The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.Acc...The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.According to analysis from the insertion and integrated loss, about 24 modules were integrated into the rated power. Thus, every module has a cooling flow of 2.1 L/min for RF heat load and power supply loss, which is very hard to achieve if no special consideration and techniques. A new thermal simulation method was introduced for thermal analysis of cooling plate through CST multi-physics suite,especially for temperature of power LDMOS transistor.Some specific measures carried out for the higher heat transfer were also presented in this paper.展开更多
For high-voltage and high-power Gallium Nitride(GaN)power amplifiers,a drain modulation circuit with rapid rise and fall time is proposed in this paper.To decrease the rise and fall time,the high-side bootstrap drive ...For high-voltage and high-power Gallium Nitride(GaN)power amplifiers,a drain modulation circuit with rapid rise and fall time is proposed in this paper.To decrease the rise and fall time,the high-side bootstrap drive circuit with an auxiliary discharge switch is proposed.The effect of the parasitics is analyzed based on calculation and the parallel bonding is proposed.The storage capacitance of power supply is calculated quantitatively to provide large pulse current.To ensure safe operation of the power amplifier,the circuit topology with the dead-time control and sequential control is proposed.Finally,a prototype is built to verify the drain modulation circuit design.The experiments prove that the rise time and fall time of the output pulse signal are both less than 100 ns.展开更多
In this paper,a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier(DPA)based on a multi-chip module(MCM),whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride(GaN)process and whose passive circuits are fabric...In this paper,a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier(DPA)based on a multi-chip module(MCM),whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride(GaN)process and whose passive circuits are fabricated using the gallium arsenide(GaAs)integrated passive device(IPD)process,is proposed for 5G massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)application.An inverted DPA structure with a low-Q output network is proposed to achieve better bandwidth performance,and a single-driver architecture is adopted for a chip with high gain and small area.The proposed DPA has a bandwidth of 4.4-5.0 GHz that can achieve a saturation of more than 45.0 dBm.The gain compression from 37 dBm to saturation power is less than 4 dB,and the average power-added efficiency(PAE)is 36.3%with an 8.5 dB peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in 4.5-5.0 GHz.The measured adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR)is better than50 dBc after digital predistortion(DPD),exhibiting satisfactory linearity.展开更多
Aiming at the specific protocol of RFID technology,a 915MHz CMOS transmitter front-end for OOK modulation is implemented in a 0.18μm CMOS process. The transmitter incorporates a class-E power amplifier （PA）, a modu...Aiming at the specific protocol of RFID technology,a 915MHz CMOS transmitter front-end for OOK modulation is implemented in a 0.18μm CMOS process. The transmitter incorporates a class-E power amplifier （PA）, a modulator, and a control logic unit. The direct-conversion architecture minimizes the required on-and-off-chip components and provides a low-cost and efficient solution. A novel structure is proposed to provide the modulation depth of 100% and 18% ,respectively. The PA presents an output ldB power of 17.6dBm while maintaining a maximum PAE of 35.4%.展开更多
Switch electro-hydraulic proportional amplifier(PA)widely employs single switch modulation power driving(SSMPD)or reverse discharging power driving(RDPD)at present.SSMPD has slow dynamic response,and can't adjust ...Switch electro-hydraulic proportional amplifier(PA)widely employs single switch modulation power driving(SSMPD)or reverse discharging power driving(RDPD)at present.SSMPD has slow dynamic response,and can't adjust independently the dither signal's amplitude and frequency;RDPD accelerates the current decay;consequently,it increases current ripple and power loss.For the purpose of solving the above mentioned problem,the tri-state modulation power driving(TSMPD)scheme was proposed for improving the performance of power driving.Detailedly,the hardware circuit for the tri-state modulation power driving is designed;the tri-state modulation algorithm is realized by digital signal processor(DSP).The tri-state modulation power driving is investigated by experiments,comparetive experiments among the single switch modulation power driving(SSMPD),reverse discharging power driving(RDPD),and the TSMPD are implemented,and the experimental results demonstrate that the linearity error of TSMDP meets the requirement of PA;the current response of TSMSP is the best;the amplitude of ripple current of the TSMPD can be reduced without increasing frequency of PWM,in addition,dither signal amplitude and frequency can be adjusted independently for each other.It is very meaningful to guide the development of high performance proportional amplifier for high frequency response proportional solenoid.展开更多
This paper presents a brief overview of several promising design technologies for high efficiency silicon-based radio frequency （RF） power amplifiers （PAs） as well as the use of these technologies in mobile broadb...This paper presents a brief overview of several promising design technologies for high efficiency silicon-based radio frequency （RF） power amplifiers （PAs） as well as the use of these technologies in mobile broadband wireless communications. Four important aspects of PA design are addressed in this paper. First, we look at class-E PA design equations and provide an example of a class-E PA that achieves efficiency of 65-70% at 2.4 GHz. Then, we discuss state-of-the-art envelope tracking （ET） design for monolithic wideband RF mobile transmitter applications. A brief overview of Doherty PA design for the next-generation wireless handset applications is then given. Towards the end of the paper, we discuss an inherently broadband and highly efficient class-J PA design targeting future multi-band multi-standard wireless communication protocols.展开更多
