Pregnancies in the same side tube after the same side ovary ovulation are more common. We report an unusual case of contralateral tubal ectopic pregnancy after ovulation of another side ovary in spontaneous cycles. A ...Pregnancies in the same side tube after the same side ovary ovulation are more common. We report an unusual case of contralateral tubal ectopic pregnancy after ovulation of another side ovary in spontaneous cycles. A 32-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic left fallopian tube conservative surgery because of left tubal pregnancy two years ago. She returned to our hospital with a positive pregnancy test and lower abdominal pain 28 d after the dominant follicle discharged in the right side ovary detected by transvaginal ultrasound in spontaneous cycles. Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed no intrauterine gestational sac but a left adnexal mass measuring 2.6 cm X2.5 cm. Videolaparoscopy was performed, and the diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy in the let fallopian tube was confirmed by pathologic report. Tubal damage is the most important risk factor for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Embryos can be reversely migrated toward fallopian tubes, due to retrograde action of endometrial waves and uterine contractions, that is another necessary reason which contributes to such tubal pregnancy. Total salpingectomy or tubal sterilization is necessary for avoiding repeated tubal ectopic pregnancy.展开更多
A 35-year-old woman with a history of regular menstruation presented with a positive urine pregnancy test and elevated blood human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations.Color Doppler ultrasound showed multiple slightl...A 35-year-old woman with a history of regular menstruation presented with a positive urine pregnancy test and elevated blood human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations.Color Doppler ultrasound showed multiple slightly hyperechoic areas within the uterine cavity.She was admitted to the hospital with a preliminary outpatient diagnosis of“suspected molar pregnancy,pending further evaluation.”展开更多
Cervical pregnancy is a rare clinical entity that accounts for less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies. It results from implantation of the blastocyst in the cervical canal below the level of the internal os. Although...Cervical pregnancy is a rare clinical entity that accounts for less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies. It results from implantation of the blastocyst in the cervical canal below the level of the internal os. Although non-tubal ectopic pregnancies account for only 5%<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>of ectopics, they contribute to a significant morbidity. The cornerstone in the management of cervical ectopic is early diagnosis by high index of suspension and a qualified sonographer. Management options for cervical ectopic pregnancies range from conservative drug treatment to radical hysterectomy. Over the last few years, the mortality and morbidity rates of ectopic pregnancies have been reduced. This is mainly due to the early recognition of the condition and the wide availability of minimally invasive surgical procedures. We present a case of a 33-year-old</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>woman that was 16 weeks pregnant. She presented initially with recurrent vaginal bleeding followed by minimal lower abdominal pain. Her early US scans were</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>misleading. Several weeks later,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>a follow up MRI scan suggested cervical ectopic. She was managed surgically with uterine preservation.</span></span></span>展开更多
Objective To investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment of caesarean scar pregnancy （CSP）. Methods We reported here a case of recurrent ectopic pregnancy within a previous cesarean scar and reviewed the litera...Objective To investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment of caesarean scar pregnancy （CSP）. Methods We reported here a case of recurrent ectopic pregnancy within a previous cesarean scar and reviewed the literature. Results Surgical evacuation of a CSP was a small side effect and effective treatment of CSP. Conclusion Early and accurate diagnosis, timeliness and effective treatment were extremely important in saving patients＇ life and retaining their fertility.展开更多
Background: Heterotopic pregnancy is a very rare event in a natural cycle. Its incidence is rising mostly due to induction of ovulation or Assisted Reproductive Technique. Most ectopic in heterotopic pregnancies are l...Background: Heterotopic pregnancy is a very rare event in a natural cycle. Its incidence is rising mostly due to induction of ovulation or Assisted Reproductive Technique. Most ectopic in heterotopic pregnancies are localized in the fallopian tubes. The occurrence of molar tubal ectopic pregnancy coexisting with intrauterine pregnancy is uncommon and consequently not often considered a diagnostic possibility. Case Report: We report the case of a 25-year-old woman, gravida 4 para 1, who complained of vaginal spotting and lower abdominal pain after 6 weeks of amenorrhea following clomiphene citrate ovarian stimulation. Transvaginal Ultrasonography revealed an intrauterine pregnancy and an unruptured left tubal ectopic pregnancy. She underwent successful laparoscopic salpingectomy while the intra-uterine pregnancy was allowed to continue. The ectopic pregnancy tissue histology reported an ectopic partial molar pregnancy. She subsequently had a normal vaginal delivery at 39 weeks and 3 days and her follow-up was uneventful. Conclusion: Heterotopic pregnancy is a rare but life-threatening condition. It should be suspected in a pregnant woman with a risk factor of multiple gestations who presents vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain in the context of early pregnancy. Laparoscopic surgery is effective for confirming the diagnosis and treating the ectopic component. Routine histological examination of tubal specimens must be taken very seriously because some findings like molar pregnancies may require specific management.展开更多
The authors reported a case of molar ectopic pregnancy seen and managed at the maternity unit of the Bobo-Dioulasso Teaching Hospital. The frequency of the molar ectopic pregnancy is difficult to assess. Besides, the ...The authors reported a case of molar ectopic pregnancy seen and managed at the maternity unit of the Bobo-Dioulasso Teaching Hospital. The frequency of the molar ectopic pregnancy is difficult to assess. Besides, the histopathological examination of surgical specimen of the salpingectomy is not usual in our setting. For the management, we realized a total left salpingectomy with a histopathological examination of surgical specimens in association with serum b HCG follow up. During post operations period, the patient was put on estro-progestin contraception for a year, a regular checkup of the biological marker of the molar pregnancy till negativation, a clinical, ultrasound and radiological checkup. No anomaly was noticed at the end of the follow up.展开更多
