Machine learning models of material properties accelerate materials discovery,reproducing density functional theory calculated results at a fraction of the cost1–6.To bridge the gap between theory and experiments,mac...Machine learning models of material properties accelerate materials discovery,reproducing density functional theory calculated results at a fraction of the cost1–6.To bridge the gap between theory and experiments,machine learning predictions need to be distilled in the form of interpretable chemical rules that can be used by experimentalists.Here we develop a framework to address this gap by combining evolutionary algorithm-powered search with machine-learning surrogate models.We then couple the search results with supervised learning and statistical testing.This strategy enables the efficient search of a materials space while providing interpretable design rules.We demonstrate its effectiveness by developing rules for the design of direct bandgap materials,stable UV emitters,and IR perovskite emitters.Finally,we conclusively show how DARWIN-generated rules are statistically more robust and applicable to a wide range of applications including the design of UV halide perovskites.展开更多
The long-term performance and benefits of charcoal application on the carbon sequestration and properties of forest soils in temperate or non-tropical regions has not been studied in detail in spite of its important r...The long-term performance and benefits of charcoal application on the carbon sequestration and properties of forest soils in temperate or non-tropical regions has not been studied in detail in spite of its important role in global warming. This study was conducted to describe the long-term charcoal-induced changes in organic carbon (OC) content and other soil properties of temperate deciduous forests in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Three sites were sampled to collect composite soil samples from two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) inside and outside of a plot of charcoal-enriched soils surrounding a historical charcoal production site (abandoned for more than 120 years). The presence of charcoal in soils for about 120 years elevated significantly the black carbon, total OC, natural soil OC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic matter, soil OC density, exchangeable bases, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity and available Fe, Mn and Zn compared to the adjacent reference soils. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH were 15.5 cmolc kg^-1 and 0.5 units, respectively, higher than the adjacent reference soils at 0–20 cm soil depth. However, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density and available Cu were higher in the adjacent reference soil. The aged charcoal had no significant effect on the microbial respiration rate of studied soils. The results of this study provide new insights and strong support for the long-term benefits of biochar application as a management strategy for improving soil productivity as well as sequestering large quantities of durable carbon in soils of the region and mitigating global warming.展开更多
Amazonian Dark Earth(ADE) is a highly fertile soil of anthropogenic origin characterized by high levels of charred black carbon(BC). It is considered a model of fertility; however, knowledge on the fungal community st...Amazonian Dark Earth(ADE) is a highly fertile soil of anthropogenic origin characterized by high levels of charred black carbon(BC). It is considered a model of fertility; however, knowledge on the fungal community structure and diversity inhabiting ADE and its BC particles is scarce. Fungal community structure and diversity of ADE and its BC from four sites under different land uses(three agricultural systems and a secondary pristine forest) in the Brazilian Central Amazon were evaluated by 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Fungal communities in ADE and BC were dissimilar and showed differential abundances of fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs). Estimated fungal species richness(abundance-based coverage estimate and Chao-1 index) and diversity estimators(Shannon and Simpson's reciprocal indices) were higher in ADE than in BC in all agricultural areas. No differences were observed in those parameters in ADE and BC samples from the secondary forest. Pezizomycotina fungi and OTUs assigned to Cordyceps confragosa,Acremonium vitellinum, Camarops microspora, and Hirsutella rhossiliensis were more abundant in BC particles than in ADE. These findings represent a breakthrough in our understanding of fungal communities in BC particles from ADE, and will be valuable in future studies considering biochar application in soil.展开更多
World increasing population and use of energy for transportation and electricity are demanding more extensive and more efficient use of land for agriculture;aiming to both food and biofuel supplies. This communication...World increasing population and use of energy for transportation and electricity are demanding more extensive and more efficient use of land for agriculture;aiming to both food and biofuel supplies. This communication assesses the possible improvements in soil fertility, capture of greenhouse gas, and rainfall, as a result of the large scale terrestrial application of pyrogenic carbon aiming for desert greening. Fossil hydrocarbon coke is taken into account for this proposal because of the exhaustion of light petroleum proven reserves that is leading to a scenario of abundant coke production from the processing of non-conventional reserves.展开更多
