Environmental problems like haze have brought great pressure to current environmental protection management. On the one hand, plan EIA should be promoted further in all industries; on the other hand, the current achie...Environmental problems like haze have brought great pressure to current environmental protection management. On the one hand, plan EIA should be promoted further in all industries; on the other hand, the current achievements and methods of plan EIA should be summarized and innovated. And the EIA supervision and project access can be improved further through the coordination between plan EIA and project EIA. In this study, from the three levels of plan EIA policy framework, five problems of plan EIA in power sector were analyzed according to the current situation of plan EIA in power sector. Based on the present achievements, five macroscopic suggestions were proposed from the view of innovation accord- ing to the new environmental protection situation and requirements at present.展开更多
<p> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Under the Nigerian privatisation programme, the issues of risk allocation and mitigation were never always properly handled. Historically, there had always ...<p> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Under the Nigerian privatisation programme, the issues of risk allocation and mitigation were never always properly handled. Historically, there had always been a tendency to dump all the project risks on the private sector partner without properly evaluating whether it was capable of managing them. Extant literature has shown that where the comparative advantages of parties to handle risks are not properly taken into consideration, the allocation of risk is unbalanced and the tendency for the project to run into difficulties and/or fail increases. This paper looks at the electric power sector privatisation, distilling how key project risks were handled under the exercise. This should be a good pointer as to whether the privatisation exercise wo</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">u</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ld be a success in the long run.</span><span></span> </p>展开更多
Environmental protection is a crucial issue for environmentalists and researchers.Almost every stakeholder in the industrial production process of a product is concerned about the detrimental effects on the environmen...Environmental protection is a crucial issue for environmentalists and researchers.Almost every stakeholder in the industrial production process of a product is concerned about the detrimental effects on the environment due to emissions.Though environmental regulations are in place,some firms across diverse industrial sectors are considered as the environmental vanguard,i.e.,leaders in environmental protection.Does being environmental vanguard result in environmental proactivity?This paper,through an empirical study of Indian power sector firms,studies the environmental proactivity of the firms who are known to be leaders in the adoption of environmental protection norms.A questionnaire-based survey method is used to analyse the responses statistically.The study uses 280 responses for the analysis of the data.Eight hypotheses are proposed and tested statistically through Structural Equation Modelling(SEM).The statistical analysis reveals that the firms who are environmental vanguard are more proactive towards environmental protection.The findings of the study can be useful for the policymakers and environmental managers in the formulation of policies which can be considered as a benchmark for the firms for the protection of the environment.展开更多
Since early 1980s, in particular during the period of "7th and 8th Five-year Plan"(1986- 1995), China’s power sector has adopted successfully the policy of multichannel and diversified financing to raise fu...Since early 1980s, in particular during the period of "7th and 8th Five-year Plan"(1986- 1995), China’s power sector has adopted successfully the policy of multichannel and diversified financing to raise funds as well as encouraging to introduce foreign funds for its development and has got tremendous achievements. This paper describes the channels and methods to raise funds from both domestic and international market to meet huge demand of funds amounting to 690 billion yuan RMBfor the sector development during "gth Fiveyear Plan" period (1996-2000) in the wake of overall reform and achievements in the past decade. This paper also presents the legal framework supporting to suit for the methods and channels of the financing. Some suggestions have been made.展开更多
The current world trend of electric power industry reform is to establish electric power market and introduce competition mechanism. China is no exception. This paper reviewed the recent industry reform of China’s el...The current world trend of electric power industry reform is to establish electric power market and introduce competition mechanism. China is no exception. This paper reviewed the recent industry reform of China’s electric power sector and elaborated the necessity of establishing electric power markets first. Then it discussed the electric power market models in China. Certain important problems and observations relevant to the electric power market design were further pointed out, based on the practice experiences in Sichuan Province.展开更多
