Most satellite digital radio （SDR） systems use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） transmission, which means that variable envelope signals are distorted by the RF power amplifier （PA）. It is custo...Most satellite digital radio （SDR） systems use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） transmission, which means that variable envelope signals are distorted by the RF power amplifier （PA）. It is customary to back off the input power to the PA to avoid the PA nonlinear region of operation. In this way, linearity can be achieved at the cost of power efficiency. Another attractive option is to use a linearizer, which compensates for the nonlinear effects of the PA. In this paper, an OFDM transmitter conforming to European Telecommunications Standard Institute SDR Technical Specifications 2007-2008 was designed and implemented on a low-cost field-programmable gate array （FPGA） platform. A weakly nonlinear PA, operating in the L-band SDR frequency, was used for signal transmission. An adaptive linearizer was designed and implemented on the same FPGA device using digital predistortion to correct the undesired effects of the PA on the transmitted signal. Test results show that spectral distortion can be suppressed between 6-9 dB using the designed linearizer when the PA is driven close to its saturation region.展开更多
In this paper, a reduced-cost method of measuring residual nonlinearities in an adaptive digitally predistorted amplifier is proposed. Measurements obtained by selective sampling of the amplifier output are integrated...In this paper, a reduced-cost method of measuring residual nonlinearities in an adaptive digitally predistorted amplifier is proposed. Measurements obtained by selective sampling of the amplifier output are integrated over the input envelope range to adapt a fourth-order polynomial predistorter with memory correction. Results for a WCDMA input with a 101 carrier configuration show that a transmitter using the proposed method can meet the adjacent channel leakage ratio （ACLR） specification. Inverse modeling of the nonlinearity is proposed as a future extension that will reduce the cost of the system further.展开更多
In general,simple subsystems like series or parallel are integrated to produce a complex hybrid system.The reliability of a system is determined by the reliability of its constituent components.It is often extremely d...In general,simple subsystems like series or parallel are integrated to produce a complex hybrid system.The reliability of a system is determined by the reliability of its constituent components.It is often extremely difficult or impossible to get specific information about the component that caused the system to fail.Unknown failure causes are instances in which the actual cause of systemfailure is unknown.On the other side,thanks to current advanced technology based on computers,automation,and simulation,products have become incredibly dependable and trustworthy,and as a result,obtaining failure data for testing such exceptionally reliable items have become a very costly and time-consuming procedure.Therefore,because of its capacity to produce rapid and adequate failure data in a short period of time,accelerated life testing(ALT)is the most utilized approach in the field of product reliability and life testing.Based on progressively hybrid censored(PrHC)data froma three-component parallel series hybrid system that failed to owe to unknown causes,this paper investigates a challenging problem of parameter estimation and reliability assessment under a step stress partially accelerated life-test(SSPALT).Failures of components are considered to follow a power linear hazard rate(PLHR),which can be used when the failure rate displays linear,decreasing,increasing or bathtub failure patterns.The Tempered random variable(TRV)model is considered to reflect the effect of the high stress level used to induce early failure data.The maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)approach is used to estimate the parameters of the PLHR distribution and the acceleration factor.A variance covariance matrix(VCM)is then obtained to construct the approximate confidence intervals(ACIs).In addition,studentized bootstrap confidence intervals(ST-B CIs)are also constructed and compared with ACIs in terms of their respective interval lengths(ILs).Moreover,a simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the performance of the estimation procedures and the methodology discussed in this paper.Finally,real failure data from the air conditioning systems of an airplane is used to illustrate further the performance of the suggested estimation technique.展开更多
In this paper, we improve the algorithm and rewrite the function make- Pairing for computing a Gorni-Zampieri pair of a homogeneous polynomial map. As an application, some counterexamples to PLDP （dependence problem ...In this paper, we improve the algorithm and rewrite the function make- Pairing for computing a Gorni-Zampieri pair of a homogeneous polynomial map. As an application, some counterexamples to PLDP （dependence problem for power lin- car maps） are obtained, including one in the lowest dimension （n = 48） in all suchcounterexamples one has found up to now.展开更多