In this letter, a novel model is proposed for modeling the nonlinearity and memory effects of power amplifiers. The classical Volterra model is modified through a function of the sum of nonlinearity order with sum of ...In this letter, a novel model is proposed for modeling the nonlinearity and memory effects of power amplifiers. The classical Volterra model is modified through a function of the sum of nonlinearity order with sum of memory length. The parameters of this model can be extracted in digital domain since the model is analyzed based on the envelope signals. The model we proposed enables a substantial reduction in the number of coefficients involved, and with excellent accuracy.展开更多
Different power amplifier （PA） models have their own effects on PA linearization. In this paper, the nonlinear characteristic of the radio frequency power amplifier （RF PA） is simulated based on the two models com...Different power amplifier （PA） models have their own effects on PA linearization. In this paper, the nonlinear characteristic of the radio frequency power amplifier （RF PA） is simulated based on the two models combining predistortion technology, and the nonlinear effects of the two models are analyzed, respectively. The simulation results show that Power Series model normalized mean square error （NMSE） is -37.8 dB, which is less than Power Series model -30.4 dB before loading predistortion technology. NMSE of the two systems are -23.4 dB and -26.0 dB respectively, while Saleh model compensates better than the Power Series model combing predistortion technology. The error vector magni- tude （EVM） of Power Series model is only 6.75%, whereas the Saleh model EVM is 9.99%, indicating that Power Series model can better describe the nonlinear characteristic of PA. It will have a positive effect on improving the power utilization of wireless communication system.展开更多
In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency poi...In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency points can be characterized by a polynomial.And in the practical test,the coefficients of SSF can be determined by measuring a small number of data points of input power.Same as other dualinput DPAs,the proposed approach can also achieve high output power and back-off efficiency in a broadband operation band by adjusting the power distribution ratio flexibly.Finally,a 1.5-2.5 GHz highefficiency dual-input Doherty power amplifier is implemented according to this approach.The test results show that the peak power is 48.6-49.7d Bm,and the 6-d B back-off efficiency is 51.0-67.0%,and the saturation efficiency is 52.4-74.6%.The digital predistortion correction is carried out at the frequency points of 1.8/2.1GHz,and the adjacent channel power ratio is lower than-54.5d Bc.Simulation and experiment results can verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.展开更多
In this paper, the synchronous concurrent dual-band RF signal is used to drive the RF Power Amplifier (PA). The nonlinear characterization of a concurrent dual-band RF PA is discussed while two band signals in the dua...In this paper, the synchronous concurrent dual-band RF signal is used to drive the RF Power Amplifier (PA). The nonlinear characterization of a concurrent dual-band RF PA is discussed while two band signals in the dual-band are modulated by CDMA2000 and WCDMA signals. When the two band signals in the dual-band of the PA are modulated with the same signals, it is found that the nonlinearity of the PA can be expressed by any of the two corresponding baseband data. On the other hand, when the two band signals in the dual-band of the PA are modulated with two different signals, the PA nonlinearity cannot be characterized by any of the two corresponding baseband data. In this case, its nonlinearity has to be denoted by a composite signals consisting of the two baseband signals. Consequently, the requirements for the speed of the A/D converter can be largely reduced. The experimental results with CDMA2000 and WCDMA signals demonstrate the speed of the A/D converter required is only 30 M Sample Per Second (SaPS), but it will be at least 70 M SaPS for the conventional method.展开更多
To reduce the negative impact of the power amplifier(PA)nonlinear distortion caused by the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)waveform with high peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in integrated radar and co...To reduce the negative impact of the power amplifier(PA)nonlinear distortion caused by the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)waveform with high peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in integrated radar and communication(RadCom)systems is studied,the channel estimation in passive sensing scenarios.Adaptive channel estimation methods are proposed based on different pilot patterns,considering nonlinear distortion and channel sparsity.The proposed methods achieve sparse channel results by manipulating the least squares(LS)frequency-domain channel estimation results to preserve the most significant taps.The decision-aided method is used to optimize the sparse channel results to reduce the effect of nonlinear distortion.Numerical results show that the channel estimation performance of the proposed methods is better than that of the conventional methods under different pilot patterns.In addition,the bit error rate performance in communication and passive radar detection performance show that the proposed methods have good comprehensive performance.展开更多