Based on the detailed origins of each province's electricity consumption, a new method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China is proposed. With this so-called consumer...Based on the detailed origins of each province's electricity consumption, a new method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China is proposed. With this so-called consumer responsibility method, the emissions embodied in imported electricity are calculated with source-specific emission factors. Using the new method,we estimate CO2 emissions in 2005 and 2010. Compared with those derived from the producer responsibility method,the power exporters' emissions decreased sharply. The emissions from the power sector in Inner Mongolia, the largest power exporter of China, decreased by 109 Mt in 2010. The value is equivalent to those from Shaanxi's power production and Canada's power and heat production. In contrast, the importers' emissions increased substantially. The emissions from the power sector in Hebei, the largest power importer of China, increased by 74 Mt. Emissions of Beijing, increased by 60 Mt(320%), in 2010. Thus, we suggest that the Chinese government should take the emissions, as calculated from the consumption perspective, into account when formulating and assessing local CO2 emission reduction targets.展开更多
Globalization of energy market in GCC countries is deepening not only through free-flowing international trade but also through foreign investment, market-driven domestic economies and industrialization. GCC nations a...Globalization of energy market in GCC countries is deepening not only through free-flowing international trade but also through foreign investment, market-driven domestic economies and industrialization. GCC nations are transforming their energy industry and market around the world which is promising their economic efficiency and technology development. Nevertheless, this open energy market across the world has raised a question about energy security and power demand. This energy market globalization has pushed the GCC Nations to pay attention to the control of supply and demand of power. Interconnection of power network between the GCC Region is optimistic pace to secure the future anticipated power fallouts. And also installation of Renewable Energy projects will support GCC to accommodate their increasing power demand. This paper discusses about how the energy market globalization has effect the power supply and demand of GCC nations, their concerns and recent progress towards its resolution.展开更多
The power sector has substantial carbon emissions reduction potential that could achieve the new nationally determined contribution target in 2030 by increasing low-carbon technologies,e.g.variable renewable energy so...The power sector has substantial carbon emissions reduction potential that could achieve the new nationally determined contribution target in 2030 by increasing low-carbon technologies,e.g.variable renewable energy sources and electric vehicles(EVs).Therefore,two approaches were suggested in this work.In the first approach,Thailand’s power sector was modelled by using PLEXOS software to find the impact of the high penetration of variable renewable energy(RE)and EV charging load for the projected year 2030.The second approach proposed a demand-response and energy storage system solution with carbon pricing in the model to assess the targets.As a result,the electricity demand from charging EVs will cause a new peak demand at night,while the high variable RE penetration will cause curtailment in the power system due to excess supply at noon.Therefore,Thailand’s power sector has the potential for carbon emissions reduction by 45%with clean energy technologies,which could increase to 68%with carbon pricing,easily achievable by the nationally determined contribution target in 2030.However,these benefits could only be derived if various entities involved in the energy regulatory,transport and power sectors coordinate to implement the required technological and financial policies.展开更多
This study uses TIMES model to assess Indonesia’s power sector’s carbon price impact from 2020 to 2050 and the price needed by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement NDC target.Four scenarios are used to model the impact ...This study uses TIMES model to assess Indonesia’s power sector’s carbon price impact from 2020 to 2050 and the price needed by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement NDC target.Four scenarios are used to model the impact of carbon price up to 2050:no carbon price,Indonesia’s current price of USD 2.02/tCO_(2)e,ICPF middle-and high-income countries,USD 50/tCO_(2)e and USD 75/tCO_(2)e.Four price scenarios-10,25,35,and 150 USD/tCO_(2)e-are added to better understand the carbon price’s effects.As carbon prices rise,installed capacity and power generation will shift to lower-carbon technology.Ultracritical coal,gas-fired,solar,geothermal,and hydropower plants will replace subcritical coal.Investment,fixed,and variable costs would exceed BaU with a higher carbon price.2.02 to 25 USD/tCO_(2)e can start the coal-to-gas switch but not significantly change the generation profile.The generation will change significantly above 35 USD/tCO_(2)e.Carbon emissions peak lower with rising carbon prices.USD 25 carbon price reduces emissions significantly;a carbon price below that is costly and ineffective.Indonesian Law No.16 of 2016 ratified the Paris Agreement NDC,committing Indonesia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29%by 2030 or 41%with international assistance.Energy sector emissions need to decrease by 11%for a 29 percent reduction and 14%for a 41 percent reduction.A 29%reduction requires USD 39.65/tCO_(2)e carbon price,while a 41%reduction requires USD 43.78/tCO_(2)e.These prices are still within the reasonable ICPF price limit for Indonesia to approach the middle-income country price floor.展开更多
