introduce existing research on the number of suppliers(single supplier and multiple suppliers),environmental models,and selection algorithms.A two-period dynamic pricing game model is designed to assess the optimal pricing strategy for e-commerce platforms under two market conditions and two consumer participation conditions.The first step is to analyze the pricing strategies of e-commerce platforms in mature markets,analyze the optimal pricing and profits of various enterprises under different strategy combinations,compare different market equilibriums and solve the Nash equilibrium.Then,assuming that all consumers are naive in the market,the pricing strategy of the duopoly e-commerce platform in emerging markets is analyzed.By comparing and analyzing the optimal pricing and total profit of each enterprise under different strategy combinations,the subgame refined Nash equilibrium is solved.Finally,assuming that the market includes all experienced consumers,the pricing strategy of the duopoly e-commerce platform in emerging markets is analyzed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60772062)the Key Projects for Science and Technology of MOE (No.206055)the Key Basic Re-search Projects for the Natural Science of Jiangsu Colleges (No.06KJA51001).
文摘To compensate the service providers who have paid billions of dollars to use spectrum and to satisfy secondary users' requirements in cognitive radios, a Non-cooperative Power Control Game and Pricing algorithm (NPGP) is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can regulate the secondary users' transmitter powers, optimally allocate radio resource and increase the total throughput effectively.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to examine the time series properties of Australian residential mortgage interest rates, and in doing so, establish whether or not selected home loan rates （product-level monthly home loan interest rates for CBA） exhibit the expected cyclical and seasonal variations and whether seasonality, if present, is stochastic or deterministic. In particular, due to a well established presence of cyclicality in financial markets＇ interest rates and strong correlation between financial markets＇ interest rates and home loan interest rates, the paper presumes that cyclicality is also to be found in home loan interest rates. Furthermore, the paper tests the hypothesis that home loan interest rates, for selected products, exhibit the three identified （＂Spring＂, ＂Autumn＂ and ＂The end of the Financial Year＂） season-related interest rate reductions. The paper uses a structural time series modelling approach and product-level home loan interest rates data from one of the biggest banks in Australia, Commonwealth Bank of Australia （CBA）. As expected, the results overall confirm the existence of cyclicality in home loan interest rates. With respect to the seasonality of home loan interest rate, although most of the analysed variables show the presence of statistically significant seasonal factors, the majority of the statistically significant seasonal factors observed cannot be attributed to any of the three considered seasonal effects.
文摘The penetration pricing strategy is discussed in this paper firstly, and then the Kamikaze pricing and relevant problems are analyzed. Finally some countermeasures are presented for enterprise to avoid sinking Kamikaze pricing.
文摘This paper presents a practical pricing model for backup reserve and wheeling, which attains a balanced strategy that ensures perceived benefits to both the buyer and the seller. The model and the associated computerized algorithm deal collectively with diverse issues, including： （1） fulfilling local firm real （and reactive） power demand requirements, （2） fulfilling local power reserve requirements, （3） buying firm real （and reactive） power from the grid, （4） buying reserve power from the grid, （5） exporting firm real （and reactive） power demand to remote load centers via the grid, （6） exporting reserve power via the grid, （7） wheeling of firm power demand to remote owned sites using the grid, and （8） wheeling reserve power to remote owned sites using grid. Practical implementation features of the computerized algorithms are also discussed with an illustrative case example.
基金National Natural Science Foundation(No.60274048)Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation(No.2001ABB047)
文摘In order to meet the requirement of separating power plants from power network and that of the competition based power transaction in power market,the pricing decision support system for generation companies(GCPDSS)is built in electricity market.This paper introduces the conception of intelligent decision support system(IDSS)and puts emphasis on the systematical structural framework,work process,design principal,and fundamental function of GCPDSS.The system has the module to analyze the cost,to forecast the demand of power,to construct the pricing strategies,to manage the pricing risk,and to dispatch giving the pricing strategies.The case study illustrates that the friendly window-based user interface of the system enables the user to take full advantage of the capabilities of the system in order to make effective real-time decisions.