This paper presents a 1.8 GHz class-E controlled power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with two-stage architecture. The main advantage of the proposed technique for output control power is a h...This paper presents a 1.8 GHz class-E controlled power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with two-stage architecture. The main advantage of the proposed technique for output control power is a high 37 dB output power dynamic range with good average power adding efficiency. The measurement results show that the PA achieves a high power gain of 23 dBm and power added efficiency (PAE) by 38%. The circuit was post layout simulated in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology.展开更多
This paper proposes a Real-Valued Time-Delay Recurrent Radial Basis Function (RVTDRRBF) model suitable for dynamic modeling of the strongly nonlinear behaviors of the Doherty Power Amplifiers (DPAs). This model has fo...This paper proposes a Real-Valued Time-Delay Recurrent Radial Basis Function (RVTDRRBF) model suitable for dynamic modeling of the strongly nonlinear behaviors of the Doherty Power Amplifiers (DPAs). This model has four Tapped Delay Lines (TDLs), which account for the memory effect of the DPA. The structure of the RVTDRRBF model is simpler than the traditional FeedForward Neural Networks (FFNNs) model. Weights and centers of the proposed model can be resolved by the Orthogonal Least Square (OLS) and Singular Value De-composition (SVD) algorithm. A three-carrier Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) signal is taken as the test signal. The simulation results in frequency-domain and time-domain for a DPA with 51 dBm output illustrate a good agreement between the RVTDRRBF model and measurement data. Moreover, comparing the Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) of RVTDRRBF model, memory polynomial model and RVTDRBF model, it can be noticed that the proposed RVTDRRBF model is more accurate than the RVTDRBF model and the memory polynomial model in modeling the strong dynamic nonlinearity of the DPAs.展开更多
In this paper,a portable 2.42 GHz transmitter for wireless communication systems,with 8dBm output power and small size is proposed.Several novel features exist in this transmitter.First,power consumption and output ar...In this paper,a portable 2.42 GHz transmitter for wireless communication systems,with 8dBm output power and small size is proposed.Several novel features exist in this transmitter.First,power consumption and output are balanced by introducing a differential oscillator with input signal controlled biasing,which acts as both a carrier generator and an OOK modulator.Then,power consumption of the transmitter is reduced by the OOK modulated signal via switching the oscillator and the power amplifier at the same time.Furthermore,the area size is also reduced by a class-AB power amplifier,which uses the PCB antenna as the resonance inductance.With these features,the total chip area is reduced to 670μm×740μm(In a 0.18μm CMOS process).展开更多
基金supported by the ‘‘strategic priority research program’’ of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA030205)
文摘The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.According to analysis from the insertion and integrated loss, about 24 modules were integrated into the rated power. Thus, every module has a cooling flow of 2.1 L/min for RF heat load and power supply loss, which is very hard to achieve if no special consideration and techniques. A new thermal simulation method was introduced for thermal analysis of cooling plate through CST multi-physics suite,especially for temperature of power LDMOS transistor.Some specific measures carried out for the higher heat transfer were also presented in this paper.
基金supported by the Pri⁃mary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BE2022070,BE2022070-2).
文摘For high-voltage and high-power Gallium Nitride(GaN)power amplifiers,a drain modulation circuit with rapid rise and fall time is proposed in this paper.To decrease the rise and fall time,the high-side bootstrap drive circuit with an auxiliary discharge switch is proposed.The effect of the parasitics is analyzed based on calculation and the parallel bonding is proposed.The storage capacitance of power supply is calculated quantitatively to provide large pulse current.To ensure safe operation of the power amplifier,the circuit topology with the dead-time control and sequential control is proposed.Finally,a prototype is built to verify the drain modulation circuit design.The experiments prove that the rise time and fall time of the output pulse signal are both less than 100 ns.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0716601)the National Science Fund(62225111).
文摘In this paper,a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier(DPA)based on a multi-chip module(MCM),whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride(GaN)process and whose passive circuits are fabricated using the gallium arsenide(GaAs)integrated passive device(IPD)process,is proposed for 5G massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)application.An inverted DPA structure with a low-Q output network is proposed to achieve better bandwidth performance,and a single-driver architecture is adopted for a chip with high gain and small area.The proposed DPA has a bandwidth of 4.4-5.0 GHz that can achieve a saturation of more than 45.0 dBm.The gain compression from 37 dBm to saturation power is less than 4 dB,and the average power-added efficiency(PAE)is 36.3%with an 8.5 dB peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in 4.5-5.0 GHz.The measured adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR)is better than50 dBc after digital predistortion(DPD),exhibiting satisfactory linearity.