The interference reduction capability of cell sectoring and power control algorithms have been considered separately as means to decrease the interference in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular systems. In t...The interference reduction capability of cell sectoring and power control algorithms have been considered separately as means to decrease the interference in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular systems. In this paper, we present Switched-Beam (SB) and Rotatable Equal Sectoring (RES) techniques for CDMA cellular systems in a 2D urban environment. In the SB technique by using a number of fixed, independent, or directional antennas we increase the downlink capacity of the CDMA systems. Also in the RES method, the equal sectors of the base stations are rotating together to decrease the inter-cell and intra-cell interferences. Also in this paper we use centralized power control to overcome the near-far problem. Simulation results indicate that the proposed techniques considerably increase the capacity of the CDMA cellular systems compared to ordinary Equal Sectoring (ES) method.展开更多
The power system infrastructure, operations and market have gone through radical changes for the last couple of decades. The society has become more dependent to the continuous electric power supply and hence the conc...The power system infrastructure, operations and market have gone through radical changes for the last couple of decades. The society has become more dependent to the continuous electric power supply and hence the concept of electric power reliability has become more significant. At this point, understanding the economic outcomes of power outages is vital and imperative for both utilities and the customers. There are certain methodologies to understand the costs of power interruptions. This paper suggests a novel hybrid method that comprises of customer surveys and direct analytical methods to reach customer specific, objective and reliable results for the industry sector customers. The paper also brings a statistical approach to censor the zero and extreme responses given via the surveys.展开更多
One of the impacts of the Fukushima disaster was the shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan,reaching zero production in 2015.In response,the country started importing more fossil energy including coal,oil,and n...One of the impacts of the Fukushima disaster was the shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan,reaching zero production in 2015.In response,the country started importing more fossil energy including coal,oil,and natural gas to fill the energy gap.However,this led to a significant increase in carbon emissions,hindering the efforts to reduce its carbon footprint.In the current situation,Japan is actively working to balance its energy requirements with environmental considerations,including the utilization of hydrogen fuel.Therefore,this paper aims to explore the feasibility and implications of using hydrogen power plants as a means to reduce emissions,and this analysis will be conducted using the energy modeling of the MARKAL-TIMES Japan framework.The hydrogen scenario(HS)is assumed with the extensive integration of hydrogen into the power generation sector,supported by a hydrogen import scheme.Additionally,this scenario will be compared with the Business as Usual(BAU)scenario.The results showed that the generation capacities of the BAU and HS scenarios have significantly different primary energy supplies.The BAU scenario is highly dependent on fossil fuels,while the HS scenario integrates hydrogen contribution along with an increase in renewable energy,reaching a peak contribution of 2,160 PJ in 2050.In the HS scenario,the target of reducing CO_(2) emissions by 80%is achieved through significant hydrogen penetration.By 2050,the total CO_(2) emissions are estimated to be 939 million tons for the BAU scenario and 261 million tons for the Hydrogen scenario.In addition,the contribution of hydrogen to electricity generation is expected to be 153 TWh,smaller than PV and wind power.展开更多
This study investigates the electric energy shortages impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The results reveal the ext...This study investigates the electric energy shortages impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The results reveal the extent of hardship and high costs the residential will suffer and endure. These outages occur and extend for longer durations. To mitigate these consequences, a method is suggested known as “willingness-to-pay” to seek the ability and willingness of consumers to pay to avert these power outages and energy shortages. Two approaches have been developed and utilized. The first one is based on a consumer survey to estimate his perceived costs. Outages occur in specific periods and last for longer durations. The second approach focussed on developing a mathematical model to complement the survey approach as this model can decrease the size of the problem complexity associated with consumer lack of experience in evaluating and assessing the worth of service reliability and quality.展开更多