Charcoal kilns,old structures used for charcoal production in the forest,preserve a charcoal-enriched topsoil representing a suitable proxy for studying the long-term effect of biochar addition to soil.Two kiln platfo...Charcoal kilns,old structures used for charcoal production in the forest,preserve a charcoal-enriched topsoil representing a suitable proxy for studying the long-term effect of biochar addition to soil.Two kiln platforms located at Gelbison and Vesole mountain sites in Southern Italy were selected due to their comparable climates but distinct parent rocks.We conducted standard soil chemical analyses and used next-generation sequencing to explore bacterial and fungal microbiome.Anthracology identified charcoal species,while scanning electron microscopy(SEM)with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)characterized charcoal particles.Reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(DRIFTS)assessed biochar surface oxidation.Additionally,a bioassay with soybean,maize,and Tomato investigated the impact of kiln soil on plant performance.Our results showed that kiln soils did not exhibit higher pH,cation exchange capacity,or greater richness in cations.EDS and FTIR analyses showed that charcoal buried in forest soil for decades undergoes significant oxidation,with increased O/C ratio and the presence of oxygenated functional groups.Charcoal surfaces were selectively enriched with Ca^(2+)on limestone substrate sites but with Al and Si over sedimentary(flysch)substrate.While differences in the kiln soil and its surroundings were noticeable,they were not drastic in terms of microbial diversity and composition.Surprisingly,the bioassay indicated that the kiln microbiota had a more positive impact on plant growth compared to external forest soil.In conclusion,this study highlights the unique nature of kiln microsites and begins to unveil the enduring effects of charcoal accumulation on soil chemistry and microbiota in forest soil.展开更多
3Jam la saman vesperon Iljo ree staris e lapordo.Kontraǔ sia volo,i enlasis lin^1.Kieliufoje antaǔe,i sentis’ sin senpova rilate al li^2.Rimarki tion kaǔzis elaltion.Ie en i ja brilisespero,ke i-foje,post la inter...3Jam la saman vesperon Iljo ree staris e lapordo.Kontraǔ sia volo,i enlasis lin^1.Kieliufoje antaǔe,i sentis’ sin senpova rilate al li^2.Rimarki tion kaǔzis elaltion.Ie en i ja brilisespero,ke i-foje,post la interveno de s-ino Ir-ma,i sukcesos diri "ne".io rekomenciis,kiel antaǔe.Monon lirolis,kaj gekunion.Dum li kuis sur i,isentis la ufojan strangan kunecon de plezurokun malato,de karula ligiteco kun malamoforjetema ;~4 refoje i pensis:" Kiel malsimpla miestas! Mi ne komprenas min".Kai tui展开更多
En iu nokto de februaro,1981,mal-felicookazis sur Maro Javo.Sipo iom post iorn sub-akv-igis kaj ciuj sur la sipo atendis baldaǔ-anmorton.Iu viro kun tri infanoj estis sur la sipo.
基金This work was supported financially by the US Research Center,A Division of Sony Corporation of America(2018 Sony Research Award Program Ref#2019-0669)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)of Canada.Authors thank Prof.M.Saidaminov from the University of Victoria for fruitful discussions.Computations were performed on the SOSCIP Consortium’s Niagara and MIST computing platforms.SOSCIP is funded by the Federal Economic Development Agency of Southern Ontario,the Province of Ontario,IBM Canada Ltd.,Ontario Centres of Excellence,MITACS,and 15 Ontario academic member institutions.Machine learning models were trained using GPU resources of Northwestern’s QUEST computing cluster.
文摘Machine learning models of material properties accelerate materials discovery,reproducing density functional theory calculated results at a fraction of the cost1–6.To bridge the gap between theory and experiments,machine learning predictions need to be distilled in the form of interpretable chemical rules that can be used by experimentalists.Here we develop a framework to address this gap by combining evolutionary algorithm-powered search with machine-learning surrogate models.We then couple the search results with supervised learning and statistical testing.This strategy enables the efficient search of a materials space while providing interpretable design rules.We demonstrate its effectiveness by developing rules for the design of direct bandgap materials,stable UV emitters,and IR perovskite emitters.Finally,we conclusively show how DARWIN-generated rules are statistically more robust and applicable to a wide range of applications including the design of UV halide perovskites.
基金supported by Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Mazandaran province,Iran
文摘The long-term performance and benefits of charcoal application on the carbon sequestration and properties of forest soils in temperate or non-tropical regions has not been studied in detail in spite of its important role in global warming. This study was conducted to describe the long-term charcoal-induced changes in organic carbon (OC) content and other soil properties of temperate deciduous forests in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Three sites were sampled to collect composite soil samples from two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) inside and outside of a plot of charcoal-enriched soils surrounding a historical charcoal production site (abandoned for more than 120 years). The presence of charcoal in soils for about 120 years elevated significantly the black carbon, total OC, natural soil OC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic matter, soil OC density, exchangeable bases, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity and available Fe, Mn and Zn compared to the adjacent reference soils. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH were 15.5 cmolc kg^-1 and 0.5 units, respectively, higher than the adjacent reference soils at 0–20 cm soil depth. However, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density and available Cu were higher in the adjacent reference soil. The aged charcoal had no significant effect on the microbial respiration rate of studied soils. The results of this study provide new insights and strong support for the long-term benefits of biochar application as a management strategy for improving soil productivity as well as sequestering large quantities of durable carbon in soils of the region and mitigating global warming.