High penetration of distributed renewable energy promotes the development of an active distribution network(ADN).The power flow calculation is the basis of ADN analysis.This paper proposes an approximate linear three-...High penetration of distributed renewable energy promotes the development of an active distribution network(ADN).The power flow calculation is the basis of ADN analysis.This paper proposes an approximate linear three-phase power flow model for an ADN with the consideration of the ZIP model of the loads and PV nodes.The proposed method is not limited to radial topology and can handle high R/X ratio branches.Case studies on the IEEE 37-node distribution network show a high accuracy and the proposed method is applicable to practical uses such as linear or convex optimal power flow of the ADN.展开更多
A quasi-linear relationship between voltage angles and voltage magnitudes in power flow calculation is presented.An accurate estimation of voltage magnitudes can be provided by the quasi-linear relationship when volta...A quasi-linear relationship between voltage angles and voltage magnitudes in power flow calculation is presented.An accurate estimation of voltage magnitudes can be provided by the quasi-linear relationship when voltage angles are derived by classical DC power flow.Based on the quasi-linear relationship,a novel extended DC power flow(EDCPF)model is proposed considering voltage magnitudes.It is simple,reliable and accurate for both distribution network and transmission network in normal system operation states.The accuracy of EDCPF model is verified through a series of standard test systems.展开更多
We show a conceptual structure for a wave energy converter,which features a direct‐drive linear power generator with REBaCuO high‐temperature superconducting(HTS)bulk field poles and driven by a heaving buoy.A dual ...We show a conceptual structure for a wave energy converter,which features a direct‐drive linear power generator with REBaCuO high‐temperature superconducting(HTS)bulk field poles and driven by a heaving buoy.A dual translator power generation system of the proposed concept structure is a linear generator in which both the HTS bulks and armature copper coils move in opposite directions simultaneously.A performance analysis of our linear generator was conducted using a finite‐element electromagnetic field analysis method.The results of the analysis were compared between the HTS dual translator linear power generator and the HTS single translator linear power generator.The maximum electromagnetic force and the average output power of the HTS dual translator are around 5%and 11%higher than that of the HTS single translator.We further present the results of the analysis regarding the influence of reducing the stroke length of the linear generator translator on the output power,where the output power for the HTS dual translator system increased up to a factor of two,in comparison to the HTS single translator counterpart,for the same reduction of stroke length.展开更多
We describe and compare the performances of two crucial configurations for a tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser, namely, the linear and ring configurations. The performances of these two cavities and the tunability i...We describe and compare the performances of two crucial configurations for a tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser, namely, the linear and ring configurations. The performances of these two cavities and the tunability in the dual-wavelength output varied from 0.8 to 11.9 nm are characterized. The ring cavity provides a better performance, achieving an average output power of 0.5 dBm, with a power fluctuation of only 1.1 dB and a signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of 66 dB. Moreover, the ring cavity has minimal or no background amplified spontaneous emission （ASE）.展开更多
A stray-insensitive symmetrical capacitance-to-voltage converter for capacitive sensors is presented. By introducing a reference branch,a symmetrical readout circuit is realized.The linear input range is increased, an...A stray-insensitive symmetrical capacitance-to-voltage converter for capacitive sensors is presented. By introducing a reference branch,a symmetrical readout circuit is realized.The linear input range is increased, and the systematic offsets of two input op-amps are cancelled.The common-mode noise and even-order distortion are also rejected.A chopper stabilization technique is adopted to further reduce the offset and flicker noise of the op-amps,and a Verilog-A-based varactor is used to model the real variable sensing capacitor.Simulation results show that the output voltage of this proposed readout circuit responds correctly,while the under-test capacitance changes with a frequency of 1 kHz.A metal-insulator-metal capacitor array is designed on chip for measurement, and the measurement results show that this circuit achieves sensitivity of 370 mV/pF,linearity error below 1%and power consumption as low as 2.5 mW.This symmetrical readout circuit can respond to an FPGA controlled sensing capacitor array changed every 1 ms.展开更多