Ectopic pregnancy is defined as the fertilized ovum implants in a location outside the endometrial cavity, remains to be an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide and is a health problem with in...Ectopic pregnancy is defined as the fertilized ovum implants in a location outside the endometrial cavity, remains to be an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide and is a health problem with incidence ranges between 0.25% and 2% of all pregnancies. In our study, in Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from 2011 to 2013, 96 cases with diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy managed by the adapted RCOG’s Guide were analyzed retrospectively. The data were analyzed as follows: age, the history of operation, smoking, the presence of intrauterine device, blood groups, hemoglobin, platelets, values of B-hCG, the diagnostic interval, intra-abdominal free fluid and/or acute abdomen, the method of treatment and the success of treatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Ectopic pregnancy(EP) is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases in gynecology. Once the condition of EP is delayed, it may lead to massive hemorrhage, shock, and even death in a short time, serious...BACKGROUND Ectopic pregnancy(EP) is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases in gynecology. Once the condition of EP is delayed, it may lead to massive hemorrhage, shock, and even death in a short time, seriously threatening the patient’s life. Early diagnosis is the key to preventing and improving the prognosis of EP.Transabdominal ultrasound(TAS) and transvaginal ultrasound(TVS) are the main diagnostic methods for abdominal diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore the application value and effect of TAS and TVS in the diagnosis of EP,hoping to provide more valuable references for the diagnosis of EP.AIM To explore the application value of TAS and TVS in the diagnosis of EP and to improve the level of clinical diagnosis.METHODS A total of 140 patients with EP admitted to our hospital from July 2018 to July 2020 were selected for this study. All patients were divided into two groups according to the examination methods. 63 patients who underwent abdominal ultrasound examination were set as the TAS group, while 77 patients who underwent TVS examination were set as the TVS group. We compared the diagnostic accuracy and misdiagnosis rates between the two types of ultrasound examinations, as well as the postoperative pathological results of the two diagnostic methods for different types of ectopic pregnancies. We also analyzed the sonograms for the presence of mixed ectopic masses,adnexal masses, ectopic gestational sacs, the presence or absence of visible embryo and fetal heart in the ectopic sac shadow, and the detection of fluid in the rectal fossa of the uterus, such as the adnexal area, yolk sac, and embryo, etc. In addition, the diagnosis time, days of gestational sac appearance, operation time, endometrial thickness, and blood flow resistance index were compared as well.RESULTS After performing both types of ultrasound examinations in 140 patients with EP, we found that the diagnostic accuracy of TVS was significantly higher than that of TAS, and the misdiagnosis rate was significantly lower than that of TAS. The differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). In addition, the detection rate of TVS was better than that of TAS for the presence of mixed masses,adnexal masses, ectopic gestational sacs, the presence or absence of visible embryo and fetal heart in the shadow of the ectopic sac, and sonograms such as the adnexal area, yolk sac, and embryo,etc. The coincidence rate of its postoperative pathological examination results was significantly higher than those of TAS. The diagnosis time and the days of gestational sac appearance by TVS were significantly shorter than that by TAS, and the operation time was earlier than that by TAS.What’s more, the detection rates of the endometrial thickness ￡ 1.5 mm and blood flow resistance ￡0.5 were significantly higher in TVS diagnosis of EP than in TAS. All differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION Compared with TAS, TVS has the advantages of high detection accuracy and good sonogram performance.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of operative laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy with hypovolemic shock. Methods Two hundred and fifteen women with ectopic pregnancy underwent operative laparoscopy. The...Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of operative laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy with hypovolemic shock. Methods Two hundred and fifteen women with ectopic pregnancy underwent operative laparoscopy. These patients were divided into two groups. The study group included 21 patients with shock and intraperitoneal hemorrhage more than 1000 mL, and control group included 194 patients, hemodynamically stable, with blood loss less than 1000 mL. Clinical data of perio-perative periods in two groups were retrospectively analyzed. Results All patients were tubal pregnancies. The occurrence rate of tubal rupture was higher in study group than in control group (80.95% vs. 15.98%, P < 0.001). Intraabdominal blood loss was significantly higher in study group than in control group (1900 mL vs. 300 mL, P < 0.001), and autologous blood transfusions were given to 95.24% and 9.3% of patients in study and control group, respectively (P < 0.001). Laparoscopic salpingectomy was performed on 85.7 % and 50.5% of patients in study and control group (P < 0.001). The operative time was somewhat longer in study group than that in control group (60 minutes vs. 45 minutes), but with no significant difference. All patients had no perioperative complications. Conclusion Operative laparoscopy in patients with hopovolemic shock can be safely and effectively performed by experi-enced laparoscopists with the aid of optimal anesthesia, advanced cardiovascular monitoring, and autologous blood transfusion.展开更多
Broad ligament pregnancy is a rare event and always delays in diagnosis. A pregnant woman in early twenties presented for our center. Routine ultra-sonography revealed a first trimester abdominal pregnancy. Broad liga...Broad ligament pregnancy is a rare event and always delays in diagnosis. A pregnant woman in early twenties presented for our center. Routine ultra-sonography revealed a first trimester abdominal pregnancy. Broad ligament pregnancy was diagnosed intraoperation and treated with laparoscopic resection successfully. The patient has a history of right tubal pregnancy 2 years ago and terminated with Laparoscopic Salpingostomy. According to the long term followed-up for the patient, we found that she had recurrent right tubal pregnancy 5 months after the broad ligment ectopic pregnancy. She received the salpingectomy laparoscopically. We presented the case to discuss the clinical management of broad ligament ectopic pregnancy and options of surgical treatments of tubal pregnancy to reduce the risk of recurrent.展开更多
Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is a putative precursor of high-grade serous carcinoma, which is the most common histological type of ovarian or pelvic peritoneal cancer. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma ...Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is a putative precursor of high-grade serous carcinoma, which is the most common histological type of ovarian or pelvic peritoneal cancer. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is commonly found in patients with breast cancer susceptibility gene mutations who undergo risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. Incidental serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma found by a non-prophylactic surgery is rare. A 33-year-old woman referred to our hospital for a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. She underwent a laparoscopic right salpingectomy. Pathologically, ectopic pregnancy in the ampulla of the right fallopian tube was confirmed and serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma was observed in the fallopian tube. Subsequently, she underwent a laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, and left salpingectomy as additional treatment. She has experienced no recurrence thus far for 37 months since the surgery.展开更多