This study investigates and analyzes the electric energy interruptions impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The study...This study investigates and analyzes the electric energy interruptions impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector which constitutes about 54% of the Saudi Electric Company in the Central Operating Area (SEC-COA) will suffer enormous tangible and intangible losses should occur in specific times, seasons and last for longer durations. The results obtained for the costs of these energy interruptions reveal a time-dependent non-linear outage cost variation. In order to reduce these energy interruptions and hence mitigate their adverse effects and consequences, the study proposes proper practical measures and solutions without compromising the consumers’ needs and convenience.展开更多
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Project of Environmental Protection Public Welfare Industry (201509021)
文摘Environmental problems like haze have brought great pressure to current environmental protection management. On the one hand, plan EIA should be promoted further in all industries; on the other hand, the current achievements and methods of plan EIA should be summarized and innovated. And the EIA supervision and project access can be improved further through the coordination between plan EIA and project EIA. In this study, from the three levels of plan EIA policy framework, five problems of plan EIA in power sector were analyzed according to the current situation of plan EIA in power sector. Based on the present achievements, five macroscopic suggestions were proposed from the view of innovation accord- ing to the new environmental protection situation and requirements at present.
文摘<p> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Under the Nigerian privatisation programme, the issues of risk allocation and mitigation were never always properly handled. Historically, there had always been a tendency to dump all the project risks on the private sector partner without properly evaluating whether it was capable of managing them. Extant literature has shown that where the comparative advantages of parties to handle risks are not properly taken into consideration, the allocation of risk is unbalanced and the tendency for the project to run into difficulties and/or fail increases. This paper looks at the electric power sector privatisation, distilling how key project risks were handled under the exercise. This should be a good pointer as to whether the privatisation exercise wo</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">u</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ld be a success in the long run.</span><span></span> </p>
文摘Environmental protection is a crucial issue for environmentalists and researchers.Almost every stakeholder in the industrial production process of a product is concerned about the detrimental effects on the environment due to emissions.Though environmental regulations are in place,some firms across diverse industrial sectors are considered as the environmental vanguard,i.e.,leaders in environmental protection.Does being environmental vanguard result in environmental proactivity?This paper,through an empirical study of Indian power sector firms,studies the environmental proactivity of the firms who are known to be leaders in the adoption of environmental protection norms.A questionnaire-based survey method is used to analyse the responses statistically.The study uses 280 responses for the analysis of the data.Eight hypotheses are proposed and tested statistically through Structural Equation Modelling(SEM).The statistical analysis reveals that the firms who are environmental vanguard are more proactive towards environmental protection.The findings of the study can be useful for the policymakers and environmental managers in the formulation of policies which can be considered as a benchmark for the firms for the protection of the environment.
文摘Since early 1980s, in particular during the period of "7th and 8th Five-year Plan"(1986- 1995), China’s power sector has adopted successfully the policy of multichannel and diversified financing to raise funds as well as encouraging to introduce foreign funds for its development and has got tremendous achievements. This paper describes the channels and methods to raise funds from both domestic and international market to meet huge demand of funds amounting to 690 billion yuan RMBfor the sector development during "gth Fiveyear Plan" period (1996-2000) in the wake of overall reform and achievements in the past decade. This paper also presents the legal framework supporting to suit for the methods and channels of the financing. Some suggestions have been made.
文摘The current world trend of electric power industry reform is to establish electric power market and introduce competition mechanism. China is no exception. This paper reviewed the recent industry reform of China’s electric power sector and elaborated the necessity of establishing electric power markets first. Then it discussed the electric power market models in China. Certain important problems and observations relevant to the electric power market design were further pointed out, based on the practice experiences in Sichuan Province.