When urban distribution systems are gradually modernized,the overhead lines are replaced by underground cables,whose shunt admittances can not be ignored.Traditional power flow(PF)model withπequivalent circuit shows ...When urban distribution systems are gradually modernized,the overhead lines are replaced by underground cables,whose shunt admittances can not be ignored.Traditional power flow(PF)model withπequivalent circuit shows non-convexity and long computing time,and most recently proposed linear PF models assume zero shunt elements.All of them are not suitable for fast calculation and optimization problems of modern distribution systems with non-negligible line shunts.Therefore,this paper proposes a linearized branch flow model considering line shunt(LBFS).The strength of LBFS lies in maintaining the linear structure and the convex nature after appropriately modeling theπequivalent circuit for network equipment like transformers.Simulation results show that the calculation accuracy in nodal voltage and branch current magnitudes is improved by considering shunt admittances.We show the application scope of LBFS by controlling the network voltages through a two-stage stochastic Volt/VAr control(VVC)problem with the uncertain active power output from renewable energy sources(RESs).Since LBFS results in a linear VVC program,the global solution is guaranteed.Case study exhibits that VVC framework can optimally dispatch the discrete control devices,viz.substation transformers and shunt capacitors,and also optimize the decision rules for real-time reactive power control of RES.Moreover,the computing efficiency is significantly improved compared with that of traditional VVC methods.展开更多
In this article, based on least square estimation, a recursive algorithm for indirect learning structure predistorter is introduced. Simulation results show that of all polynomial predistorter nonlinear terms, higher-...In this article, based on least square estimation, a recursive algorithm for indirect learning structure predistorter is introduced. Simulation results show that of all polynomial predistorter nonlinear terms, higher-order （higher than 7th-order） nonlinear terms are so minor that they can be omitted in practical predistorter design. So, it is unnecessary to construct predistorter with higher-order polynomials, and the algorithm will always be stable. Further results show that even when 15th-order polynomial model is used, the algorithm is convergent after 10 iterations, and it can improve out-band spectrum of 20 MHz bandwidth signal by 64 dB, with a 1.2×10^11 matrix condition number.展开更多
The discussions on the development of an electricity market model for accommodating cross-border cooperation remains active in Europe.The main interest is the establishment of market couplings without curtailing the f...The discussions on the development of an electricity market model for accommodating cross-border cooperation remains active in Europe.The main interest is the establishment of market couplings without curtailing the fair use of the scarce transmission capacity.However,it is difficult to gain mutual consensus on this subject because of the absence of convincing simulation results for the entire region.To achieve that,researchers need a common grid model(CGM)which is a simplified representation of the detailed transmission model which comprises aggregated buses and transmission lines.A CGM should sufficiently represent the inter-area power flow characteristics.Generally,it is difficult to establish a standard CGM that represents the actual transmission network with a suf-ficient degree of exactness because it requires knowledge on the details of the transmission network,which are undisclosed.This paper addresses the issue and reviews the existing approaches in transmission network approximation,and their shortcomings.Then,it proposes a new approach called the adaptive CGM approximation(ACA)for serving the purpose.The ACA is a datadriven approach,developed based on the direct current power flow theory.It is able to construct a CGM based on the published power flow data between the inter-connected market areas.This is done by solving the issue as a non-linear model fitting problem.The method is validated using three case studies.展开更多
文摘Most satellite digital radio （SDR） systems use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） transmission, which means that variable envelope signals are distorted by the RF power amplifier （PA）. It is customary to back off the input power to the PA to avoid the PA nonlinear region of operation. In this way, linearity can be achieved at the cost of power efficiency. Another attractive option is to use a linearizer, which compensates for the nonlinear effects of the PA. In this paper, an OFDM transmitter conforming to European Telecommunications Standard Institute SDR Technical Specifications 2007-2008 was designed and implemented on a low-cost field-programmable gate array （FPGA） platform. A weakly nonlinear PA, operating in the L-band SDR frequency, was used for signal transmission. An adaptive linearizer was designed and implemented on the same FPGA device using digital predistortion to correct the undesired effects of the PA on the transmitted signal. Test results show that spectral distortion can be suppressed between 6-9 dB using the designed linearizer when the PA is driven close to its saturation region.
文摘In this paper, a reduced-cost method of measuring residual nonlinearities in an adaptive digitally predistorted amplifier is proposed. Measurements obtained by selective sampling of the amplifier output are integrated over the input envelope range to adapt a fourth-order polynomial predistorter with memory correction. Results for a WCDMA input with a 101 carrier configuration show that a transmitter using the proposed method can meet the adjacent channel leakage ratio （ACLR） specification. Inverse modeling of the nonlinearity is proposed as a future extension that will reduce the cost of the system further.