Background: Ectopic pregnancy is a common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the 1st trimester of pregnancy;without timely diagnosis and intervention, ruptured ectopic pregnancy can become a life threatening...Background: Ectopic pregnancy is a common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the 1st trimester of pregnancy;without timely diagnosis and intervention, ruptured ectopic pregnancy can become a life threatening condition. Objective: This study aims to give baseline indices on the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors and the management of cases of ectopic pregnancy that presented in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki over a 5-year period. Materials and Method: This is a 5-year retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy between January 1st 2012 and December 31st 2016. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22. Result: During the study period, there were 11,932 deliveries while 7725 Gynaecology patients were admitted. Over the same period there were 156 patients diagnosed and managed for ectopic pregnancy, accounting for 1.31% of all deliveries and 2.0% of all Gynaecological admissions. The modal age group was 26 - 30 years 68 (43.6%), 122 (78.2%) were married, while 34 (21.7%) were single. Nulliparous were 41 (26.3%) and primiparous were 33 (21.2%). The commonest presenting complaints were lower abdominal pain and amenorrhea, and the commonest identified risk factor was previous pelvic inflammatory disease. Most of the cases were ruptured prior to presentation and partial salpingectomy was the management in all tubal pregnancy while two cases were unruptured and had salpingostomy and another case was abdominal pregnancy and had exploratory laparotomy only. Out of 156 women that presented with ectopic pregnancy, 8 (5.1%) died before surgery could be done due to late presentation. Fifty-seven women presented in a state of shock and 9 (5.8%) of the cases were complicated with acute renal failure. Conclusion: Ruptured ectopic pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity and early pregnancy loss. Late presentation is a common feature in our environment;hence widespread advocacy on case identification and early presentation is urgently needed.展开更多
Objective: To study the stress reaction after laparoscopic surgery and laparotomy for the treatment of acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Methods: 68 patients with acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy who received emergenc...Objective: To study the stress reaction after laparoscopic surgery and laparotomy for the treatment of acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Methods: 68 patients with acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy who received emergency surgical treatment in Pangang Group General Hospital between July 2013 and September 2016 were selected and analyzed retrospectively, including 29 patients with laparoscopic surgery and 39 patients with laparotomy who were included in the laparoscopy group and laparotomy group respectively. Before operation as well as 1d and 3d after operation, serum was collected to detect biochemical indexes and stress hormones. Results: 1d and 3d after operation, serum Alb, AST, ALT, BUN, Scr and UA levels were not significantly different between laparoscopy group and laparotomy group (P>0.05);serum NE (149.65±17.58 vs. 186.61±23.52, 162.32±20.15 vs. 295.86±28.97 pg/ml), E (135.28±19.85 vs. 179.55±22.52, 152.11±18.52 vs. 231.38±29.58 pg/ml), ACTH (3.88±0.49 vs. 5.12±0.82, 4.39±0.52 vs. 6.58±0.92 pmol/L), Cor (177.64±20.12 vs. 224.59±35.55, 185.21±22.12 vs. 289.45±41.28 ng/ml), Ins (12.21±1.86 vs. 17.58±2.52, 18.95±2.68 vs. 27.61±4.12 IU/mL), PRA (1.65±0.25 vs. 2.18±0.35, 1.73±0.21 vs. 2.55±0.47ng/ml), AngⅡ (44.12±7.64 vs. 59.63±7.92, 52.27±7.95 vs. 76.12±9.35 pg/ml) and ALD (155.22±19.76 vs. 205.62±24.52, 189.10±22.58 vs. 316.85±42.85 pg/ml) levels of laparoscopy group were significantly lower than those of laparotomy group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery for acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy causes less adrenal stress reaction and RAAS system stress reaction, and the overall level of trauma is lower than that of laparotomy.展开更多
Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of Chlamydia antibody in patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy compared to normal pregnant women and the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Study Design: This was a pros...Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of Chlamydia antibody in patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy compared to normal pregnant women and the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Study Design: This was a prospective case-control study of 85 cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and 100 cases of second trimester on-going intrauterine pregnant controls presenting in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) between September 2009 and March 2010. Study Site: This was at the gynaecological emergency room and antenatal clinic in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Ethical approval was sought and granted by the ethics review committee of LASUTH. Study Participants: Patients presenting with ruptured ectopic pregnancy were recruited as cases while the controls were made up of those with uncomplicated second trimester intrauterine pregnancy. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was administered following informed consent. Five milliliters of venous blood was taken from each participant and tested for?Lymphogranuloma Venerum?(LGV) type 2 broadly reacting antigen of?Chlamydia trachomatis.?Data Analysis: Data gathered from the case notes and laboratories were imputed into the computer and analyzed using the statistical package?Epi-Info 3.51, Atlanta, USA. Frequency tables were generated for continuous variables and?chi-square analysis used to determine association between variables, with p values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: There were 91 cases of ectopic pregnancy among a total of 2468 deliveries giving an incidence of 3.68% or 1 in 27 deliveries. Factors which significantly contributed to increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy in this study were: level of education (p = 0.001), socio-economic status (p = 0.001), parity (p = 0.005), early age of sexual debut (p = 0.001), multiple sexual partners (p = 0.001), previous pelvic inflammatory disease (p = 0.003), previous induced abortion (p = 0.013) and previous?postabortal/puerperal sepsis (p = 0.013). The seropositivity of?Chlamydia IgG (62.4%) in the cases was significantly higher than that of 29% in the control (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There was a high incidence of ectopic during the period of study and the seropositivity of Chlamydia IgG antibody was significantly higher amongst the cases. Risk factors identified were low level of education, low socio-economic status, low parity, early age of sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease, previous induced abortion and previous postabortal/puerperal sepsis.展开更多