基金sponsored by the China Clean Development Mechanism Fund (No. 1213006)
文摘Based on the detailed origins of each province's electricity consumption, a new method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China is proposed. With this so-called consumer responsibility method, the emissions embodied in imported electricity are calculated with source-specific emission factors. Using the new method,we estimate CO2 emissions in 2005 and 2010. Compared with those derived from the producer responsibility method,the power exporters' emissions decreased sharply. The emissions from the power sector in Inner Mongolia, the largest power exporter of China, decreased by 109 Mt in 2010. The value is equivalent to those from Shaanxi's power production and Canada's power and heat production. In contrast, the importers' emissions increased substantially. The emissions from the power sector in Hebei, the largest power importer of China, increased by 74 Mt. Emissions of Beijing, increased by 60 Mt(320%), in 2010. Thus, we suggest that the Chinese government should take the emissions, as calculated from the consumption perspective, into account when formulating and assessing local CO2 emission reduction targets.
文摘Globalization of energy market in GCC countries is deepening not only through free-flowing international trade but also through foreign investment, market-driven domestic economies and industrialization. GCC nations are transforming their energy industry and market around the world which is promising their economic efficiency and technology development. Nevertheless, this open energy market across the world has raised a question about energy security and power demand. This energy market globalization has pushed the GCC Nations to pay attention to the control of supply and demand of power. Interconnection of power network between the GCC Region is optimistic pace to secure the future anticipated power fallouts. And also installation of Renewable Energy projects will support GCC to accommodate their increasing power demand. This paper discusses about how the energy market globalization has effect the power supply and demand of GCC nations, their concerns and recent progress towards its resolution.
文摘The power sector has substantial carbon emissions reduction potential that could achieve the new nationally determined contribution target in 2030 by increasing low-carbon technologies,e.g.variable renewable energy sources and electric vehicles(EVs).Therefore,two approaches were suggested in this work.In the first approach,Thailand’s power sector was modelled by using PLEXOS software to find the impact of the high penetration of variable renewable energy(RE)and EV charging load for the projected year 2030.The second approach proposed a demand-response and energy storage system solution with carbon pricing in the model to assess the targets.As a result,the electricity demand from charging EVs will cause a new peak demand at night,while the high variable RE penetration will cause curtailment in the power system due to excess supply at noon.Therefore,Thailand’s power sector has the potential for carbon emissions reduction by 45%with clean energy technologies,which could increase to 68%with carbon pricing,easily achievable by the nationally determined contribution target in 2030.However,these benefits could only be derived if various entities involved in the energy regulatory,transport and power sectors coordinate to implement the required technological and financial policies.
文摘This study uses TIMES model to assess Indonesia’s power sector’s carbon price impact from 2020 to 2050 and the price needed by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement NDC target.Four scenarios are used to model the impact of carbon price up to 2050:no carbon price,Indonesia’s current price of USD 2.02/tCO_(2)e,ICPF middle-and high-income countries,USD 50/tCO_(2)e and USD 75/tCO_(2)e.Four price scenarios-10,25,35,and 150 USD/tCO_(2)e-are added to better understand the carbon price’s effects.As carbon prices rise,installed capacity and power generation will shift to lower-carbon technology.Ultracritical coal,gas-fired,solar,geothermal,and hydropower plants will replace subcritical coal.Investment,fixed,and variable costs would exceed BaU with a higher carbon price.2.02 to 25 USD/tCO_(2)e can start the coal-to-gas switch but not significantly change the generation profile.The generation will change significantly above 35 USD/tCO_(2)e.Carbon emissions peak lower with rising carbon prices.USD 25 carbon price reduces emissions significantly;a carbon price below that is costly and ineffective.Indonesian Law No.16 of 2016 ratified the Paris Agreement NDC,committing Indonesia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29%by 2030 or 41%with international assistance.Energy sector emissions need to decrease by 11%for a 29 percent reduction and 14%for a 41 percent reduction.A 29%reduction requires USD 39.65/tCO_(2)e carbon price,while a 41%reduction requires USD 43.78/tCO_(2)e.These prices are still within the reasonable ICPF price limit for Indonesia to approach the middle-income country price floor.