文摘In general,simple subsystems like series or parallel are integrated to produce a complex hybrid system.The reliability of a system is determined by the reliability of its constituent components.It is often extremely difficult or impossible to get specific information about the component that caused the system to fail.Unknown failure causes are instances in which the actual cause of systemfailure is unknown.On the other side,thanks to current advanced technology based on computers,automation,and simulation,products have become incredibly dependable and trustworthy,and as a result,obtaining failure data for testing such exceptionally reliable items have become a very costly and time-consuming procedure.Therefore,because of its capacity to produce rapid and adequate failure data in a short period of time,accelerated life testing(ALT)is the most utilized approach in the field of product reliability and life testing.Based on progressively hybrid censored(PrHC)data froma three-component parallel series hybrid system that failed to owe to unknown causes,this paper investigates a challenging problem of parameter estimation and reliability assessment under a step stress partially accelerated life-test(SSPALT).Failures of components are considered to follow a power linear hazard rate(PLHR),which can be used when the failure rate displays linear,decreasing,increasing or bathtub failure patterns.The Tempered random variable(TRV)model is considered to reflect the effect of the high stress level used to induce early failure data.The maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)approach is used to estimate the parameters of the PLHR distribution and the acceleration factor.A variance covariance matrix(VCM)is then obtained to construct the approximate confidence intervals(ACIs).In addition,studentized bootstrap confidence intervals(ST-B CIs)are also constructed and compared with ACIs in terms of their respective interval lengths(ILs).Moreover,a simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the performance of the estimation procedures and the methodology discussed in this paper.Finally,real failure data from the air conditioning systems of an airplane is used to illustrate further the performance of the suggested estimation technique.
基金The"985 Project"and"211 Project"of Jilin Universitythe Basis Scientific Research Fund(200903286)of Ministry of Education of China+1 种基金the NSF(11126044,11071097)of ChinaShandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation(201003054),Innovation Program
文摘In this paper, we improve the algorithm and rewrite the function make- Pairing for computing a Gorni-Zampieri pair of a homogeneous polynomial map. As an application, some counterexamples to PLDP （dependence problem for power lin- car maps） are obtained, including one in the lowest dimension （n = 48） in all suchcounterexamples one has found up to now.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFB0900100)the National Science Foundation of China(No.51325702,51677096).
文摘High penetration of distributed renewable energy promotes the development of an active distribution network(ADN).The power flow calculation is the basis of ADN analysis.This paper proposes an approximate linear three-phase power flow model for an ADN with the consideration of the ZIP model of the loads and PV nodes.The proposed method is not limited to radial topology and can handle high R/X ratio branches.Case studies on the IEEE 37-node distribution network show a high accuracy and the proposed method is applicable to practical uses such as linear or convex optimal power flow of the ADN.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFB0900100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51807116).
文摘A quasi-linear relationship between voltage angles and voltage magnitudes in power flow calculation is presented.An accurate estimation of voltage magnitudes can be provided by the quasi-linear relationship when voltage angles are derived by classical DC power flow.Based on the quasi-linear relationship,a novel extended DC power flow(EDCPF)model is proposed considering voltage magnitudes.It is simple,reliable and accurate for both distribution network and transmission network in normal system operation states.The accuracy of EDCPF model is verified through a series of standard test systems.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 21H01541(2021‐2024)and SECOM Science and Technology Foundation(2021‐2024).
文摘We show a conceptual structure for a wave energy converter,which features a direct‐drive linear power generator with REBaCuO high‐temperature superconducting(HTS)bulk field poles and driven by a heaving buoy.A dual translator power generation system of the proposed concept structure is a linear generator in which both the HTS bulks and armature copper coils move in opposite directions simultaneously.A performance analysis of our linear generator was conducted using a finite‐element electromagnetic field analysis method.The results of the analysis were compared between the HTS dual translator linear power generator and the HTS single translator linear power generator.The maximum electromagnetic force and the average output power of the HTS dual translator are around 5%and 11%higher than that of the HTS single translator.We further present the results of the analysis regarding the influence of reducing the stroke length of the linear generator translator on the output power,where the output power for the HTS dual translator system increased up to a factor of two,in comparison to the HTS single translator counterpart,for the same reduction of stroke length.