基金supported by the Joint Research Project Be-Basic and So Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP (No.13/50365-5)Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil in coordinating the Brazil-The Netherlands co-operation and CAPES/NUFFIC Program for the author’s fellowship sponsoring (No.057/2014)
文摘Amazonian Dark Earth(ADE) is a highly fertile soil of anthropogenic origin characterized by high levels of charred black carbon(BC). It is considered a model of fertility; however, knowledge on the fungal community structure and diversity inhabiting ADE and its BC particles is scarce. Fungal community structure and diversity of ADE and its BC from four sites under different land uses(three agricultural systems and a secondary pristine forest) in the Brazilian Central Amazon were evaluated by 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Fungal communities in ADE and BC were dissimilar and showed differential abundances of fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs). Estimated fungal species richness(abundance-based coverage estimate and Chao-1 index) and diversity estimators(Shannon and Simpson's reciprocal indices) were higher in ADE than in BC in all agricultural areas. No differences were observed in those parameters in ADE and BC samples from the secondary forest. Pezizomycotina fungi and OTUs assigned to Cordyceps confragosa,Acremonium vitellinum, Camarops microspora, and Hirsutella rhossiliensis were more abundant in BC particles than in ADE. These findings represent a breakthrough in our understanding of fungal communities in BC particles from ADE, and will be valuable in future studies considering biochar application in soil.
文摘World increasing population and use of energy for transportation and electricity are demanding more extensive and more efficient use of land for agriculture;aiming to both food and biofuel supplies. This communication assesses the possible improvements in soil fertility, capture of greenhouse gas, and rainfall, as a result of the large scale terrestrial application of pyrogenic carbon aiming for desert greening. Fossil hydrocarbon coke is taken into account for this proposal because of the exhaustion of light petroleum proven reserves that is leading to a scenario of abundant coke production from the processing of non-conventional reserves.
文摘Charcoal kilns,old structures used for charcoal production in the forest,preserve a charcoal-enriched topsoil representing a suitable proxy for studying the long-term effect of biochar addition to soil.Two kiln platforms located at Gelbison and Vesole mountain sites in Southern Italy were selected due to their comparable climates but distinct parent rocks.We conducted standard soil chemical analyses and used next-generation sequencing to explore bacterial and fungal microbiome.Anthracology identified charcoal species,while scanning electron microscopy(SEM)with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)characterized charcoal particles.Reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(DRIFTS)assessed biochar surface oxidation.Additionally,a bioassay with soybean,maize,and Tomato investigated the impact of kiln soil on plant performance.Our results showed that kiln soils did not exhibit higher pH,cation exchange capacity,or greater richness in cations.EDS and FTIR analyses showed that charcoal buried in forest soil for decades undergoes significant oxidation,with increased O/C ratio and the presence of oxygenated functional groups.Charcoal surfaces were selectively enriched with Ca^(2+)on limestone substrate sites but with Al and Si over sedimentary(flysch)substrate.While differences in the kiln soil and its surroundings were noticeable,they were not drastic in terms of microbial diversity and composition.Surprisingly,the bioassay indicated that the kiln microbiota had a more positive impact on plant growth compared to external forest soil.In conclusion,this study highlights the unique nature of kiln microsites and begins to unveil the enduring effects of charcoal accumulation on soil chemistry and microbiota in forest soil.
文摘3Jam la saman vesperon Iljo ree staris e lapordo.Kontraǔ sia volo,i enlasis lin^1.Kieliufoje antaǔe,i sentis’ sin senpova rilate al li^2.Rimarki tion kaǔzis elaltion.Ie en i ja brilisespero,ke i-foje,post la interveno de s-ino Ir-ma,i sukcesos diri "ne".io rekomenciis,kiel antaǔe.Monon lirolis,kaj gekunion.Dum li kuis sur i,isentis la ufojan strangan kunecon de plezurokun malato,de karula ligiteco kun malamoforjetema ;~4 refoje i pensis:" Kiel malsimpla miestas! Mi ne komprenas min".Kai tui
文摘En iu nokto de februaro,1981,mal-felicookazis sur Maro Javo.Sipo iom post iorn sub-akv-igis kaj ciuj sur la sipo atendis baldaǔ-anmorton.Iu viro kun tri infanoj estis sur la sipo.