文摘Over the past several years, the Taiwan Power Company has launched two smart pricing programs to assess the demand response of residential customers： the TOU （time-of-use） rate scheme and the DRI （demand reduction incentive） scheme. This paper discusses these two programs and evaluates their respective performances. We develop an efficient approach based on marginal cost pricing to redesign the TOU rate scheme. In our finding, the TOU price levels could be revised to encourage more customers to participate by enlarging the price gap. Moreover, the DRI scheme can be further improved in order to reach an efficient win-win solution among customers, the utility and society. This can be achieved via a careful design of incentive tariff discounts to take account of the time-of-use or location-specific features of the power supply/demand condition.
文摘The actual circumstances of daily life are crucial for the purchasing and pricing strategies of supermarkets.Developing strategies based on these circumstances can assist businesses in ensuring profits and fostering win-win cooperation.This paper explores methods to maximize profit through purchasing and sales strategies.Initially,the relevant data for various categories of vegetables is integrated.Through histograms,their sales patterns are directly understood,highlighting the most popular vegetables.Upon analyzing each vegetable category,it becomes evident that their sales data do not conform to normal distributions.Therefore,Spearman correlation coefficients are calculated,revealing strong correlations between certain categories,such as aquatic roots and edible fungi.A line chart depicting the top ten selling vegetables indicates a noticeable periodicity.Traditional fitting methods struggle to adequately model the sales of each vegetable category and their relationship with cost-plus pricing.To address this,additional factors such as holidays,weeks,and months are incorporated using techniques like random forest regression.This approach yields cost-plus pricing dependence curves that better capture the relationship,while effectively managing noise.Regarding sales volume prediction,the original data displays significant volatility,necessitating the handling of outliers using the threshold method.For missing data,linear interpolation is employed to mitigate the impact of continuous missing values on prediction accuracy.Subsequently,Adam-optimized long short-term memory(LSTM)networks are utilized to forecast incoming quantities for the next seven days.By extrapolating from normal sales volume,market capacity is estimated,allowing for additional sales through discount strategies.This framework has the potential to increase original income by 1.1 times.
文摘After large fresh food chain stores have opened online channels,distribution costs are a key factor affecting consumers'online buying behavior,which affects dual-channel pricing.This paper studies the dual-channel pricing strategy of large fresh food chain stores on the premise of dividing the quotation,considering the consumer's acceptance of online channels and the sensitivity to distribution costs.The research found that the optimal pricing of online channels is lower than that of retail channels.The optimal pricing of online channels is positively correlated with the acceptance of online channels,and negatively correlated with the sensitivity of consumer distribution costs.Moreover,after retailers have opened online channels,the market scale has expanded compared with traditional retail channels.Finally,numerical experiments are used to analyze the influence of various influencing factors on retailers'decision-making.
文摘The title of this dissertation is to what extent can prisoner’s dilemma in game theory be used in pricing strategy?The purpose of the current study was to determine the extent of prisoner's dilemma used in pricing strategies,and how the prisoner's dilemma is used in pricing strategies.We first comprehensive analysis and evaluation of relevant literature about prisoner’s dilemma and common pricing strategies in literature review section.Then in discussion part,we use game theory models to describe and analyze the prisoner's dilemma in pricing strategies to predict various situations,make the optimal pricing strategies.In the dissertation,we found the effects of prisoner’s dilemma strategies on payoffs when pricing and explained why cooperative pricing agreements promote mutual benefits and long-term stability than non-cooperative pricing strategies.Then we analyzed the stability of cooperative pricing strategy,we also developed a pricing model based on Bayes’theorem.Our research has important implications for economics,marketing and game theory.By applying prisoner's dilemma theory,firms can better understand the behavioral of competitors and enhance decision-making processes,optimize their pricing strategies,thereby enhancing market efficiency and profitability.