文摘We describe and compare the performances of two crucial configurations for a tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser, namely, the linear and ring configurations. The performances of these two cavities and the tunability in the dual-wavelength output varied from 0.8 to 11.9 nm are characterized. The ring cavity provides a better performance, achieving an average output power of 0.5 dBm, with a power fluctuation of only 1.1 dB and a signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of 66 dB. Moreover, the ring cavity has minimal or no background amplified spontaneous emission （ASE）.
文摘A stray-insensitive symmetrical capacitance-to-voltage converter for capacitive sensors is presented. By introducing a reference branch,a symmetrical readout circuit is realized.The linear input range is increased, and the systematic offsets of two input op-amps are cancelled.The common-mode noise and even-order distortion are also rejected.A chopper stabilization technique is adopted to further reduce the offset and flicker noise of the op-amps,and a Verilog-A-based varactor is used to model the real variable sensing capacitor.Simulation results show that the output voltage of this proposed readout circuit responds correctly,while the under-test capacitance changes with a frequency of 1 kHz.A metal-insulator-metal capacitor array is designed on chip for measurement, and the measurement results show that this circuit achieves sensitivity of 370 mV/pF,linearity error below 1%and power consumption as low as 2.5 mW.This symmetrical readout circuit can respond to an FPGA controlled sensing capacitor array changed every 1 ms.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51977115)。
文摘When urban distribution systems are gradually modernized,the overhead lines are replaced by underground cables,whose shunt admittances can not be ignored.Traditional power flow(PF)model withπequivalent circuit shows non-convexity and long computing time,and most recently proposed linear PF models assume zero shunt elements.All of them are not suitable for fast calculation and optimization problems of modern distribution systems with non-negligible line shunts.Therefore,this paper proposes a linearized branch flow model considering line shunt(LBFS).The strength of LBFS lies in maintaining the linear structure and the convex nature after appropriately modeling theπequivalent circuit for network equipment like transformers.Simulation results show that the calculation accuracy in nodal voltage and branch current magnitudes is improved by considering shunt admittances.We show the application scope of LBFS by controlling the network voltages through a two-stage stochastic Volt/VAr control(VVC)problem with the uncertain active power output from renewable energy sources(RESs).Since LBFS results in a linear VVC program,the global solution is guaranteed.Case study exhibits that VVC framework can optimally dispatch the discrete control devices,viz.substation transformers and shunt capacitors,and also optimize the decision rules for real-time reactive power control of RES.Moreover,the computing efficiency is significantly improved compared with that of traditional VVC methods.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90204001)Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project (D0104002040921)
文摘In this article, based on least square estimation, a recursive algorithm for indirect learning structure predistorter is introduced. Simulation results show that of all polynomial predistorter nonlinear terms, higher-order （higher than 7th-order） nonlinear terms are so minor that they can be omitted in practical predistorter design. So, it is unnecessary to construct predistorter with higher-order polynomials, and the algorithm will always be stable. Further results show that even when 15th-order polynomial model is used, the algorithm is convergent after 10 iterations, and it can improve out-band spectrum of 20 MHz bandwidth signal by 64 dB, with a 1.2×10^11 matrix condition number.
基金This work was funded by the Norwegian Centre of Offshore Wind Technologies(NOWITECH).
文摘The discussions on the development of an electricity market model for accommodating cross-border cooperation remains active in Europe.The main interest is the establishment of market couplings without curtailing the fair use of the scarce transmission capacity.However,it is difficult to gain mutual consensus on this subject because of the absence of convincing simulation results for the entire region.To achieve that,researchers need a common grid model(CGM)which is a simplified representation of the detailed transmission model which comprises aggregated buses and transmission lines.A CGM should sufficiently represent the inter-area power flow characteristics.Generally,it is difficult to establish a standard CGM that represents the actual transmission network with a suf-ficient degree of exactness because it requires knowledge on the details of the transmission network,which are undisclosed.This paper addresses the issue and reviews the existing approaches in transmission network approximation,and their shortcomings.Then,it proposes a new approach called the adaptive CGM approximation(ACA)for serving the purpose.The ACA is a datadriven approach,developed based on the direct current power flow theory.It is able to construct a CGM based on the published power flow data between the inter-connected market areas.This is done by solving the issue as a non-linear model fitting problem.The method is validated using three case studies.