Medical treatment with methotrexate is now successfully replacing conservative surgical treatment in selected patients. We reviewed patients treated with methotrexate, compared to salpingectomy and salpingostomy betwe...Medical treatment with methotrexate is now successfully replacing conservative surgical treatment in selected patients. We reviewed patients treated with methotrexate, compared to salpingectomy and salpingostomy between 1990 to 1995 and 2000 to 2003. For 1990-1995 there were 21 conservative surgical treatments (5.3% ectopic pregnancies). The ratio of ectopic to normal deliveries was 1:24. Medical treatment was done for 19 pregnancies (3.4% of ectopic pregnancies) for 2000 to 2003. During the period there was an ectopic rate of 1:16.8 births. Patients treated medically were similar to those treated surgically except that none reportedly having rebound tenderness and only 1/18 having an ultrasound scan showing a foetal heart and none with a gestational sac >4cm. In the medically treated group the success rate was 68% while in the surgically treated groups success was 100%. There was no significant difference in the parameters in the conservative surgical and medically treated展开更多
Objective: To describe the role of autologous regenerative intraoperative bleeding of recent intra-cavity losses over the ectopic pregnancy ruptured at the Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou. Methodology: It has been a ...Objective: To describe the role of autologous regenerative intraoperative bleeding of recent intra-cavity losses over the ectopic pregnancy ruptured at the Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou. Methodology: It has been a cross-sectional descriptive study over a period of 18 months from January 1st 2014 to June 30th 2015 in the obstetrics and gynecology department at the schiphra hospital of Ouagadougou. In our study, we included all pregnant women having received emergency with a diagnosis of broken ectopic pregnancy complicated by a significant array of clinical haemoperitoneum and who have consented to participate in the survey. Results: During the study period, we recorded 322 cases of ectopic pregnancy, among which 106 were broken. Autotransfusion was performed in 59 patients, that is to say 18.3%. The average age of patients was 27 years (18 - 40). The average rate of childbirth was 5.25 (0 - 11). The general condition of the patients was pretty good at 8.5% and poor in 91.5% of cases. The average amount of blood transfused per patient was 935 ml with a range of 400 and 1600 ml. After autotransfusion, 62% of patients had greater improvement in hemoglobin 10 g/dl. Maternal prognosis was marked by a case of fever with a morbidity rate of 1.9% and a death post autotransfusion case fatality rate of 1.9%. Conclusion: In the context of shortage of blood products, autologous transfusion could be an alternative in the treatment of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in developing countries.展开更多
Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is dreadful and can lead to the death of the patient if it is ignored. Diagnosed early, it offers the possibility of medical treatment with methotrexate. Objective: To describe the prog...Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is dreadful and can lead to the death of the patient if it is ignored. Diagnosed early, it offers the possibility of medical treatment with methotrexate. Objective: To describe the prognosis of ectopic pregnancies treated methotrexate. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of the management of ectopic pregnancy by Methotrexate at Senlis hospital from June 2020 to May 2021 were included in the study, patients with a Fernandez score of less than 13, and having received Methotrexate as first-line treatment. Data were collected using gynecological emergency admission registers, and telephone interviews. Results: 35 cases were identified. The average age of the patients was 32 years old. Forty-nine percent were smokers. The mean gestational age was 5 weeks + 2 days. The diagnosis was made in all of our patients with the combination of the kinetics of ß-hcg and vaginal ultrasound. The size of adnexal mass was less than 4 cm with an average size of 20 mm. The average value of ß-hcg was 1405 IU/L. All patients had received a single dose of methotrexate 1 mg/kg intramuscularly. A second dose was administered to 17.1% of patients for stagnation or re-ascension of the ß-hcg level. The success rate was 91.4%. Thirty percent were obtained spontaneous intra uterine pregnancy, the first year following methotrexate treatment. Conclusion: The success rate of medical treatment for ectopic pregnancy is high in terms of meeting the eligibility criteria for treatment. The subsequent prognosis of fertility is generally preserved.展开更多
Objectives: To calculate the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in cases with recurrent early pregnancy loss and cases of recurrent implantation failure. Methods and materials: This is a retrospective cohort study. 200 wo...Objectives: To calculate the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in cases with recurrent early pregnancy loss and cases of recurrent implantation failure. Methods and materials: This is a retrospective cohort study. 200 women were recruited from the infertility clinic at shat by maternity university hospital seeking fertility. 100 of them were with history of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and 100 with history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Revisiting their hospital files for the history of ectopic pregnancy was done. Results: 8% of cases of RPL had history of ectopic pregnancy while only 6% of cases of RIF had the history. There was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.579). There was significantly higher incidence of ectopic pregnancy in both groups if compared with the general population (p = 0.0001 and 0.043) in RPL and RIF consecutively. Conclusions: RPL and RIF may be considered as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy.展开更多
In women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy, every effort should be made to exclude the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before embarking on an irreversible treatment for ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis of ectopic...In women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy, every effort should be made to exclude the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before embarking on an irreversible treatment for ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, unless directly visualized with transvaginal ultrasound, is made with the exclusion of an intrauterine pregnancy. Measurement of human chorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone levels, and transvaginal ultrasound are the tools used to evaluate early pregnancy. In women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy, every effort should be made to exclude the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before embarking on an irreversible treatment course. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis and repair and cell replication. It is administered to ostensible destroy a pregnancy, especially ectopic pregnancies. When administered to an intrauterine pregnancy, embryonic death and missed abortion is the most common result, but early embryos that survive this exposure are likely to have multiple anomalies. The mistaken administration of methotrexate to an intrauterine pregnancy is made because of misinterpretation of the discriminatory zone of human chorionic gonadotropin(h CG), misinterpretation of early h CG serum levels, misinterpretation of early transvaginal ultrasound images, and failure to clinically correlate h CG levels and ultrasound findings.展开更多
