This article examines the construction methods employed in southern Ecuador prior to the Spanish conquest,focusing on their historical development,archaeological presence,and continued application in vernacular archit...This article examines the construction methods employed in southern Ecuador prior to the Spanish conquest,focusing on their historical development,archaeological presence,and continued application in vernacular architecture.Emphasising the lesser-studied Cañari tradition alongside Inca techniques,this study analyses five methods,bahareque,adobe,rammed earth,cob,and carved stone,on the basis of archaeological records,the historical literature,and field observations.Rather than evaluating individual buildings,this research assesses these techniques as evolving knowledge systems,highlighting their material logic,climatic adaptability,and seismic resilience.Special attention is given to two major archaeological sites,Ingapirca and Pumapungo,whose architectural features reflect both indigenous and imperial influences.The study also addresses the erosion of traditional construction knowledge and contemporary regulatory challenges but affirms that the discussed construction methods,especially when enhanced by modern adaptations,hold relevance for sustainable,lowcarbon design in Andean settings.By contributing new insights from an underrepresented geographical and cultural context,the article advances the international debates on heritage conservation,ecological construction,and the revalorisation of vernacular knowledge in global architectural discourses.展开更多
In Lima(the capital of Peru),archaeological sites are constantly being threatened by accelerated urban expansion.This study examines Independencia(a district in northern Lima),where 95%of archaeological areas have bee...In Lima(the capital of Peru),archaeological sites are constantly being threatened by accelerated urban expansion.This study examines Independencia(a district in northern Lima),where 95%of archaeological areas have been encroached upon due to inadequate planning and conservation policies.Focusing on four key archaeological sites(Cerro La Cruz,Cerro San Jerónimo,Pampa de Cueva,and San Jerónimo),this study employed a comprehensive pathological analysis to assess the extent and causes of deterioration.Data were gathered through field observation sheets based on the Ministry of Culture’s Conservation Guide,alongside historical photographs,aerial imagery,and urban mapping.The results indicate that human agents(27.1%)are the primary drivers of damage,supplemented by fortuitous(4.07%)and biological(2.89%)agents.The pronounced deterioration,particularly from human agents,underscores the urgent need for a holistic conservation strategy that integrates community participation with technical heritage management,ensuring that Lima’s pre-Hispanic legacy is preserved amidst ongoing urban pressure.展开更多
文摘This article examines the construction methods employed in southern Ecuador prior to the Spanish conquest,focusing on their historical development,archaeological presence,and continued application in vernacular architecture.Emphasising the lesser-studied Cañari tradition alongside Inca techniques,this study analyses five methods,bahareque,adobe,rammed earth,cob,and carved stone,on the basis of archaeological records,the historical literature,and field observations.Rather than evaluating individual buildings,this research assesses these techniques as evolving knowledge systems,highlighting their material logic,climatic adaptability,and seismic resilience.Special attention is given to two major archaeological sites,Ingapirca and Pumapungo,whose architectural features reflect both indigenous and imperial influences.The study also addresses the erosion of traditional construction knowledge and contemporary regulatory challenges but affirms that the discussed construction methods,especially when enhanced by modern adaptations,hold relevance for sustainable,lowcarbon design in Andean settings.By contributing new insights from an underrepresented geographical and cultural context,the article advances the international debates on heritage conservation,ecological construction,and the revalorisation of vernacular knowledge in global architectural discourses.
文摘In Lima(the capital of Peru),archaeological sites are constantly being threatened by accelerated urban expansion.This study examines Independencia(a district in northern Lima),where 95%of archaeological areas have been encroached upon due to inadequate planning and conservation policies.Focusing on four key archaeological sites(Cerro La Cruz,Cerro San Jerónimo,Pampa de Cueva,and San Jerónimo),this study employed a comprehensive pathological analysis to assess the extent and causes of deterioration.Data were gathered through field observation sheets based on the Ministry of Culture’s Conservation Guide,alongside historical photographs,aerial imagery,and urban mapping.The results indicate that human agents(27.1%)are the primary drivers of damage,supplemented by fortuitous(4.07%)and biological(2.89%)agents.The pronounced deterioration,particularly from human agents,underscores the urgent need for a holistic conservation strategy that integrates community participation with technical heritage management,ensuring that Lima’s pre-Hispanic legacy is preserved amidst ongoing urban pressure.