文摘The interference reduction capability of cell sectoring and power control algorithms have been considered separately as means to decrease the interference in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular systems. In this paper, we present Switched-Beam (SB) and Rotatable Equal Sectoring (RES) techniques for CDMA cellular systems in a 2D urban environment. In the SB technique by using a number of fixed, independent, or directional antennas we increase the downlink capacity of the CDMA systems. Also in the RES method, the equal sectors of the base stations are rotating together to decrease the inter-cell and intra-cell interferences. Also in this paper we use centralized power control to overcome the near-far problem. Simulation results indicate that the proposed techniques considerably increase the capacity of the CDMA cellular systems compared to ordinary Equal Sectoring (ES) method.
文摘The power system infrastructure, operations and market have gone through radical changes for the last couple of decades. The society has become more dependent to the continuous electric power supply and hence the concept of electric power reliability has become more significant. At this point, understanding the economic outcomes of power outages is vital and imperative for both utilities and the customers. There are certain methodologies to understand the costs of power interruptions. This paper suggests a novel hybrid method that comprises of customer surveys and direct analytical methods to reach customer specific, objective and reliable results for the industry sector customers. The paper also brings a statistical approach to censor the zero and extreme responses given via the surveys.
文摘One of the impacts of the Fukushima disaster was the shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan,reaching zero production in 2015.In response,the country started importing more fossil energy including coal,oil,and natural gas to fill the energy gap.However,this led to a significant increase in carbon emissions,hindering the efforts to reduce its carbon footprint.In the current situation,Japan is actively working to balance its energy requirements with environmental considerations,including the utilization of hydrogen fuel.Therefore,this paper aims to explore the feasibility and implications of using hydrogen power plants as a means to reduce emissions,and this analysis will be conducted using the energy modeling of the MARKAL-TIMES Japan framework.The hydrogen scenario(HS)is assumed with the extensive integration of hydrogen into the power generation sector,supported by a hydrogen import scheme.Additionally,this scenario will be compared with the Business as Usual(BAU)scenario.The results showed that the generation capacities of the BAU and HS scenarios have significantly different primary energy supplies.The BAU scenario is highly dependent on fossil fuels,while the HS scenario integrates hydrogen contribution along with an increase in renewable energy,reaching a peak contribution of 2,160 PJ in 2050.In the HS scenario,the target of reducing CO_(2) emissions by 80%is achieved through significant hydrogen penetration.By 2050,the total CO_(2) emissions are estimated to be 939 million tons for the BAU scenario and 261 million tons for the Hydrogen scenario.In addition,the contribution of hydrogen to electricity generation is expected to be 153 TWh,smaller than PV and wind power.
文摘This study investigates the electric energy shortages impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The results reveal the extent of hardship and high costs the residential will suffer and endure. These outages occur and extend for longer durations. To mitigate these consequences, a method is suggested known as “willingness-to-pay” to seek the ability and willingness of consumers to pay to avert these power outages and energy shortages. Two approaches have been developed and utilized. The first one is based on a consumer survey to estimate his perceived costs. Outages occur in specific periods and last for longer durations. The second approach focussed on developing a mathematical model to complement the survey approach as this model can decrease the size of the problem complexity associated with consumer lack of experience in evaluating and assessing the worth of service reliability and quality.
文摘This study investigates and analyzes the electric energy interruptions impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector which constitutes about 54% of the Saudi Electric Company in the Central Operating Area (SEC-COA) will suffer enormous tangible and intangible losses should occur in specific times, seasons and last for longer durations. The results obtained for the costs of these energy interruptions reveal a time-dependent non-linear outage cost variation. In order to reduce these energy interruptions and hence mitigate their adverse effects and consequences, the study proposes proper practical measures and solutions without compromising the consumers’ needs and convenience.