文摘Aiming at the specific protocol of RFID technology,a 915MHz CMOS transmitter front-end for OOK modulation is implemented in a 0.18μm CMOS process. The transmitter incorporates a class-E power amplifier （PA）, a modulator, and a control logic unit. The direct-conversion architecture minimizes the required on-and-off-chip components and provides a low-cost and efficient solution. A novel structure is proposed to provide the modulation depth of 100% and 18% ,respectively. The PA presents an output ldB power of 17.6dBm while maintaining a maximum PAE of 35.4%.
基金supported by National Basic Research and Development Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2007CB714000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50875233)
文摘Switch electro-hydraulic proportional amplifier(PA)widely employs single switch modulation power driving(SSMPD)or reverse discharging power driving(RDPD)at present.SSMPD has slow dynamic response,and can't adjust independently the dither signal's amplitude and frequency;RDPD accelerates the current decay;consequently,it increases current ripple and power loss.For the purpose of solving the above mentioned problem,the tri-state modulation power driving(TSMPD)scheme was proposed for improving the performance of power driving.Detailedly,the hardware circuit for the tri-state modulation power driving is designed;the tri-state modulation algorithm is realized by digital signal processor(DSP).The tri-state modulation power driving is investigated by experiments,comparetive experiments among the single switch modulation power driving(SSMPD),reverse discharging power driving(RDPD),and the TSMPD are implemented,and the experimental results demonstrate that the linearity error of TSMDP meets the requirement of PA;the current response of TSMSP is the best;the amplitude of ripple current of the TSMPD can be reduced without increasing frequency of PWM,in addition,dither signal amplitude and frequency can be adjusted independently for each other.It is very meaningful to guide the development of high performance proportional amplifier for high frequency response proportional solenoid.
文摘This paper presents a brief overview of several promising design technologies for high efficiency silicon-based radio frequency （RF） power amplifiers （PAs） as well as the use of these technologies in mobile broadband wireless communications. Four important aspects of PA design are addressed in this paper. First, we look at class-E PA design equations and provide an example of a class-E PA that achieves efficiency of 65-70% at 2.4 GHz. Then, we discuss state-of-the-art envelope tracking （ET） design for monolithic wideband RF mobile transmitter applications. A brief overview of Doherty PA design for the next-generation wireless handset applications is then given. Towards the end of the paper, we discuss an inherently broadband and highly efficient class-J PA design targeting future multi-band multi-standard wireless communication protocols.
文摘In this letter, a novel model is proposed for modeling the nonlinearity and memory effects of power amplifiers. The classical Volterra model is modified through a function of the sum of nonlinearity order with sum of memory length. The parameters of this model can be extracted in digital domain since the model is analyzed based on the envelope signals. The model we proposed enables a substantial reduction in the number of coefficients involved, and with excellent accuracy.
基金Supported by the Research Project of Department of Education Hubei Provincial(B2016206)the Huanggang Normal University Science and Technology Innovation Team Program(201613603)
文摘Different power amplifier （PA） models have their own effects on PA linearization. In this paper, the nonlinear characteristic of the radio frequency power amplifier （RF PA） is simulated based on the two models combining predistortion technology, and the nonlinear effects of the two models are analyzed, respectively. The simulation results show that Power Series model normalized mean square error （NMSE） is -37.8 dB, which is less than Power Series model -30.4 dB before loading predistortion technology. NMSE of the two systems are -23.4 dB and -26.0 dB respectively, while Saleh model compensates better than the Power Series model combing predistortion technology. The error vector magni- tude （EVM） of Power Series model is only 6.75%, whereas the Saleh model EVM is 9.99%, indicating that Power Series model can better describe the nonlinear characteristic of PA. It will have a positive effect on improving the power utilization of wireless communication system.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62001061)。
文摘In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency points can be characterized by a polynomial.And in the practical test,the coefficients of SSF can be determined by measuring a small number of data points of input power.Same as other dualinput DPAs,the proposed approach can also achieve high output power and back-off efficiency in a broadband operation band by adjusting the power distribution ratio flexibly.Finally,a 1.5-2.5 GHz highefficiency dual-input Doherty power amplifier is implemented according to this approach.The test results show that the peak power is 48.6-49.7d Bm,and the 6-d B back-off efficiency is 51.0-67.0%,and the saturation efficiency is 52.4-74.6%.The digital predistortion correction is carried out at the frequency points of 1.8/2.1GHz,and the adjacent channel power ratio is lower than-54.5d Bc.Simulation and experiment results can verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2010ZX03007-003-04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61171040)+4 种基金the Key Project of International Cooperation of the Provincial Science and Technology Major Projects of Zhejiang (2010C14007)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang (Y1101270)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo (2011A610188)Key Project of International Scientific and Technical Cooperation of Yunnan (2009AC010)Excellent Papers Engagement Fund of Ningbo University (PY20100004)