Ectopic pregnancy is identified with the widely-applied assisted reproductive technology （ART）. Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy which is difficult to be diagnosed at the pre-operation...Ectopic pregnancy is identified with the widely-applied assisted reproductive technology （ART）. Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy which is difficult to be diagnosed at the pre-operation stage. In this paper, we presented an unusual case of heterochronic bilateral ectopic pregnancy after stimulated intrauterine insemination （IUI）, where there has been a delay of 22 d between the diagnoses of the two ectopic pregnancies. Literature was reviewed on the occurrence of bilateral ectopic pregnancy during the past four years in the MEDLINE database. We found 16 cases of bilateral ectopic pregnancy reported since 2008, and analyzed the characteristics of those cases of bilateral ectopic pregnancy. We emphasize that ovulation induction and other ARTs may increase the risk of bilateral ectopic pregnancy. Because of the difficulty in identification of bilateral ectopic pregnancy by ultraso- nography, the clinician should be aware that the treatment of one ectopic pregnancy does not preclude the occurrence of a second ectopic pregnancy in the same patient and should pay attention to the intra-operation inspection of both side fallopian tubes in any ectopic pregnancy case.展开更多
文摘Pregnancies in the same side tube after the same side ovary ovulation are more common. We report an unusual case of contralateral tubal ectopic pregnancy after ovulation of another side ovary in spontaneous cycles. A 32-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic left fallopian tube conservative surgery because of left tubal pregnancy two years ago. She returned to our hospital with a positive pregnancy test and lower abdominal pain 28 d after the dominant follicle discharged in the right side ovary detected by transvaginal ultrasound in spontaneous cycles. Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed no intrauterine gestational sac but a left adnexal mass measuring 2.6 cm X2.5 cm. Videolaparoscopy was performed, and the diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy in the let fallopian tube was confirmed by pathologic report. Tubal damage is the most important risk factor for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Embryos can be reversely migrated toward fallopian tubes, due to retrograde action of endometrial waves and uterine contractions, that is another necessary reason which contributes to such tubal pregnancy. Total salpingectomy or tubal sterilization is necessary for avoiding repeated tubal ectopic pregnancy.
文摘A 35-year-old woman with a history of regular menstruation presented with a positive urine pregnancy test and elevated blood human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations.Color Doppler ultrasound showed multiple slightly hyperechoic areas within the uterine cavity.She was admitted to the hospital with a preliminary outpatient diagnosis of“suspected molar pregnancy,pending further evaluation.”
文摘Cervical pregnancy is a rare clinical entity that accounts for less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies. It results from implantation of the blastocyst in the cervical canal below the level of the internal os. Although non-tubal ectopic pregnancies account for only 5%<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>of ectopics, they contribute to a significant morbidity. The cornerstone in the management of cervical ectopic is early diagnosis by high index of suspension and a qualified sonographer. Management options for cervical ectopic pregnancies range from conservative drug treatment to radical hysterectomy. Over the last few years, the mortality and morbidity rates of ectopic pregnancies have been reduced. This is mainly due to the early recognition of the condition and the wide availability of minimally invasive surgical procedures. We present a case of a 33-year-old</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>woman that was 16 weeks pregnant. She presented initially with recurrent vaginal bleeding followed by minimal lower abdominal pain. Her early US scans were</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>misleading. Several weeks later,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>a follow up MRI scan suggested cervical ectopic. She was managed surgically with uterine preservation.</span></span></span>
文摘Objective To investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment of caesarean scar pregnancy （CSP）. Methods We reported here a case of recurrent ectopic pregnancy within a previous cesarean scar and reviewed the literature. Results Surgical evacuation of a CSP was a small side effect and effective treatment of CSP. Conclusion Early and accurate diagnosis, timeliness and effective treatment were extremely important in saving patients＇ life and retaining their fertility.
文摘Background: Heterotopic pregnancy is a very rare event in a natural cycle. Its incidence is rising mostly due to induction of ovulation or Assisted Reproductive Technique. Most ectopic in heterotopic pregnancies are localized in the fallopian tubes. The occurrence of molar tubal ectopic pregnancy coexisting with intrauterine pregnancy is uncommon and consequently not often considered a diagnostic possibility. Case Report: We report the case of a 25-year-old woman, gravida 4 para 1, who complained of vaginal spotting and lower abdominal pain after 6 weeks of amenorrhea following clomiphene citrate ovarian stimulation. Transvaginal Ultrasonography revealed an intrauterine pregnancy and an unruptured left tubal ectopic pregnancy. She underwent successful laparoscopic salpingectomy while the intra-uterine pregnancy was allowed to continue. The ectopic pregnancy tissue histology reported an ectopic partial molar pregnancy. She subsequently had a normal vaginal delivery at 39 weeks and 3 days and her follow-up was uneventful. Conclusion: Heterotopic pregnancy is a rare but life-threatening condition. It should be suspected in a pregnant woman with a risk factor of multiple gestations who presents vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain in the context of early pregnancy. Laparoscopic surgery is effective for confirming the diagnosis and treating the ectopic component. Routine histological examination of tubal specimens must be taken very seriously because some findings like molar pregnancies may require specific management.
文摘The authors reported a case of molar ectopic pregnancy seen and managed at the maternity unit of the Bobo-Dioulasso Teaching Hospital. The frequency of the molar ectopic pregnancy is difficult to assess. Besides, the histopathological examination of surgical specimen of the salpingectomy is not usual in our setting. For the management, we realized a total left salpingectomy with a histopathological examination of surgical specimens in association with serum b HCG follow up. During post operations period, the patient was put on estro-progestin contraception for a year, a regular checkup of the biological marker of the molar pregnancy till negativation, a clinical, ultrasound and radiological checkup. No anomaly was noticed at the end of the follow up.