文摘In this paper, the synchronous concurrent dual-band RF signal is used to drive the RF Power Amplifier (PA). The nonlinear characterization of a concurrent dual-band RF PA is discussed while two band signals in the dual-band are modulated by CDMA2000 and WCDMA signals. When the two band signals in the dual-band of the PA are modulated with the same signals, it is found that the nonlinearity of the PA can be expressed by any of the two corresponding baseband data. On the other hand, when the two band signals in the dual-band of the PA are modulated with two different signals, the PA nonlinearity cannot be characterized by any of the two corresponding baseband data. In this case, its nonlinearity has to be denoted by a composite signals consisting of the two baseband signals. Consequently, the requirements for the speed of the A/D converter can be largely reduced. The experimental results with CDMA2000 and WCDMA signals demonstrate the speed of the A/D converter required is only 30 M Sample Per Second (SaPS), but it will be at least 70 M SaPS for the conventional method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61931015,62071335,62250024)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(2021CFA002)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(2042022dx0001)the Science and Technology Program of Shenzhen(JCYJ20170818112037398).
文摘To reduce the negative impact of the power amplifier(PA)nonlinear distortion caused by the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)waveform with high peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in integrated radar and communication(RadCom)systems is studied,the channel estimation in passive sensing scenarios.Adaptive channel estimation methods are proposed based on different pilot patterns,considering nonlinear distortion and channel sparsity.The proposed methods achieve sparse channel results by manipulating the least squares(LS)frequency-domain channel estimation results to preserve the most significant taps.The decision-aided method is used to optimize the sparse channel results to reduce the effect of nonlinear distortion.Numerical results show that the channel estimation performance of the proposed methods is better than that of the conventional methods under different pilot patterns.In addition,the bit error rate performance in communication and passive radar detection performance show that the proposed methods have good comprehensive performance.
文摘This paper presents a 1.8 GHz class-E controlled power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with two-stage architecture. The main advantage of the proposed technique for output control power is a high 37 dB output power dynamic range with good average power adding efficiency. The measurement results show that the PA achieves a high power gain of 23 dBm and power added efficiency (PAE) by 38%. The circuit was post layout simulated in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2010ZX03007-003-04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61171040)+4 种基金the Key Project of International Cooperation of the Provincial Science and Technology Major Projects of Zhejiang (2010C14007)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang (Y1101270)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo (2011A610188)Key Project of International Scientific and Technical Cooperation of Yunnan (2009AC-010)Excellent Papers Engagement Fund of Ningbo University (PY20100004)
文摘This paper proposes a Real-Valued Time-Delay Recurrent Radial Basis Function (RVTDRRBF) model suitable for dynamic modeling of the strongly nonlinear behaviors of the Doherty Power Amplifiers (DPAs). This model has four Tapped Delay Lines (TDLs), which account for the memory effect of the DPA. The structure of the RVTDRRBF model is simpler than the traditional FeedForward Neural Networks (FFNNs) model. Weights and centers of the proposed model can be resolved by the Orthogonal Least Square (OLS) and Singular Value De-composition (SVD) algorithm. A three-carrier Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) signal is taken as the test signal. The simulation results in frequency-domain and time-domain for a DPA with 51 dBm output illustrate a good agreement between the RVTDRRBF model and measurement data. Moreover, comparing the Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) of RVTDRRBF model, memory polynomial model and RVTDRBF model, it can be noticed that the proposed RVTDRRBF model is more accurate than the RVTDRBF model and the memory polynomial model in modeling the strong dynamic nonlinearity of the DPAs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61072010)
文摘In this paper,a portable 2.42 GHz transmitter for wireless communication systems,with 8dBm output power and small size is proposed.Several novel features exist in this transmitter.First,power consumption and output are balanced by introducing a differential oscillator with input signal controlled biasing,which acts as both a carrier generator and an OOK modulator.Then,power consumption of the transmitter is reduced by the OOK modulated signal via switching the oscillator and the power amplifier at the same time.Furthermore,the area size is also reduced by a class-AB power amplifier,which uses the PCB antenna as the resonance inductance.With these features,the total chip area is reduced to 670μm×740μm(In a 0.18μm CMOS process).