文摘Ectopic pregnancy is defined as the fertilized ovum implants in a location outside the endometrial cavity, remains to be an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide and is a health problem with incidence ranges between 0.25% and 2% of all pregnancies. In our study, in Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from 2011 to 2013, 96 cases with diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy managed by the adapted RCOG’s Guide were analyzed retrospectively. The data were analyzed as follows: age, the history of operation, smoking, the presence of intrauterine device, blood groups, hemoglobin, platelets, values of B-hCG, the diagnostic interval, intra-abdominal free fluid and/or acute abdomen, the method of treatment and the success of treatment.
文摘BACKGROUND Ectopic pregnancy(EP) is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases in gynecology. Once the condition of EP is delayed, it may lead to massive hemorrhage, shock, and even death in a short time, seriously threatening the patient’s life. Early diagnosis is the key to preventing and improving the prognosis of EP.Transabdominal ultrasound(TAS) and transvaginal ultrasound(TVS) are the main diagnostic methods for abdominal diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore the application value and effect of TAS and TVS in the diagnosis of EP,hoping to provide more valuable references for the diagnosis of EP.AIM To explore the application value of TAS and TVS in the diagnosis of EP and to improve the level of clinical diagnosis.METHODS A total of 140 patients with EP admitted to our hospital from July 2018 to July 2020 were selected for this study. All patients were divided into two groups according to the examination methods. 63 patients who underwent abdominal ultrasound examination were set as the TAS group, while 77 patients who underwent TVS examination were set as the TVS group. We compared the diagnostic accuracy and misdiagnosis rates between the two types of ultrasound examinations, as well as the postoperative pathological results of the two diagnostic methods for different types of ectopic pregnancies. We also analyzed the sonograms for the presence of mixed ectopic masses,adnexal masses, ectopic gestational sacs, the presence or absence of visible embryo and fetal heart in the ectopic sac shadow, and the detection of fluid in the rectal fossa of the uterus, such as the adnexal area, yolk sac, and embryo, etc. In addition, the diagnosis time, days of gestational sac appearance, operation time, endometrial thickness, and blood flow resistance index were compared as well.RESULTS After performing both types of ultrasound examinations in 140 patients with EP, we found that the diagnostic accuracy of TVS was significantly higher than that of TAS, and the misdiagnosis rate was significantly lower than that of TAS. The differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). In addition, the detection rate of TVS was better than that of TAS for the presence of mixed masses,adnexal masses, ectopic gestational sacs, the presence or absence of visible embryo and fetal heart in the shadow of the ectopic sac, and sonograms such as the adnexal area, yolk sac, and embryo,etc. The coincidence rate of its postoperative pathological examination results was significantly higher than those of TAS. The diagnosis time and the days of gestational sac appearance by TVS were significantly shorter than that by TAS, and the operation time was earlier than that by TAS.What’s more, the detection rates of the endometrial thickness ￡ 1.5 mm and blood flow resistance ￡0.5 were significantly higher in TVS diagnosis of EP than in TAS. All differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION Compared with TAS, TVS has the advantages of high detection accuracy and good sonogram performance.
文摘Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of operative laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy with hypovolemic shock. Methods Two hundred and fifteen women with ectopic pregnancy underwent operative laparoscopy. These patients were divided into two groups. The study group included 21 patients with shock and intraperitoneal hemorrhage more than 1000 mL, and control group included 194 patients, hemodynamically stable, with blood loss less than 1000 mL. Clinical data of perio-perative periods in two groups were retrospectively analyzed. Results All patients were tubal pregnancies. The occurrence rate of tubal rupture was higher in study group than in control group (80.95% vs. 15.98%, P < 0.001). Intraabdominal blood loss was significantly higher in study group than in control group (1900 mL vs. 300 mL, P < 0.001), and autologous blood transfusions were given to 95.24% and 9.3% of patients in study and control group, respectively (P < 0.001). Laparoscopic salpingectomy was performed on 85.7 % and 50.5% of patients in study and control group (P < 0.001). The operative time was somewhat longer in study group than that in control group (60 minutes vs. 45 minutes), but with no significant difference. All patients had no perioperative complications. Conclusion Operative laparoscopy in patients with hopovolemic shock can be safely and effectively performed by experi-enced laparoscopists with the aid of optimal anesthesia, advanced cardiovascular monitoring, and autologous blood transfusion.
文摘Broad ligament pregnancy is a rare event and always delays in diagnosis. A pregnant woman in early twenties presented for our center. Routine ultra-sonography revealed a first trimester abdominal pregnancy. Broad ligament pregnancy was diagnosed intraoperation and treated with laparoscopic resection successfully. The patient has a history of right tubal pregnancy 2 years ago and terminated with Laparoscopic Salpingostomy. According to the long term followed-up for the patient, we found that she had recurrent right tubal pregnancy 5 months after the broad ligment ectopic pregnancy. She received the salpingectomy laparoscopically. We presented the case to discuss the clinical management of broad ligament ectopic pregnancy and options of surgical treatments of tubal pregnancy to reduce the risk of recurrent.
文摘Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is a putative precursor of high-grade serous carcinoma, which is the most common histological type of ovarian or pelvic peritoneal cancer. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is commonly found in patients with breast cancer susceptibility gene mutations who undergo risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. Incidental serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma found by a non-prophylactic surgery is rare. A 33-year-old woman referred to our hospital for a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. She underwent a laparoscopic right salpingectomy. Pathologically, ectopic pregnancy in the ampulla of the right fallopian tube was confirmed and serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma was observed in the fallopian tube. Subsequently, she underwent a laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, and left salpingectomy as additional treatment. She has experienced no recurrence thus far for 37 months since the surgery.
文摘Background: Ectopic pregnancy is a common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the 1st trimester of pregnancy;without timely diagnosis and intervention, ruptured ectopic pregnancy can become a life threatening condition. Objective: This study aims to give baseline indices on the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors and the management of cases of ectopic pregnancy that presented in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki over a 5-year period. Materials and Method: This is a 5-year retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy between January 1st 2012 and December 31st 2016. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22. Result: During the study period, there were 11,932 deliveries while 7725 Gynaecology patients were admitted. Over the same period there were 156 patients diagnosed and managed for ectopic pregnancy, accounting for 1.31% of all deliveries and 2.0% of all Gynaecological admissions. The modal age group was 26 - 30 years 68 (43.6%), 122 (78.2%) were married, while 34 (21.7%) were single. Nulliparous were 41 (26.3%) and primiparous were 33 (21.2%). The commonest presenting complaints were lower abdominal pain and amenorrhea, and the commonest identified risk factor was previous pelvic inflammatory disease. Most of the cases were ruptured prior to presentation and partial salpingectomy was the management in all tubal pregnancy while two cases were unruptured and had salpingostomy and another case was abdominal pregnancy and had exploratory laparotomy only. Out of 156 women that presented with ectopic pregnancy, 8 (5.1%) died before surgery could be done due to late presentation. Fifty-seven women presented in a state of shock and 9 (5.8%) of the cases were complicated with acute renal failure. Conclusion: Ruptured ectopic pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity and early pregnancy loss. Late presentation is a common feature in our environment;hence widespread advocacy on case identification and early presentation is urgently needed.
文摘Objective: To study the stress reaction after laparoscopic surgery and laparotomy for the treatment of acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Methods: 68 patients with acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy who received emergency surgical treatment in Pangang Group General Hospital between July 2013 and September 2016 were selected and analyzed retrospectively, including 29 patients with laparoscopic surgery and 39 patients with laparotomy who were included in the laparoscopy group and laparotomy group respectively. Before operation as well as 1d and 3d after operation, serum was collected to detect biochemical indexes and stress hormones. Results: 1d and 3d after operation, serum Alb, AST, ALT, BUN, Scr and UA levels were not significantly different between laparoscopy group and laparotomy group (P>0.05);serum NE (149.65±17.58 vs. 186.61±23.52, 162.32±20.15 vs. 295.86±28.97 pg/ml), E (135.28±19.85 vs. 179.55±22.52, 152.11±18.52 vs. 231.38±29.58 pg/ml), ACTH (3.88±0.49 vs. 5.12±0.82, 4.39±0.52 vs. 6.58±0.92 pmol/L), Cor (177.64±20.12 vs. 224.59±35.55, 185.21±22.12 vs. 289.45±41.28 ng/ml), Ins (12.21±1.86 vs. 17.58±2.52, 18.95±2.68 vs. 27.61±4.12 IU/mL), PRA (1.65±0.25 vs. 2.18±0.35, 1.73±0.21 vs. 2.55±0.47ng/ml), AngⅡ (44.12±7.64 vs. 59.63±7.92, 52.27±7.95 vs. 76.12±9.35 pg/ml) and ALD (155.22±19.76 vs. 205.62±24.52, 189.10±22.58 vs. 316.85±42.85 pg/ml) levels of laparoscopy group were significantly lower than those of laparotomy group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery for acute ruptured ectopic pregnancy causes less adrenal stress reaction and RAAS system stress reaction, and the overall level of trauma is lower than that of laparotomy.
文摘Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of Chlamydia antibody in patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy compared to normal pregnant women and the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Study Design: This was a prospective case-control study of 85 cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and 100 cases of second trimester on-going intrauterine pregnant controls presenting in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) between September 2009 and March 2010. Study Site: This was at the gynaecological emergency room and antenatal clinic in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Ethical approval was sought and granted by the ethics review committee of LASUTH. Study Participants: Patients presenting with ruptured ectopic pregnancy were recruited as cases while the controls were made up of those with uncomplicated second trimester intrauterine pregnancy. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was administered following informed consent. Five milliliters of venous blood was taken from each participant and tested for?Lymphogranuloma Venerum?(LGV) type 2 broadly reacting antigen of?Chlamydia trachomatis.?Data Analysis: Data gathered from the case notes and laboratories were imputed into the computer and analyzed using the statistical package?Epi-Info 3.51, Atlanta, USA. Frequency tables were generated for continuous variables and?chi-square analysis used to determine association between variables, with p values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: There were 91 cases of ectopic pregnancy among a total of 2468 deliveries giving an incidence of 3.68% or 1 in 27 deliveries. Factors which significantly contributed to increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy in this study were: level of education (p = 0.001), socio-economic status (p = 0.001), parity (p = 0.005), early age of sexual debut (p = 0.001), multiple sexual partners (p = 0.001), previous pelvic inflammatory disease (p = 0.003), previous induced abortion (p = 0.013) and previous?postabortal/puerperal sepsis (p = 0.013). The seropositivity of?Chlamydia IgG (62.4%) in the cases was significantly higher than that of 29% in the control (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There was a high incidence of ectopic during the period of study and the seropositivity of Chlamydia IgG antibody was significantly higher amongst the cases. Risk factors identified were low level of education, low socio-economic status, low parity, early age of sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease, previous induced abortion and previous postabortal/puerperal sepsis.
文摘Medical treatment with methotrexate is now successfully replacing conservative surgical treatment in selected patients. We reviewed patients treated with methotrexate, compared to salpingectomy and salpingostomy between 1990 to 1995 and 2000 to 2003. For 1990-1995 there were 21 conservative surgical treatments (5.3% ectopic pregnancies). The ratio of ectopic to normal deliveries was 1:24. Medical treatment was done for 19 pregnancies (3.4% of ectopic pregnancies) for 2000 to 2003. During the period there was an ectopic rate of 1:16.8 births. Patients treated medically were similar to those treated surgically except that none reportedly having rebound tenderness and only 1/18 having an ultrasound scan showing a foetal heart and none with a gestational sac >4cm. In the medically treated group the success rate was 68% while in the surgically treated groups success was 100%. There was no significant difference in the parameters in the conservative surgical and medically treated
文摘Objective: To describe the role of autologous regenerative intraoperative bleeding of recent intra-cavity losses over the ectopic pregnancy ruptured at the Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou. Methodology: It has been a cross-sectional descriptive study over a period of 18 months from January 1st 2014 to June 30th 2015 in the obstetrics and gynecology department at the schiphra hospital of Ouagadougou. In our study, we included all pregnant women having received emergency with a diagnosis of broken ectopic pregnancy complicated by a significant array of clinical haemoperitoneum and who have consented to participate in the survey. Results: During the study period, we recorded 322 cases of ectopic pregnancy, among which 106 were broken. Autotransfusion was performed in 59 patients, that is to say 18.3%. The average age of patients was 27 years (18 - 40). The average rate of childbirth was 5.25 (0 - 11). The general condition of the patients was pretty good at 8.5% and poor in 91.5% of cases. The average amount of blood transfused per patient was 935 ml with a range of 400 and 1600 ml. After autotransfusion, 62% of patients had greater improvement in hemoglobin 10 g/dl. Maternal prognosis was marked by a case of fever with a morbidity rate of 1.9% and a death post autotransfusion case fatality rate of 1.9%. Conclusion: In the context of shortage of blood products, autologous transfusion could be an alternative in the treatment of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in developing countries.
文摘Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is dreadful and can lead to the death of the patient if it is ignored. Diagnosed early, it offers the possibility of medical treatment with methotrexate. Objective: To describe the prognosis of ectopic pregnancies treated methotrexate. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of the management of ectopic pregnancy by Methotrexate at Senlis hospital from June 2020 to May 2021 were included in the study, patients with a Fernandez score of less than 13, and having received Methotrexate as first-line treatment. Data were collected using gynecological emergency admission registers, and telephone interviews. Results: 35 cases were identified. The average age of the patients was 32 years old. Forty-nine percent were smokers. The mean gestational age was 5 weeks + 2 days. The diagnosis was made in all of our patients with the combination of the kinetics of ß-hcg and vaginal ultrasound. The size of adnexal mass was less than 4 cm with an average size of 20 mm. The average value of ß-hcg was 1405 IU/L. All patients had received a single dose of methotrexate 1 mg/kg intramuscularly. A second dose was administered to 17.1% of patients for stagnation or re-ascension of the ß-hcg level. The success rate was 91.4%. Thirty percent were obtained spontaneous intra uterine pregnancy, the first year following methotrexate treatment. Conclusion: The success rate of medical treatment for ectopic pregnancy is high in terms of meeting the eligibility criteria for treatment. The subsequent prognosis of fertility is generally preserved.
文摘Objectives: To calculate the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in cases with recurrent early pregnancy loss and cases of recurrent implantation failure. Methods and materials: This is a retrospective cohort study. 200 women were recruited from the infertility clinic at shat by maternity university hospital seeking fertility. 100 of them were with history of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and 100 with history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Revisiting their hospital files for the history of ectopic pregnancy was done. Results: 8% of cases of RPL had history of ectopic pregnancy while only 6% of cases of RIF had the history. There was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.579). There was significantly higher incidence of ectopic pregnancy in both groups if compared with the general population (p = 0.0001 and 0.043) in RPL and RIF consecutively. Conclusions: RPL and RIF may be considered as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy.
文摘In women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy, every effort should be made to exclude the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before embarking on an irreversible treatment for ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, unless directly visualized with transvaginal ultrasound, is made with the exclusion of an intrauterine pregnancy. Measurement of human chorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone levels, and transvaginal ultrasound are the tools used to evaluate early pregnancy. In women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy, every effort should be made to exclude the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before embarking on an irreversible treatment course. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis and repair and cell replication. It is administered to ostensible destroy a pregnancy, especially ectopic pregnancies. When administered to an intrauterine pregnancy, embryonic death and missed abortion is the most common result, but early embryos that survive this exposure are likely to have multiple anomalies. The mistaken administration of methotrexate to an intrauterine pregnancy is made because of misinterpretation of the discriminatory zone of human chorionic gonadotropin(h CG), misinterpretation of early h CG serum levels, misinterpretation of early transvaginal ultrasound images, and failure to clinically correlate h CG levels and ultrasound findings.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973)of China(No.2013CB967404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81170310 and 81270664)+1 种基金the Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province(No.LR14H040001)the Talent Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2011RCA028),China
文摘Ectopic pregnancy is identified with the widely-applied assisted reproductive technology （ART）. Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy which is difficult to be diagnosed at the pre-operation stage. In this paper, we presented an unusual case of heterochronic bilateral ectopic pregnancy after stimulated intrauterine insemination （IUI）, where there has been a delay of 22 d between the diagnoses of the two ectopic pregnancies. Literature was reviewed on the occurrence of bilateral ectopic pregnancy during the past four years in the MEDLINE database. We found 16 cases of bilateral ectopic pregnancy reported since 2008, and analyzed the characteristics of those cases of bilateral ectopic pregnancy. We emphasize that ovulation induction and other ARTs may increase the risk of bilateral ectopic pregnancy. Because of the difficulty in identification of bilateral ectopic pregnancy by ultraso- nography, the clinician should be aware that the treatment of one ectopic pregnancy does not preclude the occurrence of a second ectopic pregnancy in the same patient and should pay attention to the intra-operation inspection of both side fallopian tubes in any ectopic pregnancy case.
